POWER SYSTEM

Generation
Transmission

Distribution
Electric and magnetic fields around single-phase transmission line
Transmission line consists of Shunt capacitance, Series
resistance and inductance (distributed along length of the lien as
distributed lumped elements we can ignore resistance)
Transmission line can be considered as set of multiple
combinations of capacitance, inductance and resistance.
Due to capacitance effect transmission lines when
energized generate reactive power.
This reactive power is proportional to square of the
voltage and is independent of loading on the line.
A transmission line apart from generating reactive
power, consumes reactive power due to i2x loss in the lines
and transformers
 POWER TRIANGLE

S - KVA= apparent power

Q - KVAR = reactive power

P - KW= active power

S= P+ j Q complex power
S= ( P2+Q2 )magnitude of complex power i.e apparent power

v1 v2 v1v2
P = ---- sin Q = ------ ( 1- cos )
x x
Reactive Power Sources
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Condensors
Shunt Capacitors
Static Thyristor Based Devices
Transmission Lines
Reactive Power Sinks
Loads
Induction Motors (Pumps, Fans etc)
Inductive Loads (Chokes etc)
Transformers
Transmission Lines
Reactors
Static Thyristor Based Devices
Shynchronous Machines
At certain level of loading, the line charging and the i2x loss are
equal. This level of loading is known as surge impedance loading
SIL surge impedance loading is considered as a rough guideline to
indicate loadability of the line. When line is loaded at SIL level at
the unit power factor the voltage at both the ends of the line is
equal.
For each of the voltage level when the loading is at SIL
reactive power generation and losses of the line are equal. But
when the line loading is below SIL the line is able to supply VAR
to system and this may lead to rise in the terminal voltage.
Where as when the line is loaded above SIL system or
other devices have to supply VAR to compensate the i2x losses in
the line or else voltage will fall
 Power Flow in AC System

Parallel System

Meshed System

What is the Existing Problem

How it can be solved by FACTS

 A C
2000 MW 3000 MW
2000MW
10

10 5
1000MW 1250MW

B
1000 MW
 A C
2000 MW
Under loaded 3000 MW
1000MW
10

10 5
1000MW 2000MW
Over loaded

A C
2000 MW Under loaded 3000 MW
1400MW
B
1000 MW
10

10 5
600MW 1600MW
Un Balanced Power Flow Over loaded

B
1000 MW
 A C
2000 MW 3000 MW
1750MW
10

10 5
250MW 1250MW

B
1000 MW

Balanced Power Flow

 A C
2000 MW -5 3000 MW
1750MW
10

10 5
250MW 1250MW

B
1000 MW

Sub Synchronous Resonance

 A C
2000 MW 3000 MW
1750MW
10

10 5
250MW 1250MW
7

B
1000 MW
 A C
-4.24 3000 MW
2000 MW
1750MW
10

10 5
250MW 1250MW

B
1000 MW
Power Flow in AC System

Power flow in parallel systems

Line impedance (1/a)

Inverse of its impedance

Lower impedance line is over loaded

Higher impedance line is lightly loaded

 HVDC Line

Rectifier Inverter

Variable impedance

Impedance
controller
 Power Quality

Constant and rated, sinusoidal voltage at a given frequency

( 50Hz or 60 Hz)is maintained it is quality power.

any significant deviation in the waveform magnitude, purity

and frequency is power quality problem

 Voltage ,frequency variation

Voltage variation EHV +10%

- 12.5%

HV +6%

- 9%

LV/M +6% (IE Rule 54)

Frequency variation +3% ( IE Rule 55)

 Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS): Alternating
current transmission systems incorporating power electronic
based and other static controllers to enhance controllability
and increase power transfer capability

Facts Controllers: a power electronic based system and other

static equipment that provide control of one or more AC
transmission system parameters
 Application of power electronic controllers in power system (transmission
and distribution level) in order to control voltage, current series
impedance, shunt impedance which results in

Maintaining voltage profile

Increasing transmission line capacity

Utilizing transmission line to its maximum capacity (thermal limit)

Improving stability of the system

Damping out power oscillations

Power flow control

Reactive power compensation

Power quality improvement

 Classification of Facts Devices

Series Controllers

Shunt Controllers

Combined series-series Controllers

Combined series-shunt Controllers

 Series Controllers
Series connected controller i,e variable impedence type capacitor, reactor,
or power electronic based device

They inject series voltage in to the line: Variable impedance offered by

series controllers multiplied with current passing through the line represent
an injected series voltage

As along as the voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current the
series controller only supply or consume variable reactive power , any other
phase relation will involve handling of real power as will
 Shunt Controllers
Shunt controllers can be variable impedance or variable source or
combination of these two.

All shunt controllers inject current in to the line at the point of

connection. A variable shunt impedance connected to the line causes a
variable current flow in to the line. As along as this injected current is
in phase quadrature with the line voltage shunt controllers will
consume or supplies reactive power any other phase relation will deal
with real power exchange as well
 Combined Series-Series Controllers
This is combination of separate series controllers, which are controlled in a
coordinated manner, in a multiline transmission system. Or it could be a
unified Controller, in which series Controllers provide independent series
reactive compensation for each line but also transfer real power among the
lines via the power link.

the term "unified" here means that the de terminals of all Controller
converters are all connected together for real power transfer.
 Combined Series-Shunt Controllers
Combination of separate shunt and series controllers which are
controlled in coordinated manner or a unified power flow
controller manner. Combined shunt and series controllers
inject current in to the system with the shunt part of the
controller and voltage in series part of the controller. In this
real power exchange between the series and shunt controllers
via dc power link
 Static VAR Generators

Switching Converter Type

Variable Impedance Type

1. Thyristor Controlled Reactor (Thyristor STATCOM

Switched Reactor)-TCR (TSR)
2. Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
3. Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor Controlled
Reactor (FC-TCR)
4. Thyristor Switched Capacitor, Thyristor
Controlled Reactor type
(TSC-TCR)
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (Thyristor Switched Reactor)

TCR (TSR)
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
Operating V-I area of a single TSC
Fixed Capacitor, Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)
Operating V-I Area of the FC-TCR
type VAR generator
Thyristor Switched Capacitor+ Thyristor Controlled Reactor
(TSC-TCR)
Switching Converter Type Var Generators
STATCOM
Operating V-I Area of the Voltage-Sourced
Converter type Var Generator
 Series Compensators

Switching Converter Type

Variable Impedance Type

Static Synchronous
1.GTO controlled series capacitor Series Compensator
(GCSC) ( SSSC)
2.Thyristor switched series capacitor
(TSSC)
3. Thyristor controlled series capacitor
(TCSC)
GTO Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
(GCSC)
Attainable V-I (Compensating voltage vs. line current) characteristics of the
GCSC when operated in voltage control (a1) and reactance control (b1) modes,
and the associated loss vs. line current characteristics (a2 and b2 respectively)
Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC)
 Switching Converter Type Series
Compensators - SSSC

Functional representation of the synchronous voltage

source base on a voltage-sourced converter

Transmitted Power Versus Transmission
Angle Characteristic
Transmitted power vs. transmission angle attainable with series
capacitive compensation as a parametric function of the degree of
series compensation.
Unified Power Flow Controller
 Unified Power Flow Controller

Capability to generate reactive power and exchange real power

Inductors & capacitors (SVC TCSC) can not exchange real

power

STATCOM & SSSC exchange both real and reactive power

PAR can exchange real power but can not generate reactive
power

Voltage and phase angle control need to operate in all four

quadrants of the complex plane P+jQ
Conventional Transmission Control Capabilities

Voltage regulation
Line Impedance Compensation
Phase Shifting
Simultaneous Control of Voltage, Impedance and Angle
 Conclusions

Environmental restrictions, financial constrains and political

influences have limitations on adding new power corridors.

With facts technology existing transmission lines can be

utilised to their maximum capacity with minimum investment.

Quality of the power can be improved.