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Chap 11 AC Power Analysis

Outline

Instantaneous and Average Power


Maximum Average Power Transfer
Effective or RMS Value
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Conservation of AC Power
Power Factor Correction

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 2


Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any
instant of time.
p(t ) v(t )i(t ) Power Provider Power Consumer

v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
i (t ) I m cos(t i )
p(t ) v(t )i(t ) Vm I m cos(t v ) cos(t i ) Frequency
doubled!
1 1
Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2
1
cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 3
Illustration of Instantaneous Power
1 1
p(t ) Vm I m cos(v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2 2
p(t) is periodic but with frequency 2
The power is transferred from the circuit to the source.
(Because of the storage elements such as capacitors and
inductors in the circuit)

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 4


An Example of Instantaneous Power
1 1
p (t ) cos( ) cos(2 2 60t )
2 4 2 4

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 5


Average Power
The average power (in watts) is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.

1 T
P p(t )dt
T 0 v(t ) Vm cos(t v )

1 T
Vm I m cos(t v ) cos(t i )dt i (t ) I m cos(t i )
T 0
1
Vm I m cos( v i )
2
1
Re VI* ;
2
VI *
Vm I m v i

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 6


Two Special Cases of Average Power
1
P Vm I m cos(v i )
2
Purely resistive circuit: v i
1 2
P I Req
2
Purely reactive circuit: v i 90
1
P Vm I m cos 90 0
2

The resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a


reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero average power.
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 7
Examples of Special Cases

1 1 2 | V |2
ZR : P Vm I m0 | I | R
2 2 2R
1
Z j L : P Vm I m90 0
2
1 1
Z : P Vm I m 90 0
jC 2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 8


Phasor Domain Interpretation
I
I
V
+
V Z
-

1
V ZI P Re VI*
2
1 1 | V |2

P Re | I |2 Z Re *
2 2 Z

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 9


Example 11.1
Q: Given that v(t)=120cos(377t+45o)V, i(t)=10cos(377t-
10o)A, find the instantaneous power and the average
power absorbed by the passive linear network.

p iv 1200 cos(377t 45) cos(377t 10)


600 cos(754t 35) cos 55
344.2 600 cos(754t 35) W
1 1
P Vm I m cos(v i ) 1200 cos 45 (10)
2 2
600 cos 55 344.2 W
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 10
Example 11.2
Q: Calculate the average power absorbed by an
impedance Z = 30 j70 when a voltage V = 1200
is applied across it.

V 1200
I 1.57666.8 A
Z 76.16 66.8
1
P Vm I m cos( v i )
2
1
(120)(1.576) cos(0 66.8) 37.24 W
2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 11


Example 11.3
Q: For the circuit, find the average power supplied by
the source and the average power absorbed by the
resistor.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 12


Example 11.3 (cont.)
530 530
I 1.11856.57 A
4 j 2 4.472 26.57
1
P Re VI *
2
1
5 1.118cos(30 56.57)
2
2.5 W

I R I 1.11856.57 A
VR 4I R 4.47256.57 V
1
PR 4.472 1.118 2.5 W
2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 13


Example 11.4
Q: Determine the average power generated by each
source and the average power absorbed by each
passive element in circuit (a).

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 14


Example 11.4 (cont.)
V

For mesh 1: I1 4 A (a )
KCL for mesh 2: j10 j5 I 2 j10I1 6030 0 ( b)
By (a ) and (b) I 2 12 60 8 10.5879.1 A

For the voltage source:


1 1
PV Re VI*2 60 10.58 cos(30 79.1) 207.8 W
2 2
PV 0. Hence, this average power is absorbed by the source.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 15


Example 11.4 (cont.)
For the current source:
V1 20I1 j10(I1 I 2 ) 80 j10(4 2 j10.39)
184.9846.21 V
1 1
PI Re V1I1 184.984 4 cos(6.21 0)
*

2 2
367.8 W
PI 0. Hence, this current source supplies power to the circuit.
For the resistor:
I1 40 A
V2 20I1 800 V
1 1
PR Re V2 I1* 80 4 160 W
2 2
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 16
Example 11.4 (cont.)
For the capacitor:
I 2 10.5879.1,
VC j5I 2 (5 90)(10.5879.1) 52.9(79.1 90)
1 1
PC Re VC I*2 (52.9)(10.58) cos( 90) 0 VC
2 2
For the inductor:
VL
I L I1 I 2 2 j10.39 10.58 79.1 IL

VL j10(I1 I 2 ) 10.58( 79.1 90)


1 1

PL Re VLI L (105.8)(10.58) cos 90 0
*

2 2
Finally,
PV PI PR PC PL
367.8 160 0 0 207.8 0

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 17


Maximum Average Power Transfer
For maximum average power transfer, the load
impedance ZL must be equal to the complex conjugate
of the Thevenin impedance ZTh.

Z L Z*Th
2
VTh
Pmax
8RTh

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 18


Derivation of Maximum Average Power
Transfer
ZTh RTh jX Th ; Z L RL jX L
VTh VTh
I
ZTh Z L ( RTh RL ) j ( X Th X L )
2
1 1 1 2 1 VTh RL
P Re VLI* Re Z LII* I RL
2 2 2 2 ( RTh RL ) 2 ( X Th X L ) 2
To find the condition with maximum power,
VTh RL ( X Th X L )
2
P
0
X L ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2 2 2

P

VTh
2
( RTh RL ) 2 ( X Th X L ) 2 2 RL ( RTh RL )
0
RL 2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2

2 2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 19


Derivation of Maximum Average Power
Transfer
VTh RL X Th X L
2
P
0
X L ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2 2 2

X L X Th

P

VTh
2
Th L
( R R ) 2
( X Th X L ) 2
2 RL ( RTh RL )
0
RL 2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2

2 2

RL Rth2 X th X L
2

RTh ; X Th -X L
XL 0
Z L RTh jX Th Z*Th
2 RL RTh
2
(X Th X L )2
VTh
Pmax RL RT2h X T2h ZTh
8RTh
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 20
Example 11.5
Q: Determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the
average power drawn from the circuit. What is the
maximum average power?

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 21


Example 11.5 (cont.)
4(8 j 6)
From Fig. (a), ZTh j5 4 (8 j6) j5 2.933 j 4.467
4 8 j6
8 j6
From Fig (b), VTh (10) 7.454 10.3 V
4 8 j6

Z L Z*TH 2.933 j 4.467


2
VTH (7.454)2
Pmax 2.368 W
8RTH 8(2.933)

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 22


Example 11.6
Q: In the circuit, find the value of RL that will absorb the
maximum average power. Calculate the power.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 23


Example 11.6 (cont.)
j 20(40 j 30)
ZTh (40 j 30) j 20 9.412 j 22.35
j 20 40 j 30
j 20
VTh (15030) 72.76134 V
j 20 40 j 30
RL ZTh 9.4122 22.352 24.25
VTh 72.76134
I 1.8100.42 A
ZTh RL 33.66 j 22.35
1 2 1
Pmax I RL (1.8)(24.25) 39.29 W
2 2

RL

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 24


Effective or RMS Value
The effect value of a period current is the dc current
that delivers the same average power to a resistor as
the period current.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 25


Effective or RMS Value (cont.)
1 T 2
PR i Rdt I eff
2
R
T 0

1 T 2
I eff
T 0
i dt I rms

1 T 2
Similarly, Veff
T 0
v dt Vrms
The root - mean - square (rms ) value of a periodic signal x(t )
1 T 2
X rms
T 0
x dt

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 26


Effective or RMS Value (cont.)
The effect value of a period signal is its root-mean-square
(rms) value.
2
V
P I rms
2
R rms
R

For the sinusoid i (t ) I m cos t , the rms valus is


1 T 2 I m2 1 Im
1 cos 2t dt
T
I rms tdt
2
I m cos
T 0 T 0 2 2
Similarly, for v(t ) Vm cos t ,
Vm
Vrms
2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 27


Example 11.7
Q: Determine the rms value of the current waveform. If
the current is passed through a 2- resistor, find the
average power absorbed by the resistor.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 28


Example 11.7 (cont.)
The period of the waveform is T = 4,
5t , 0 t 2
i (t )
10, 2 t 4

I rms
1 T 2
T 0
i dt
1
4
0
2
2
4
(5t ) dt (10) 2 dt
2
1 t 3 2 1 200
25 100t 2 8.165 A
4
200
4 3 0 4 3

PR2 I rm
2
s R (8.165) 2
(2) 133.3 W

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 29


Example 11.8
Q: The waveform is a half-wave rectified sine wave.
Find the rms value and the amount of average power
dissipated in a 10- resistor.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 30


Example 11.8 (cont.)
The period of the waveform is T = 2,
10 sin t , 0 t
v(t )
0, t 2
V 2
rms
1 T 2
v (t )dt
T 0
1
2 0

2

2
(10sin t ) dt 02 dt

1 100 50 sin 2 2 1

2 0 2
( 1 cos 2t)dt t
2 2 0
;

sin t
2
(1 cos 2t )

50 1
sin 2 0 25
2 2
Vrms 5V
2
Vrms 52
PR 10 2.5 W
R 10

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 31


RMS of Sinusoidal Signal
For the sinusoid i(t ) I m cos t i , the rms valus is
I m2
i
1 T 2 1 Im
t i dt
T

2
I rms I m cos 1 cos 2 t 2 dt
T 0 T 0 2 2
Similarly, for v(t ) Vm cos t v ,
Vm
Vrms
2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 32


Power Representation Via RMS
Values
Given i (t ) I m cos t i and v(t ) Vm cos t v
1 1
The average power P Vm I m cos( v i ) Re[ VI* ]
2 2
Vm I m
Represented by RMS: P cos( v i ) Vrms I rms cos( v i )
2 2
V I
Denote phasors: Vrms , I rms
2 2
1
P Re[VI* ] Re[Vrms I*rms ]
2
For resistive load: v i
2
Vrms
P Vrms I rms I 2
rms RL
RL

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 33


Complex Power
Complex power S (in volt-amperes or VA) is the product
of the rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate of
the rms current phasor. Its real part is real power P and its
imaginary part is reactive power Q.
S Vrms I*rms
* 2
V I 1 1 | V |
S Vrms I*rms VI* | I |2 Z
2 2 2 2 2 Z*
| Vrms |2
S | I rms | Z
2

Z*
S Se j S S cos jS sin
S P jQ P jP tan

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 34


Summary of Terminologies

Terminology Unit Form


1
S P jQ VI *
Complex Power VA 2
Vrms I rms ( v i )
Apparent Power VA S S Vrms I rms P 2 Q 2
Real Power Watt P Re(S) S cos( v i )
Reactive Power VAR Q Im(S) S sin( v i )
P
Power Factor pf cos( v i )
S

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 35


Summary of Terminologies (cont.)

S is called the complex power consumed by


the load Z
P is the average or real power.
The power delivered to the load
The actual power dissipated by the load
Q is the reactive or quadrature power.
Unit: volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
A measure of the energy exchange between the source
and the reactive part of the load.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 36


Summary of Terminologies (cont.)

S is called the apparent power which denotes


the power the provider provides.
pf: is the power factor in [0,1]. The power
factor is an index of the load reaching the
satisfaction of the provider; the larger the
power is, the happier the provider is.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 37


Power and Impedance Triangles
2
1 1 | V |
S Vrms I*rms VI* | I |2 Z
2 2 2 Z*
V Vrms Vrms
| V |2
Z (v i )
S | I rms |2 Z rms* I I rms I rms
Z
S Se j S S cos jS sin
S P jQ P jP tan

Power triangle Impedance triangle


Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 38
Passive Load
Z R jX | Z | ( v i )
R 0 ( v i ) [90 ,90 ]
(1) Z R 0 : Resistive load

(2) X 0 0 : Inductive load; S in the


first quadrant and the current is
lagging the voltage by
(3) X 0 0 : Capacitive load; S in the
fourth quadrant and the current is
leading the voltage by
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 39
Power Triangle (cont.)

Inductive load

Resistive load

Capacitive load

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 40


Example 11.9
Q: A series-connected load draws a current i(t) = 4
cos(100t + 10) A when the applied voltage is v(t) =
120 cos(100t - 20) V. Find the apparent power and
the power factor of the load. Determine the element
values that form the series-connected load.
Sol:
120 4
apparent power: S Vrms I rms 240 VA
2 2
power factor: pf cos(v i ) cos(20 10) 0.866

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 41


Example 11.9 (cont.)
The power factor can also be obtained from
V 120 20
Z 30 30 25.98 j15
I 410
pf cos(30) 0.866

The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98-


resistor in series with a capacitor with
1
X C 15
C
1 1
C 212.2 F
15 15 100
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 42
Example 11.10
Q: Determine the power factor of the entire circuit as
seen by the source. Calculate the average power
delivered by the source.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 43


Example 11.10 (cont.)
j2 4
Zeq 6 4 ( j 2) 6 6.8 j1.6 7 13.24
4 j2
pf cos(13.24) 0.9734
Vrms 300
I rms 4.28613.24A
Z 7 13.24

The average power supplied by the source is


P Vrms I rms pf (30)(4.286)0.9734 125 W
or P I rms
2
R (4.286) 2 (6.8) 125 W
where R is the resistor part of Z.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 44


Example 11.11
Q: The voltage across a load is v(t) = 60cos(t 10) V
and the current through the element in the direction of
the voltage drop is i(t) = 1.5 cos(t + 50) A. Find: (a)
the complex and apparent powers, (b) the real and
reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the load
impedance. (a) v(t ) 60 cos(t 10 ); i(t ) 1.5cos(t 50 )
o o

60 1.5
Vrms 10, I rms 50
2 2
The complex power is
S Vrms I*rms
60 1.5
10 50 45 60 VA
2 2
The apparent power is
S S 45 VA
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 45
Example 11.11 (cont.)
(b) Form (a),
S 45 60 45 cos(60) j sin(60)
22.5 j38.97
S P jQ
The real power P 22.5 W
The reactive power Q 38.97 VAR
(c) pf cos(60) 0.4
V 60 10
Z 40 60
I 1.550

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 46


Example 11.12
Q: A load Z draw 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856
lagging from a 120-V rms sinusoidal source. Calculate:
(a) the average and reactive powers delivered to the
load, (b) the peak current, and (c) the load impedance.
Sol:
(a) pf cos 0.856, cos1 0.856 31.13.
The apparent power is S = 12,000 VA, the average
or real power is
P S cos 12000 0.856 10.272 kW
and the reactive power is
Q S sin 12000 0.517 6.204 kVA
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 47
Example 11.12 (cont.)
(b) Since the pf is lagging, the complex power is
S P jQ 10.272 j 6.204 VA
SV *
rms rms
S 10272 j 6.204
*

1200
rms
Vrms
85.6 j51.7 A 10031.13 A
Thus I rms 100 31.13 and the peak current is
I m 2 I rms 2 100 141.4 A

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 48


Example 11.12 (cont.)
(c) The load impedance

Vrms 1200
Z 1.231.13
I rms 100 31.13

which is an inductive impedance.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 49


Conservation of AC Power
The principle of conservation of power is still
applicable to the ac circuits.
The principle of conservation of ac power: The
complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal
the respective sums of the complex, real and reactive
powers of the individual loads.
S S1 S2 SN
S VI* V I1* I*N S1 S 2
1 1
SN
2 2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 50


Example 11.13
Q: The following figure shows a load being fed by a
voltage source through a transmission line. The
impedance of the line is represented by the (4 + j2)
impedance and a return path. Find the real power and
reactive power absorbed by; (a) the source, (b) the
line, and (c) the load.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 51


Example 11.13 (cont.)
Z eq (4 j 2) (15 j10)
19 j8 20.62 22.83
Vrsms 2200
I rms =10.6722.83 A
Z 20.62 22.83

(a) S s Vrms
s
I*rms (2200)(10.67 22.83)
2347.4 22.83 (2163.5 j910.8) VA

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 52


Example 11.13 (cont.)
(b)
ms (4 j 2)I rms (4.47226.57)(10.6722.83) 47.7249.4 V
Vrline

The complex power absorbed by the line is


S line Vrms I rms (47.7249.4)(10.67 22.83)
line *

509.226.57 455.4 j227.7 VA


or
S line I rms Z line (10.67) 2 (4 j 2) 455.4 j 227.7 VA
2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 53


Example 11.13 (cont.)
(c)
Load
Vrms (15 j10)I rms (18.03 33.7)(10.6722.83)
192.38 10.87 V
S Load Vrms I rms (192.38 10.87)(10.67 22.83)
Load *

2053 33.7 (1708 j1139) VA

Ss Sline S Load

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 54


Example 11.14
Q: Z1 60 30 and Z2 4045.
Calculus the total: (a) apparent power, (b) real power,
(c) reactive power, and (d) pf, supplied by the source
and seen by the source.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 55


Example 11.14 (cont.)
V 12010
I1 240 A rms
Z1 60 30
V 12010
I2 3 35 A rms
Z 2 4045

The complex powers absorbed by the impedances are


2
Vrms (120)2
S1 * 240 30 207.85 j120 VA
Z1 6030
2
Vrms (120)2
S2 * 36045 254.6 j 254.6 VA
Z 2 40 45
The total complex power is
St S1 S2 462.4 j134.6 VA

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 56


Example 11.14 (cont.)

The total complex power is


S t S1 S 2 462.4 j134.6 VA
(a) The total apparent power is
St S t 481.6 VA
(b) The total real power is
Pt Re(St ) 462.4 W or Pt P1 P2
(c) The total reactive power is
Qt Im(St ) 134.6 VAR or Qt Q1 Q2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 57


Example 11.14 (cont.)
(d) The power factor
pf Pt / St 462.4 / 481.6 0.96

Result checking: The complex power supplied by the source


I t I1 I 2 (1.532 j1.286) (2.457 j1.721)
(4 j 0.435) 4.024 6.21 A rms
Ss VI*t (12010)(4.0246.21)
488.8816.21
463 j135 VA

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 58


Power Factor Correction
Power factor correction: the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to the
original load.

Most practical loads are inductive since motors


are the most useful driving force in this world.
Hence, we can use a parallel-connected
capacitor to attain the goal of power factor
correction

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 59


Illustration of Power Factor Correction

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 60


Phasor Diagram for Inductive Load
by Capacitor Compensation

V
IL I L 1
R jL
I C jC V
I I L IC I 2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 61


Capacitor Compensation
To increase pf from cos1 to cos2 without
altering the real power,
P1 S1 cos 1 P2 S2 cos 2 P
Q1 S1 sin 1 P tan 1
Q2 S2 sin 2 P tan 2
Applying the ac power conservation gives
QC Q1 Q2 P(tan 1 tan 2 )
2
Vrms Vrm2 s
But S * QC CVrms
2

Z XC
QC P(tan 1 tan 2 ) Q1 Q2
C
Vrms
2
Vrms2
Vrms
2

Note that the real power P is not affected by


the pf correction because PC is zero.
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 62
PF Correction for Capacitor Load
Similar idea can be used to realize power factor
correction for a capacitive load.
The required shunt inductance L can be calculated as
Vrm2 s Vrms
2 2
Vrms
QL Q1 Q2 L
X L L QL

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 63


Example 11.15
Q: When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line,
a load absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Find the value of capacitance necessary to raise the pf
to 0.95.
Sol:
If pf = 0.8, then
cos1 0.8 1 36.87
P 4000
S1 5000 VA
cos 1 0.8
Q1 S1 sin 1 5000sin 36.87 3000VAR

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 64


Example 11.15 (cont.)
When pf is raised to 0.95,

cos 2 0.95 2 18.19


P 4000
S2 4210.5 VA
cos 2 0.95
Q2 S2 sin 2 1314.4 VAR
QC Q1 Q2 3000 1314.4 1685.6 VAR
QC 1685.6
C 310.5 F
Vrms 2 60 120
2 2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 65

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