List of Hazard Identified

INTRODUCTION
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control or known as

HIRARC is a program design to provide a systematic and objective approach to
assessing hazards and the risk associated with it. In order to obtain an objective
measure of the hazard identified, as well as discovering method to minimize, if not
eliminate the risk. It is one of the general duties as stated under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act and Regulation, for the employer to provide a safe workplaces
for their employees and other related personnel.
The main purpose of HIRARC are namely:

a) To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others
b) To consider what are the chances are of that harm actually be failing anyone in
the circumstance of a particular case and the possible severity that could come
from it.
c) To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measure that
the risk are adequately controlled at all times.
In order to perform HIRARC, the steps required are hazard identification, conducting
risk assessment, perform a metric table of probability of the risk happening as well as
it severity, controlling the risk and finally monitoring and review.
1
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL
(HIRAC PROCESS)
Identify the hazard
Hazard identification is to highlight the critical operations of tasks, that is, those tasks
posing significant risks to the health and safety of employees as well as highlighting
those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due to energy sources, working
conditions or activities performed. Hazards can be divided into three main groups,
health hazards, safety hazards, and environmental hazards.
1. Health hazards
An occupational health hazard is any agent that can cause illness to an individual. A
health hazard may produce serious and immediate (acute) affects, or may cause long-
term (chronic) problems. All or part of the body may be affected. Someone with an
occupational illness may not recognize the symptoms immediately. For example, noise-
induced hearing loss is often difficult for the affected individual to detect until it is well
advanced. Health hazards include chemicals (such as battery acid and solvents),
biological hazards (such as bacteria, viruses, dusts and molds), physical agents (energy
sources strong enough to harm the body, such as electric currents, heat, light, vibration,
noise and radiation) and work design (ergonomic) hazards.
2. Safety hazards
A safety hazard is any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to property. An
injury caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious. For example, a worker may be
badly cut. Safety hazards cause harm when workplace controls are not adequate.
Some examples of safety hazards include, but are not limited to
i. Slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors)

ii. Fire hazards (from flammable materials)
iii. Moving parts of machinery, tools and equipment (such as pinch and nip points)
2
iv. work at height (such as work done on scaffolds)
v. Ejection of material (such as from molding)
vi. Pressure systems (such as steam boilers and pipes)
vii. Vehicles (such as forklifts and trucks)
viii. Lifting and other manual handling operations
ix. Working alone
3. Environmental hazards
An environmental hazard is a release to the environment that may cause harm or

deleterious effects. An environmental release may not be obvious. For example, a
worker who drains a glycol system and releases the liquid to a storm sewer may not be
aware, of the effect on the environment. Environmental hazards cause harm when
controls and work procedures are not followed.
Hazard identification technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification and assessment methodology

taking into account the following documents and information -
I. Any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;

II. First aid records and minor injury records;
III. Work place health protection programs;
IV. Any results of work place inspections;
V. Any employee complaints and comments;
VI. Any government or employer reports, studies and tests concerning the health
and safety of employees;
VII. Any reports made under the regulation of Occupational Safety and Health
Act,1994
VIII. The record of hazardous substances; and
IX. Any other relevant information.
3
Decide who might be harmed and how
For each hazard you need to be clear about who might be harmed, it will help you
identify the best way of managing the risk. That doesnt mean listing everyone by
name, but rather identifying groups of people.
In each case, identify how they might be harmed, i.e. what type of injury or ill health
might occur. For example, shelf stackers may suffer back injury from repeated lifting
of boxes.
Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to

make decision on risk control. For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in
qualitative method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of
communicating the distribution of the risk throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
RISK = LIKELIHOOD x SEVERITY
An example of risk matrix is shown below:
4
Record the findings (Control)
Record all the finding to the risk table to easy to review and identify the problem for
the hazard. Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the problem is
created). The closer a control to the source of the hazard is the better. This method is
often referred to as applying engineering controls. If this does not work, hazards can
often be controlled along the path to the worker, between the source and the worker.
This method can be referred to as applying administrative controls. If this is not
possible, hazards must be controlled at the level of the worker through the use of
personal protective equipment (PPE), although this is the least desirable control.
Review the assessment
Review to assessment that we make and look for something change or improvement.
Evaluate and monitor hazard during inspections, routine maintenance, and other
activities. Ask the following questions:
1. Have the controls solved the problem?
2. Is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
3. Are all new hazards being identified?
4. Are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
5. Are accident reports being analyzed?
6. Are any other measures required?
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COMPANY PROFILE
Head Office 2nd & 3rd Floor, No. 5, Jalan P16, Precinct 16,
: 62150 Putrajaya, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya,
Malaysia
Tel : +603 8886 8888
Fax : +603 8886 8886
Email : infor@p-perdana.com
103, Jalan PJU 1A/41B
Visited
: Pusat Dagangan NZX,
construction site
47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
Putrajaya Perdana Berhad (PPB) is one of Malaysias top construction, property

development and concession group where the company incorporated in 1986 and baed
in Putrajaya. Their construction subsidiary, Putra Perdana Construction (PPC) had in
the last 30 years are focused on the construction of infrastructure projects and for both
residential and non-residential buildings.
PPC has built a wide range of buildings with distinctive landmarks and completed
infrastructure projects. These include high-rise offices (up to 50 storey) and residential
buildings, commercial and retail outlets, government offices, townships, and
infrastructure projects such as marine works (wharfs, jetties and container yard),
highways, bridges, water supply facilities (intake structure, dam, pipeline and
reservoir), sewerage pipes, utility service tunnels and monorail tunnels, among others.
6
LIST OF HAZARDS IDENTIFIED
HAZARD 1
SAFETY HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS PHYSICAL HAZARD
Figure 1:
The worker exposed

to the hazard of being
hit with the vehicles
such as lorry and
tractor.
STEP 1: Hazard identification
The worker used the same path with the vehicles

The worker exposed to be hit with the vehicles
STEP 2: Accessing the risk
The path also be used by other workers

The vehicles goes in and out everyday, could be all day long
The hazard may be caused acute injuries and fatality to the worker
7
STEP 3: Evaluate the risk
In order to identify the level of dangerous of hazard, a Risk Assessment Matrix table is used:
The severity of the hazard is high as it may cause fatality and the probability for the worker to
be exposed to the hazards is daily and very likely, thus:
Risk ranking = Probability Severity
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
STEP 4: Controlling the risk
a) Findings
The same path used by the worker and vehicles without any barricades
b) Implementation (Recommendation)
Put the frame barrier at the path to differentiate the path for worker and the path for
vehicles.
The worker can walk or pass through at the path provided
The safety committee or supervisor should monitor if there is any hazard or obstacle
when the vehicles goes in or out
The safety committee or supervisor should be provided with whistle, so that the
worker will be alert when heard the whistle blow.
STEP 5: Review the assessment and update if necessary (Act and regulation)
1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Part IV: General Duties of Employers
and Self-Employed Persons, Section 15 (page 203)
General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employee

1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to
ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his
employees.
8
Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15,16,17 or 18 shall be
guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty
thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both
(page 205)
2. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Part VI: General Duties of Employees,
Section 24 (page 208)
General duties of employees at work

1) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work-
a) To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other
persons who may be affected by his acts or missions at work.
b) To co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of any
duty or requirement imposed on the employer or that other person by this Act
or any regulation made thereunder;
c) To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by

the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health.
d) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health

instituted by his employer or that other person by this Act or any regulation
made thereunder.
Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty and
be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding three months or to both (page 208)
3. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Part VII: Safety and Health
Organisations, Section 31 (page 212)
Function of safety and health committee established at a place of work pursuant

to section 30-
a) Shall keep under review the measures taken to ensure the safety and health of
persons at the place of work;
b) Shall investigate any matter at the place of work-
i. Which a member of the committee or a person employed thereat considers
is not safe or is a risk to health; and
ii. Which has been brought to the attention of the employer;
9
c) Shall attempt to resolve any matter referred to in paragraph (b) and, if it is unable
to do so, shall request the Director General to undertake an inspection of the place
of work for that purpose; and
d) Shall have such other functions as may be prescribed
4. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations

1966, Part III: Functions of Safety and Health Committee, Regulation 11 (page
262)
Functions of committee
The safety and health committee of a place of work shall-
a) Assist in the development of safety and health rules and safe systems of work;
b) Review the effectiveness of safety and health programmes;
c) Carryout the studies on the trends of accident, near miss accident, dangerous
occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which occurs at the
place of work, and shall report to the employer of any unsafe or unhealthy condition
or practices at the place of work together with recommendations for corrective
actions;
and
e) Review the safety and health policies at the place of work and make
recommendations to the employer for any revision of such policies.
Penalty: A person who by any act or omission contravenes any of the provisions of
the regulations shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine
not exceeding five thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to both (page 269)
10
HAZARD 2
Figure 2:
The worker is
exposed to the
hazardous height and
might cause death if
falling due to the
improper workplace
The worker working at height

The worker standing at the end of the incomplete building
A construction worker who involved to the higher work place exposed to this hazard.
The hazards may be caused fatality to the worker.
The worker exposed to the hazards all day long, throughout his working time at this
site.
STEP 3: Evaluate the risks
11
The probability of the accident to be happened is daily and the severity of the hazard are
major injury and death because it may cause the workers accidentally fall from the above.
From the table, we can observe the accident score as:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
a) Finding
The employee only use the caution tape as the obstruction for the worker from falling
Develop a written fall protection plan.
Provide a scaffolding to avoid from the worker falling down because the scaffolding is
very firm and strong than the caution tape.
Conduct regular trainings on fall hazards and on the required personal protective
equipment

1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure, so
far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees.
Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the matters to which the duty
extends include in particular-
d) So far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the control of the
employer or self-employed person, the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and
without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to
and egress from it that are safe and without such risks;

(page 205)
12
2. Factories And Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970,
Regulation 12 (page 235)
Working at a height
Where any person is requires to work at a place from which he will be liable to fall a
distance more that 10feet, means shall be provided to ensure his safety and such
means shall where practicable include the use of safety belts or ropes.
Penalty: Any person who commits and offence against these Regulations for which
no corresponding penalty is provided by the Act, shall on conviction be liable to a fine
not exceeding one thousand ringgit (page 252)
13
HAZARD 3
HEALTH HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Figure 3:
The workplace
exposed to biological
hazard of stagnant
water which can
cause dangerous
disease that can lead
to death.
Stagnant water present at the working site.
Bacteria can grow in stagnant water, which may result in human illness. Stagnant
water which can become a breeding ground for the mosquitoes that transmit diseases
such as dengue that can lead to death
Workers that work on site, visitor that and supplier that came to the site are exposed to
this hazard daily
14
The probability of the hazard to be happened is daily and the severity of the hazard is high
because can lead to death. Based on the table above, the score for the accident:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
a) Findings
Dirty workplace
Stagnant water can be seen at the site, it can become the medium for bacteria and
fungi to grow.
Install a proper drainage system for the stagnant water
Do mosquito fogging once a week to keep the workplace from the disease.
Conduct daily spraying routine (contain insecticide) at the stagnant water to kill
mosquito larvae

1) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure, so
2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the matters to which the duty
extends include in particular-
a) The provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as
is practicable, safe and without risks to health
Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15,16,17 or 18 shall

be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding
fifty thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to
both (page 205)
15
2. Factories And Machinery (Safety, Health And Welfare) Regulations, Regulation
23, (page 241)
Cleanliness
In every factory the following provisions relating to cleanliness shall apply-
(e) Adequate drains capable of ensuring effective removal of waste water shall be
provided and constantly maintained. Where it is considered essential by an Inspector,
the drains shall be equipped with hydraulic seals or other effective devices to prevent
escape of effluvia and such seals or devices shall be constantly maintained.
Penalty: Any person who commits and offence against these Regulations for which
no corresponding penalty is provided by the Act, shall on conviction be liable to a fine
not exceeding one thousand ringgit (page 252)
16
HAZARD 4
Figure 4:
A worker is exposed
to hazardous which
the noise is coming
out from the metal
cutting and bending
machine. It may
cause deafness with
prolonged and over
limit exposure.
Noise coming off from the metal cutting and bending machine.
Workers and visitors who are present nearby the machine are exposed to this hazard
eight hours daily
Over limit noise and prolonged noise exposure can lead to deafness.
17
The severity of the hazard is high as it may cause fatality and the probability for the worker to
be exposed to the hazards is daily and very likely, thus:
= 4 3
= 12 (HIGH)
a) Findings
The noise coming off from the machine is too loud and a prolonged exposure
to noise and over limit noise can cause deafness to the workers.
The workers whom work nearby the machine do not wear any hearing
protective devices.
b) Implement (Recommendation)
Use silencer or modify the machine to tone down or cancel out the noise
produced to less than 90dB.
Provide information and training on the effect of noise on hearing and
importance of hearing protective device as well as handling.
Enforce every worker who works with noisy machine to wear hearing
protective devices and fine those who did not obliged to this rule.
1. Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989, Part IV(Methods of

Compliance), Regulation 15,16 (page 416)
Engineering and Administrative Control
15. The occupier shall reduce and maintain employee exposure to noise level below the
limit prescribed in regulation 5 by-
(a) Engineering control
(b)Administrative control
(c) Both above
18
Hearing protection device
16. The occupier shall provide such controls with approved hearing protection devices
in accordance with part V of these regulations.
Penalty: Any person who contravenes any provision of these Regulations shall be
guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding one
thousand ringgit.(page 424)
2. Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989, Part VII,

Regulation 27(Employee Information and Training), (page 422)
Training
1.) The occupier shall institute a training programme for, an ensure the
participation of all employees exposed to noise level at or above the action
level
2.) The occupier shall ensure that during training programme each employee is
informed of the following:
(a) Effect of noise on hearing
(b)The purpose of hearing protective device along with the advantages and
disadvantages of various type hearing devices
(3) The training programme shall be repeated at least once in every two years.
3. Safety and Health Act 1994: General Duties of Employees, Part VI -Section 24
(page 208)
It shall be the duty of every employee while at work
a) To take responsibility care for the safety and health of himself and of other
person who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.
19
duty or requirement imposed on the employer or that other person by his act or
any regulation made thereunder.
instituted by his employer or that other person by this act or any regulation
made thereunder.
not exceeding three months or to both. (page 208)
20
HAZARD 5
Figure 5:
A workers eyes are

exposed to the dust
and debris from the
woods. The debris
may fall into the
workers eyes and
may cause of blind.
The worker did not
wear glasses as the
eye protection while
doing the forming
work.
Wood chips and dust that came out from the wood as they forming it off.
The uncluttered construction debris, scrap and tools at the working area.
Workers who are working at this area and are doing the forming work are
exposed to these hazards.
The worker is exposed to the hazards as long as they are not finish yet doing
the work they are assigned to do, could be all day long.
The hazards may be caused acute injuries and blindness to the worker.
21
The severity of the hazards is high as it may cause fatality and the probability for the worker
to be exposed to the hazards is daily and very likely, thus:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
a) Findings
Poor workplace housekeeping. This will bother their movement around the area and
increase the chance of trip, slip and fall because the fragments are keep falling down
during the forming work.
The workers do not wear proper personal protective equipment such as protective
eyewear and mask.
b) Implement (Recommendation)
The worker should be alert and watch his steps during the forming work.
Workers should not carry out works at untidy area.
The workers need to wear the protective eyewear and mask to prevent the wood chips
and dust from entering the eyes and body system.
1. Factory and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering

Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986, Regulation 22,23 (Page 373)
(22)Storage of Material and Equipment
(1) All building materials shall be stored or stacked in a safe and orderly
manner so as not to obstruct any passageway or place of work
(23)Disposal of Debris
(1) Debris shall be handled and disposed off by a method which will no
endangered persons.
(2) Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate so as to constitute a hazard.
22
Penalty: Any person who contravenes any provisions of this regulation shall be guilty
of and offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding two thousand
ringgit. (Page 410)

Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986, Regulation 13 (Page 370)
Eye Protection
Suitable eye protection equipment shall be provided by the employer and shall be used
by employees while engaged in welding or cutting operations or in chipping, cutting
or grinding any material from which particles may fly, or engaged in any other
operation which may endanger the eyes.
Penalty: Any person who contravenes any provisions of this regulation shall be guilty
of and offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding two
thousand ringgit. (Page 410)
3. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994: General Duties of Employees, Part VI
-Section 24 (page 208)
1. It shall be the duty of every employee while at work
a) To take responsible care for the safety and health of himself and of other
persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.

d) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and

health instituted by his employer or that other person by this Act or any
regulation made thereunder.
23
HAZARD 6
Figure 6:
A workers eyes were

exposed to the
debris/fragments
from the woods while
cutting the woods. He
did not wear the
glasses while cutting
the woods and it may
cause blindness. As
figure above, the
worker just put the
glasses besides him
instead of wearing the
glasses as the eye
protection.
Wood chips and dust that came out from the wood as they cutting it off.
The uncluttered construction debris, scrap and tools at the working area.
Workers who are working at this area and are doing the cutting work are exposed to
these hazards.
The worker is exposed to the hazards as long as they are not finish yet doing the work
they are assigned to do, could be all day long.
The hazards may be caused acute injuries and blindness to the worker.
24
because can lead to death. Based on the table above, the score for the accident:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
c) Findings
Poor workplace housekeeping. This will bother their movement around the area and
increase the chance of trip, slip and fall.
There is nail protruding from lumber nearby the worker.
The workers do not wear proper personal protective equipment such as protective
eyewear and mask.
d) Implementation (Recommendation)
Keep the work area and all equipment tidy and gather up and remove debris to keep
the work site orderly.
Workers should not carry out works at untidy area.
The workers need to wear the protective eyewear and mask to prevent the wood chips
and dust from entering the eyes and body system.
25
1. Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989, Part IV(Methods of

Compliance), Regulation 15,16 (page 416)
Engineering and Administrative Control
15. The occupier shall reduce and maintain employee exposure to noise level
below the
limit prescribed in regulation 5 by-
(a) Engineering control
(b)Administrative control
(c) Both above
Hearing protection device
16. The occupier shall provide such controls with approved hearing
protection devices in accordance with part V of these regulations.
2. Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations 1989, Part VII,

Regulation 27(Employee Information and Training), (page 422)
Training
3.) The occupier shall institute a training programme for, an ensure the
participation of all employees exposed to noise level at or above the action
level
4.) The occupier shall ensure that during training programme each employee is
informed of the following:
26
(a) Effect of noise on hearing
(b) The purpose of hearing protective device along with the advantages
and disadvantages of various type hearing devices
(3) The training programme shall be repeated at least once in every two years.
3. Safety and Health Act 1994: General Duties of Employees, Part VI -Section 24
(page 208)
It shall be the duty of every employee while at work
a) To take responsibility care for the safety and health of himself and of other
person who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.
duty or requirement imposed on the employer or that other person by his act or
any regulation made thereunder.
instituted by his employer or that other person by this act or any regulation
made thereunder.
27
HAZARD 7
Figure 7:
The worker exposed

to the hazards of
handling, lifting and
touch sharp objects.
A worker did not wear PPE (glove) while moving the objects
A workers hand could get sliced or punctured with sharp or blunt object
The hazard may be caused acute injuries and fatality to the worker
28
The severity of the hazard is high as it may cause fatality because of handling and lifting an
object at the construction is very risk as the object might be sharp and blunt that can make
worker hand will get cut or sliced and may lead to an infection to the wound. Also, the
probability for the worker to be exposed to the hazards is daily and very likely, thus:
= 4 3
= 12 (HIGH)
a) Findings
Worker did not wear PPE (glove) while handling and lifting object
The employee should wear a mask (PPE) while doing the job to prevent his hand from
getting cut or sliced
The employer or safety committee should keep watchlist worker while they were
lifting or moving objects

2) It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to
ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work of all his
employees.

(page 205)
2. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Part VI: General Duties of Employees,
Section 24 (page 208)
General duties of employees at work

2) It shall be the duty of every employee while at work-
29
a) To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other


made thereunder.
not exceeding three months or to both (page 208)
3. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Part VII: Safety and Health
Organisations, Section 31 (page 212)
Function of safety and health committee established at a place of work pursuant

to section 30-
a) Shall keep under review the measures taken to ensure the safety and health of
persons at the place of work;
b) Shall investigate any matter at the place of work-
iii. Which a member of the committee or a person employed thereat considers
is not safe or is a risk to health; and
iv. Which has been brought to the attention of the employer;
c) Shall attempt to resolve any matter referred to in paragraph (b) and, if it is unable
to do so, shall request the Director General to undertake an inspection of the place
of work for that purpose; and
d) Shall have such other functions as may be prescribed
4. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations

1966, Part III: Functions of Safety and Health Committee, Regulation 11 (page
262)
30
Functions of committee
The safety and health committee of a place of work shall-
a) Assist in the development of safety and health rules and safe systems of
work;
b) Review the effectiveness of safety and health programmes;
c) Carryout the studies on the trends of accident, near miss accident,

dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which
occurs at the place of work, and shall report to the employer of any unsafe or
unhealthy condition or practices at the place of work together with
recommendations for corrective actions;
and
d) Review the safety and health policies at the place of work and make
recommendations to the employer for any revision of such policies.
Penalty: A person who by any act or omission contravenes any of the provisions of
the regulations shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine
not exceeding five thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six
months or to both (page 269)
31
HAZARD 8
Figure 8:
Workers are exposed

to hazard of improper
sitting postures and
tripping the wire of
wood cutter machine
which can cause
major injuries and
death .
The worker tripping a wire of wood cutter

The cutter machine is still at condition of switched on
Improper body posture while handling a machine.
The construction worker who work or passing by at the cutting area will likely to face
the hazard daily
The hazard may be caused major injuries, harms the worker by nearly cut the body
parts, worker tripping the wire and fall over sharp object and even worse, fatality.
The hazards may be caused major injuries and harms to the musculoskeletal system.
32
The probability of the accident to be happened is daily and the severity of the hazard are
major injury and death because it may cause the workers accidentally tripping the wire and
can cause the machine to accidentally cut body parts or worker fall over sharp object. Also,
the position of worker sitting on the wood block might cause him to have his musculoskeletal
system harmed. From the table, we can observe the accident score as:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
a) Finding
The worker left the cutting machine at the center of working area without unplug from
the electric socket.
The machine has been place at the wrong level for body posture
Develop a written warning to worker to unplug the machine after use.
Provide an area for worker to do the cutting job and put a warning tape around the area
Place the machine on table.
1. Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety) Regulations, Part

IV: Driven Machinery, Regulation 24 (page 143 & 144)
33
Circular saws
(4) (a) Every woodworking circular saw shall be so installed as to prevent undue
movement and excessive vibration, and shall be fenced in the following manner-
(i) that part of the saw blade below the table shall be fenced by two metal plates,
one on each side, not more than six inches apart and extending from the
underside of the table to a point not less than two inches beyond the tips of the
saw teeth; and such metal plates shall be of not less than No. 14 gauge in
thickness unless they are provided with beaded edges, in which case No. 20
gauge material may be used;
(ii) the top of the saw blade shall be fenced by a strong, easily adjustable guard
with side flanges at the sides of the saw and the guard shall be kept so adjusted
that the said flanges shall extend below the roots of the teeth of the saw; and
the guard shall extend from the top of the riving knife to a point as low as is
practicable at the cutting edge of the saw:
Provided that in the case of circular rip saws used exclusively for breaking
down logs a guard approved by the Chief Inspector shall be used; and
(iii) behind and in direct line with the saw blade there shall be a riving knife which
shall have a smooth surface, shall be strong, rigid and easily adjustable and
shall comply with the following conditions:
(a) the edge of knife nearer the saw shall form and arc of a circle having a
radius not exceeding the radius of the largest saw used on the bench;
(b) the knife shall be slightly thinner than the saw kerf and slightly thicker than
the saw blade and shall not be less than two inches in width at the top of the
saw table;
(c) the knife shall be maintained as close as is practicable to the saw blade,
and at the level of the bench the distance between the front edge of the knife
and the teeth of the saw blade shall not exceed half of one inch; and
(d) the knife shall extend upwards from the bench to within one inch of the top
of the saw blade:
Provided that in the case of a saw of a diameter of twenty-four inches and over
a riving knife need not be fitted if other means of preventing the wood bending
on the saw blade are adopted.
(b) the edge of knife nearer the saw shall form and arc of a circle having a radius
not exceeding the radius of the largest saw used on the bench;
(c) the knife shall be slightly thinner than the saw kerf and slightly thicker than
the saw blade and shall not be less than two inches in width at the top of the saw
table;
34
(d) the knife shall be maintained as close as is practicable to the saw blade, and
at the level of the bench the distance between the front edge of the knife and the teeth
of the saw blade shall not exceed half of one inch; and
(e) the knife shall extend upwards from the bench to within one inch of the top of
the saw blade:
Provided that in the case of a saw of a diameter of twenty-four inches and over a
riving knife need not be fitted if other means of preventing the wood bending on the
saw blade are adopted.
Penalty: Any person who commits an offence against these Regulations for which no
corresponding penalty is provided by the Act shall be liable to a fine not exceeding
one thousand ringgit. (page 159)
and Self-Employed Persons To Their Employees, (Section 15, page 203)
It shall be duty of every employer to and every self-employed person to ensure, so

Penalty: for the person who not follow these regulations is fine not exceeding RM
50,000 or 2 years in prison or both.

a) To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by the
employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health.
b) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health
instituted by his employer or that other person by this Act or any regulation made
thereunder.
Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty
and be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three months or to both.(page 208)
35
Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986, Regulation 22,23 (Page 373)
(22)Storage of Material and Equipment
(1) All building materials shall be stored or stacked in a safe and orderly
manner so as not to obstruct any passageway or place of work
36
HAZARD 9
HEALTH HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Figure 9:
An unmasked worker
is exposed to
hazardous chemical
of paint and improper
sitting postures. The
combinations of these
both can cause major
injuries with long-
term effect to the
health.
The worker is painting the wood without wearing a proper mask.

Wrong sitting posture of the worker.
A construction worker who involved in the painting work is exposed to this hazard.
The worker is exposed to the chemical for eight hours daily.
The hazards may be caused major injuries and harms the musculoskeletal system.
37
The probability of the hazard to happened is daily and the severity of the hazard by smelling
to the chemical is high as it may cause death. Plus, the position of the worker sitting on the
wood block might cause him to have musculoskeletal system harmed. Based on the table
above, the score for the accident:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
a) Findings
The workers do not wear proper personal protective equipment such as mask cause
him to inhale dangerous chemical of the paint
The worker has poor sitting posture which can harmed his musculoskeletal system.
The employee should wear a mask (PPE) while doing the job to prevent him from
inhaling too much chemical.
Change the position of workplace, do the work at high place such as on a table.
Design a job rotation system in which employees rotate between jobs that use different
muscle groups.
and Self-Employed Persons To Their Employees, (Section 15, page 203)
It shall be duty of every employer to and every self-employed person to ensure, so

g) To take responsible care for the safety and health of himself and of other
persons who may be affected by his acts or missions at work.
38
h) To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided
by the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health.
i) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and

health instituted by his employer or that other person by this Act or any
regulation made thereunder.
Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty
and be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three months or to both.(page 208).
39
HAZARD 10
Figure 10:
A worker is exposed
to hazard of failing
down into the lift
well by sitting on the
instable plank for
support which can
cause major injuries
and death.
The formwork is not stabilize and it is not safe to sit on it.
The worker that works to remove the dust and rust for the steel column nearby the lift
well.
The worker is exposed to the hazard for eight hour daily.
In the lift well there a lot of sharp object and dangerous object that may cause serious
body injuries or death to the workers.
40
because it can lead to death. Based on the table above, the score for the accident:
= 4 4
= 16 (HIGH)
c) Findings
The worker is using only wood formwork by sitting on it to remove dust and rust for
the column steel nearby the lift well.
d) Implementation (Recommendation)
Provide information and training on safety when working around the open lift well to
employee.
Give specific instruction on how many metal bar to be used as support, to support the
wooden formwork.
Fine any worker who works with instable wooden formwork in high place.
1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994: Part IV, General duties of employers
and self-employed persons to their employees. (Section 15, page 203-204)
It shall be duty of every employer to provide such information, instruction, training

and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and
health at work of his employees;
2. Occupational Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994: General Duties of

Employees, Part VI -Section 24 (page 208)
41
a) To take responsible care for the safety and health of himself and of other
b) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health

made thereunder.
not exceeding three months or to both. (Page 208)
42
CONCLUSION
To conclude, safety in the construction site is a matter of top priority and is not
supposed to be taken lightly. It is the responsibility of all personnel in the site, and not
only those of the safety officer. Taking care of safety measures should not be seen as
nuisance, but rather as necessary so that to avoid from accidents happening and cause
the work activities to be disturbed and delayed.
As for the risk and hazards present in the construction site, while it is
impossible to eliminate all of them, preventive measures can be taken before any
accident would happen. At the very least, those preventive measures can lower the risk
and probability of the said accident to happen. Which in turn, it can lead to lower the
injuries could be sustained should and accident happen, or in some case, prevent
fatality together.
43
REFERENCES
[1] Occupational Safety and Health Act and Regulation (2016). (23rd ed.). MDC
PUBLISHER SDN BHD.
[2] Factories and Machinery Act with Regulations (2015).(26th Ed.). MDC
PUBLISHER SDN BHD
[3] OSH Answers Fact Sheets. (2016). Retrieved April 26, 2017, from
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/cklstcon.html
[4] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2017,
from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/controlhazards.html
[5] R.A. Majid, Industrial Safety & Health Lecture Notes and Videos played in the
class (S1,2017). UniKL BMI
44
APPENDICES
Picture 1: A photo with Safety Officer, Mr. Hamka at the site survey
Picture 2: Looking around at the worker rest space
45
#
Picture 3: HSSE Info Board at the site
Picture 4: Monthly Safety Statistic Board
46
Picture 5: A stage for Safety Officer to brief and explain to the worker
47

List of Hazard Identified

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INTRODUCTION

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control or known as

The main purpose of HIRARC are namely:

Identify the hazard

Some examples of safety hazards include, but are not limited to

i. Slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors)

An environmental hazard is a release to the environment that may cause harm or

Hazard identification technique

The employer shall develop a hazard identification and assessment methodology

I. Any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;

Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions

Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to

Risk can be calculated using the following formula:

RISK = LIKELIHOOD x SEVERITY

An example of risk matrix is shown below:

Review the assessment

1. Have the controls solved the problem?

2. Is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?

3. Are all new hazards being identified?

4. Are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?

5. Are accident reports being analyzed?

6. Are any other measures required?

Putrajaya Perdana Berhad (PPB) is one of Malaysias top construction, property

SAFETY HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS PHYSICAL HAZARD

The worker exposed

STEP 1: Hazard identification

The worker used the same path with the vehicles

STEP 2: Accessing the risk

The path also be used by other workers

Risk ranking = Probability Severity

STEP 4: Controlling the risk

General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employee

General duties of employees at work

c) To wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by

d) To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health

Function of safety and health committee established at a place of work pursuant

4. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations

The safety and health committee of a place of work shall-

b) Review the effectiveness of safety and health programmes;

SAFETY HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS PHYSICAL HAZARD

STEP 1: Hazard identification

The worker working at height

STEP 2: Accessing the risk

STEP 3: Evaluate the risks

Risk ranking = Probability Severity

STEP 4: Controlling the risk

General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employee

Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15,16,17 or 18 shall be

HEALTH HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

STEP 1: Hazard identification

Stagnant water present at the working site.

STEP 2: Accessing the risk

STEP 3: Evaluate the risks

Risk ranking = Probability Severity

STEP 4: Controlling the risk

General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employee

Penalty: A person who contravenes the provisions of section 15,16,17 or 18 shall

SAFETY HAZARD CLASSIFIED AS PHYSICAL HAZARD

STEP 1: Hazard identification

STEP 2: Accessing the risk

STEP 3: Evaluate the risk

Risk ranking = Probability Severity

STEP 4: Controlling the risk