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How the Internet Works
What are ways to access the Internet?
1. ISP, Regional
or National
2. OSP (AOL and
MSN, for example)
3. Wireless Internet
Service Provider
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How the Internet Works
How might data travel the Internet using a
cable modem connection?
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How the Internet Works
How might data travel the Internet using a
cable modem connection?
Step 1: You initiate an action to request data from the internet. For example,
you request to display a Web page on your computer screen.
Step 2: A cable modem transfers the computers digital signals to the cable
television line in your house.
Step 3: Your request (digital signal) travel through cable television lines to a
central cable system, which is shared by up to 500 homes in a
neighborhood.
Step 4: The central cable system sends your request over high-speed fiber
optic lines to the cable operator, who often also is the ISP.
Step 5: The ISP routes your request through the internet backbone to the
destination server. (In this example, the server that contains the
requested Web site).
Step 6: The server retrieves the requested Web page and sends it back
through the Internet backbone to your computer.
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How the Internet Works
What is a domain name?
Text version of Internet protocol (IP) address
Number that uniquely identifies
each computer or device
connected to Internet
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Communications
What are computer communications?
Process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data,
instructions, and information
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Communications
What is needed for successful communications?
Sending Communications
Communications
device initiates device connects
channel media
instruction to the sending device to
on which data,
transmit data, the communications
instructions, or
instructions, or channel
information travel
information
Communications Receiving
device connects device accepts
the communications transmission of data,
channel to the instructions, or
receiving device information
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Networks
What is a network?
Collection of
computers and
devices connected
via communications
devices and
transmission
media
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Networks
What is a local area network (LAN)?
Network in limited geographical area
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Networks
What is a wide area
network (WAN)?
Internet is worlds
largest WAN
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Networks
What is a client/server
network?
One or more computers
act as server and other
computers, or clients,
access server
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Networks
What is a peer-to-
peer network?
Simple network
that connects
fewer than 10
computers
Each computer,
or peer, has
equal
capabilities
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Networks
What is Internet peer-to-
peer (P2P)?
Enables users to
connect to each
others hard disks and
exchange files directly
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Networks
What is a bus network?
All computers and devices connect to central cable,
or bus
Example of network topology (layout of devices in
network)
Popular topologies are bus, ring, and star
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Networks
What is a ring network?
Cable forms closed
ring, or loop, with all
computers and devices
arranged along ring
Data travels from
device to device
around entire ring, in
one direction
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Networks
What is a star network?
All devices connect to
a central device, called
hub
All data transferred
from one computer to
another passes
through hub
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Communications Software
What is communications software?
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Communications Over the Telephone
Network
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Communications Over the Telephone
Network
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Communications Devices
What are examples of communications devices?
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Communications Devices
What is a dial-up modem?
Converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa
Notebook computers often use PC Card modem
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Communications Devices
What are ISDN and DSL modems?
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Communications Devices
What is a cable modem?
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Communications Devices
What is a wireless modem?
Allows access to
the Web wirelessly
from a notebook
computer, a PDA, a
smart phone, or
other mobile device
Typically use the
same waves used
by cellular
telephones
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Communications Devices
What is a network card?
Adapter card, PC
Card, or compact
flash card that
enables computer
or device to access
network
Sometimes called
network interface
card (NIC)
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Communications Devices
What is a wireless access point?
Central
communications
device that allows
computers and
devices to transfer
data wirelessly
among themselves
or to wired network
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Communications Devices
What is a router?
Connects
computers and
transmits data to
correct destination
on network
Routers forward
data on Internet
using fastest
available path
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Communications Devices
What is a hub?
Transmission media
are materials capable of
carrying one or more
Bandwidth is amount of
signals
data that can travel
over channel
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Communications Channel
How is a request sent over the Internet using a
communications channel?
Step 1. The sending device
requests information using either
a physical transmission media
or a wireless transmission media.
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Physical Transmission Media
What is physical transmission
media?
Wire, cable,
and other
tangible
materials used
to send
communications
signals
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Physical Transmission Media
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and network
cabling
Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring
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Physical Transmission Media
What is fiber-optic cable?
Capable of carrying
significantly more
data at faster speeds
than wire cables
Less susceptible
to interference
(noise) and, therefore,
more secure
Smaller size (thinner
and lighter)
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Wireless Transmission Media
What is wireless transmission media?
Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to
install cables
Includes Bluetooth and IrDA
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Wireless Transmission Media
What are broadcast radio and cellular radio?
Broadcast radio
distributes radio
signals over long
and short
distances
Cellular radio
is form of
broadcast radio
used for mobile
communications
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Wireless Transmission Media
What is a microwave station?
Earth-based
reflective
dish used for
microwave
communications
Must transmit in
straight line with
no obstructions
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Wireless Transmission Media
What is a communications satellite?
Space station
that receives
microwave
signals from
earth-based
station, amplifies
signals, and
broadcasts
signals back to
any number of
earth-based
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