Hindawi Publishing Corporation

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

Volume 2015, Article ID 370267, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/370267

Research Article
Introduction to Neutrosophic BCI/BCK-Algebras

A. A. A. Agboola1 and B. Davvaz2

1
Department of Mathematics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
2
Department of Mathematics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

Correspondence should be addressed to A. A. A. Agboola; aaaola2003@yahoo.com

Received 4 February 2015; Accepted 23 February 2015

Academic Editor: Sergejs Solovjovs

Copyright 2015 A. A. A. Agboola and B. Davvaz. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

We introduce the concept of neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebras. Elementary properties of neutrosophic BCI/BCK algebras are
presented.

1. Introduction We can define a partial ordering by if and only if

= 0.
Logic algebras are the algebraic foundation of reasoning If a BCI-algebra satisfies 0 = 0 for all , then
mechanism in many fields such as computer sciences, infor- we say that is a BCK-algebra. Any BCK-algebra satisfies
mation sciences, cybernetics, and artificial intelligence. In the following axioms for all , , :
1966, Imai and Iseki [1, 2] introduced the notions, called
BCK-algebras and BCI-algebras. These notions are originated (1) ( ) = ( ) ,
from two different ways: one of them is based on set theory; (2) (( ) ( )) ( ) = 0,
another is from classical and nonclassical propositional cal-
culi. As is well known, there is a close relationship between the (3) 0 = ,
notions of the set difference in set theory and the implication (4) = 0 ( ) ( ) = 0, ( ) ( ) = 0.
functor in logical systems. Since then many researchers
worked in this area and lots of literatures had been produced Let (, , 0) be a BCK-algebra. Consider the following:
about the theory of BCK/BCI-algebra. On the theory of (1) is said to be commutative if for all , we have
BCK/BCI-algebras, for example, see [26]. It is known that ( ) = ( );
the class of BCK-algebras is a proper subclass of the class
of BCI-algebras. MV-algebras were introduced by Chang in (2) is said to be implicative if for all , , we have
[7], in order to show that Lukasiewicz logic is complete with = ( ).
respect to evaluations of propositional variables in the real In 1995, Smarandache introduced the concept of neutro-
unit interval [0, 1]. It is well known that the class of MV- sophic logic as an extension of fuzzy logic; see [810]. In
algebras is a proper subclass of the class of BCK- algebras. 2006, Kandasamy and Smarandache introduced the concept
By a BCI-algebra we mean an algebra (, , 0) of type of neutrosophic algebraic structures; see [11, 12]. Since then,
(2, 0) satisfying the following axioms, for all , , : several researchers have studied the concepts and a great deal
of literature has been produced. Agboola et al. in [1317]
(1) (( ) ( )) ( ) = 0,
continued the study of some types of neutrosophic algebraic
(2) ( ( )) = 0, structures.
Let be a nonempty set. A set () = , generated
(3) = 0,
by and is called a neutrosophic set. The elements of ()
(4) = 0 and = 0 imply = . are of the form (, ), where and are elements of .
2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

In the present paper, we introduce the concept of where

neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebras. Elementary properties of
(, ) = ( , ( ) )
neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebras are presented.
= ( , ( ) ) ,
2. Main Results (, ) = ( , ( ) )
Definition 1. Let (, , 0) be any BCI/BCK-algebra and let (6)
= ( , ( ) ) ,
() = , be a set generated by and . The triple
((), , (0, 0)) is called a neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebra. If (, V) = ( , ( ) )
(, ) and (, ) are any two elements of () with , , ,
, we define = ( , ( ) ) .
Hence,
(, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) . (1)
(, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) )
An element is represented by (, 0) () and (0, 0)
represents the constant element in (). For all (, 0), (, 0) = ( , ( ) )
, we define (, ) ,
(7)
(, 0) (, 0) = ( , 0) = ( , 0) , (2) (, ) (, V) = ( , ( V V) )
= ( , ( V ) )
where is the negation of in .
(, ) .
Example 2. Let ((), +) be any commutative neutrosophic
group. For all (, ), (, ) () define Now, we obtain
= =
(, ) (, ) = (, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) . (8)
(3) = ( ) ( ) = 0.
Also, we have
Then ((), , (0, 0)) is a neutrosophic BCI-algebra.
= V
Example 3. Let () be a neutrosophic set and let () and
() be any two nonempty subsets of (). Define = V
= V
() () = () () = () () . (4) (9)
= ( ) ( ) V
Then ((), , 0) is a neutrosophic BCK-algebra.
= ( ) V
Theorem 4. Every neutrosophic BCK-algebra ((), , (0, 0)) = 0.
is a neutrosophic BCI-algebra.
This shows that (, ) = (0, 0) and, consequently, (( )
Proof. It is straightforward. ( )) ( ) = 0.
Theorem 5. Every neutrosophic BCK-algebra ((), , (0, 0)) (2) We have
is a BCK-algebra and not the converse. ( ( ))
Proof. Suppose that ((), , (0, 0)) is a neutrosophic BCK- = ((, ) ((, ) (, ))) (, )
algebra. Let = (, ), = (, ), and = (, ) be
arbitrary elements of (). Then we have the following. = ((, ) ( , ( ) )) (, )

(1) We have = ((, ) (, )) (, ) ,

(10)
(( ) ( )) ( )
where
= (((, ) (, )) ((, ) (, ))) (, ) = (, ) (, )
(5)
((, ) (, )) = ( , ( ) ) (11)
[(, ) (, )] (, V) , = ( , ( ) ) .
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 3

Then, Lemma 7. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCI-algebra.

Then for all (, ), (, ) (),
(, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) )
(1) (0, 0) ((, ) (, )) = ((0, 0) (, )) ((0, 0)
= ( , ( ) ) (12) (, ));
(, V) . (2) (0, 0) ((0, 0) ((, ) (, ))) = (0, 0) ((, )
(, )).
Therefore, we obtain
Theorem 8. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCK-
(, V) (, ) = ( , ( V V ) ) algebra. Then for all (, ), (, ), (, ) (),

= ( , V ) (13) (1) (, ) (, ) = (0, 0) implies that ((, ) (, ))

((, ) (, )) = (0, 0) and ((, ) (, ))
(, ) , ((, ) (, )) = (0, 0);
(2) ((, ) (, )) (, ) = ((, ) (, )) (, );
where
(3) ((, )(, ))((, )(, ))((, )(, )) =
= = (0, 0).
= ( ) = = 0, Proof. (1) Suppose that (, ) (, ) = (0, 0). Then (
, ( )) = (0, 0) from which we obtain
= V = V (14)
= ( ) V = 0, = 0. (17)

= V = 0. Now,

Since (, ) = (0, 0), it follows that ( ( )) = 0. (, ) = (, ) (, )

(3) We have = ( , ( ) ) ,
(18)
= (, ) (, ) (, ) = (, ) (, )

= ( , ( ) ) = ( , ( ) ) .
(15)
= ( , ( ) ) Hence,

= (0, 0) . (, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) )
(19)
(, V) ,
(4) Suppose that = 0 and = 0. Then (, )
(, ) = (0, 0) and (, )(, ) = (0, 0) from which where
we obtain ( , ( )) = (0, 0) and
( , ( )) = (0, 0). These imply that = = ( )
( , ( )) = (0, 0) and ( , ( = = 0,
)) = (0, 0) and therefore, = 0, =
0, = 0, and = 0 from which we V =
obtain = and = . Hence, (, ) = (, ); that
is, = . = ( )
(5) We have = ( )
0 = (0, 0) (, ) = (0 , (0 0 ) ) = ( ) ( )
(16)
= (0, (0 0) ) = (0, 0) . = 0 0 = 0.
(20)
Items (1)(5) show that ((), , (0, 0)) is a BCK-algebra.
This shows that (, V) = (0, 0) and so ((, ) (, ))
Lemma 6. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCK- ((, ) (, )) = (0, 0). Similar computations show that
algebra. Then (, ) (0, 0) = (, ), if and only if = . ((, ) (, )) ((, ) (, )) = (0, 0).
(2) Put
Proof. Suppose that (, ) (0, 0) = (, ). Then ( 0, (
0 0)) = (, ) which implies that (, ( )) = (, ) LHS = ((, ) (, )) (, ) = (, ) (, ) ,
from which we obtain = . The converse is obvious. (21)
4 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences

where where

(, ) = (, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) . =
(22)
= ( )
Therefore, = ( ) ( )

(, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) = ( )
(23)
(, V) . = 0 0 = 0,
(31)
= V
Now, we have
= V ( )
= = ,
= ( ) ( ) V
V = = (24)
= ( ) V
= .
= (0 0) V = 0.
Thus,
Since (, ) = (0, 0), it follows that LHS = (0, 0). Hence this
completes the proof.
LHS = ( , ( ) ) .
(25) Theorem 9. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCI/BCK-
algebra. Then
Similarly, it can be shown that
(1) () is not commutative even if is commutative;
RHS = ((, ) (, )) (, )
(2) () is not implicative even if is implicative.
= ( , ( ) ) .
(26) Proof. (1) Suppose that is commutative. Let (, ), (, )
(). Then
(3) Put
(, ) ((, ) (, ))
LHS = ((, ) (, )) = (, ) ( , ( ) )
((, ) (, )) ((, ) (, )) (27) = ( ( ) , ( ( ) ( )
((, ) (, )) (, V) , ( )) )

where (, V) ,
(32)
(, ) = (, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) ,
where
(, ) = (, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) ,
= ( ) = ( ) ,
(, V) = (, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) ) .
(28) V = ( ) ( )
( )
Thus, we have
= ( ) ( ) ( )
(, ) (, ) = ( , ( ) )
(29) ( ) ( ) (33)
(, ) .
( ) ( )
Now, = ( ) ( ) ( )
(, ) (, V) = ( , ( V ) ) ( ) ( )
(30)
(, ) , ( ) ( ) .
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 5

Also, (2) (, ) (, ) () for all (, ), (, ) ();

(, ) ((, ) (, )) (3) () contains a proper subset which is a BCI/BCK-
algebra.
= (, ) ( , ( ) )
If () does not contain a proper subset which is a BCI/BCK-
= ( ( ) , ( ( ) ( ) algebra, then () is called a pseudo neutrosophic subalgebra
of ().
( )) )
Example 11. Any neutrosophic subgroup of the commutative
(, ) , neutrosophic group ((), +) of Example 2 is a neutrosophic
(34) BCI-subalgebra.
where Theorem 12. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCK-
= ( ) = , algebra and for = 0 let (,) () be a subset of () defined
by
= ( ) ( )
(,) () = {(, ) () : (, ) (, ) = (0, 0)} .
( ) (38)
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Then,
( ) ( ) ( )
(1) (,) () is a neutrosophic subalgebra of ();
= V. (2) (,) () (0,0) ().
(35)
Proof. (1) Obviously, (0, 0) (,) () and (,) () contains
This shows that (, ) ((, ) (, )) = (, ) ((, ) a proper subset which is a BCK-algebra. Let (, ), (, )
(, )) and therefore () is not commutative. (,) (). Then (, ) (, ) = (0, 0) and (, ) (, ) =
(2) Suppose that is implicative. Let (, ), (, ) (0, 0) from which we obtain = 0, = 0, = 0,
(). Then and = 0. Since = 0, we have = = = = .
(, ) ((, ) (, )) Now,

= (, ) ( , ( ) ) ((, ) (, )) (, )

= ( ( ) , ( ( ) ( ) = (( ) , ( ) ) (, )

( )) ) = (( ) , ((( ) ) (

(, V) , ) ) ) (39)
(36)
= (( ) , (( ) ) )
where
= (0 , (0 ) )
= ( ) = ,
= (0, 0) .
V = ( ) ( )
This shows that (, ) (, ) (,) () and the required
( ) result follows.
(2) Follows.
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) Definition 13. Let ((), , (0, 0)) and ( (), , (0 , 0 )) be
two neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebras. A mapping :
= . () () is called a neutrosophic homomorphism if
(37) the following conditions hold:

Hence, (, ) = (, ) ((, ) (, )) and so () is not (1) ((, ) (, )) = ((, )) ((, )), (, ),

implicative. (, ) ();
(2) ((0, )) = (0, ).
Definition 10. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCI/
BCK-algebra. A nonempty subset () is called a neutro- In addition,
sophic subalgebra of () if the following conditions hold:
(3) if is injective, then is called a neutrosophic
(1) (0, 0) (); monomorphism;
6 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
(4) if is surjective, then is called a neutrosophic
epimorphism;
(5) if is a bijection, then is called a neutrosophic
isomorphism. A bijective neutrosophic homomor-
phism from () onto () is called a neutrosophic
automorphism.
Definition 14. Let : () () be a neutrosophic homo-
morphism of neutrosophic BCK/BCI-algebras. Consider the
following:
(1) Ker = {(, ) () : ((, )) = (0, 0)};
(2) Im = {((, )) () : (, ) ()}. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
Example 15. Let ((), , (0, 0)) be a neutrosophic BCI/BCK-
algebra and let : () () be a mapping defined by
((, )) = (, ) (, ) () . (40) [1] Y. Imai and K. Iseki, On axiom systems of propositional calculi,
Then is a neutrosophic isomorphism.
Lemma 16. Let : () () be a neutrosophic
homomorphism from a neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebra ()
into a neutrosophic BCI/BCK-algebra (). Then ((0, 0)) =
(0 , 0 ).
Proof. It is straightforward.
Theorem 17. Let : () () be a neutrosophic
homomorphism of neutrosophic BCK/BCI-algebras. Then is
a neutrosophic monomorphism if and only if Ker = {(0, 0)}.
Proof. The proof is the same as the classical case and so is
omitted.
Theorem 18. Let (), (), and () be neutrosophic
BCI/BCK-algebras. Let : () () be a neutrosophic
epimorphism and let : () () be a neutrosophic
homomorphism. If Ker Ker , then there exists a unique
neutrosophic homomorphism ] : () () such that
] = . The following also hold:
(1) Ker ] = (Ker );
(2) Im ] = Im ;
(3) ] is a neutrosophic monomorphism if and only if
Ker = Ker ;
(4) ] is a neutrosophic epimorphism if and only if is a
neutrosophic epimorphism.
Proof. The proof is similar to the classical case and so is
omitted.
Theorem 19. Let (), (), () be neutrosophic BCI/BCK-
algebras. Let : () () be a neutrosophic
homomorphism and let : () () be a neutrosophic
monomorphism such that Im Im . Then there exists a
unique neutrosophic homomorphism : () () such
that = . Also,
(1) Ker = Ker ;
(2) Im = 1 (Im );
(3) is a neutrosophic monomorphism if and only if is a
neutrosophic monomorphism;
(4) is a neutrosophic epimorphism if and only if Im =
Im .
Proof. The proof is similar to the classical case and so is
omitted.
Conflict of Interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
References
XIV, Proceedings of the Japan Academy, vol. 42, pp. 1922, 1966.
[2] K. Iseki, An algebra related with a propositional calculus,
Proceedings of the Japan Academy, vol. 42, pp. 2629, 1966.
[3] Y. S. Huang, BCI-Algebra, Science Press, Beijing, China, 2006.
[4] K. Iseki, On BCI-algebras, Kobe University. Mathematics
Seminar Notes, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 125130, 1980.
[5] K. Iseki and S. Tanaka, An introduction to the theory of BCK-
algebras, Mathematica Japonica, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 126, 1978.
[6] J. M. Jie and Y. B. Jun, BCK-Algebras, Kyung Moon Sa Co., Seoul,
Republic of Korea, 1994.
[7] C. C. Chang, Algebraic analysis of many valued logics, Trans-
actions of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 88, no. 2, pp.
467490, 1958.
[8] F. Smarandache, A Unifying Field in Logics: Neutrosophic Logic,
Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability, Amer-
ican Research Press, Rehoboth, NM, USA, 2003.
[9] F. Smarandache, Introduction to Neutrosophic Statistics, Sitech
and Education Publishing, Craiova, Romania, 2014.
[10] F. Smarandache, Neutrosophy/Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and
Logic, American Research Press, Rehoboth, Mass, USA, 1998.
[11] W. B. V. Kandasamy and F. Smarandache, Some Neutrosophic
Algebraic Structures and Neutrosophic N-Algebraic Structures,
Hexis, Phoenix, Ariz, USA, 2006.
[12] W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy and F. Smarandache, Neutrosophic
Rings, Hexis, Phoenix, Ariz, USA, 2006.
[13] A. A. A. Agboola, A. D. Akinola, and O. Y. Oyebola, Neutro-
sophic rings I, International Journal of Mathematical Combina-
torics, vol. 4, pp. 114, 2011.
[14] A. A. A. Agboola, E. O. Adeleke, and S. A. Akinleye, Neutro-
sophic rings II, International Journal of Mathematical Combi-
natorics, vol. 2, pp. 18, 2012.
[15] A. A. A. Agboola, A. O. Akwu, and Y. T. Oyebo, Neutrosophic
groups and neutrosopic subgroups, International Journal of
Mathematical Combinatorics, vol. 3, pp. 19, 2012.
[16] A. A. Agboola and B. Davvaz, Introduction to neutrosophic
hypergroups, ROMAI Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 110, 2013.
[17] A. A. A. Agboola and B. Davvaz, On neutrosophic canonical
hypergroups and neutrosophic hyperrings, Neutrosophic Sets
and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 3441, 2014.
Advances in Advances in Journal of Journal of
Operations Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Decision Sciences
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Algebra
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Probability and Statistics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

The Scientific International Journal of

World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Differential Equations
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Submit your manuscripts at

http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of Advances in

Combinatorics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematical Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of Journal of Mathematical Problems Abstract and Discrete Dynamics in

Complex Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
in Engineering
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Nature and Society
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

International
Journal of Journal of
Mathematics and
Mathematical
Discrete Mathematics
Sciences

Journal of International Journal of Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation Volume 2014

http://www.hindawi.com
Function Spaces
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com http://www.hindawi.com
Stochastic Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Optimization
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014