Natural light and illumination

SUBMITTED BY:-

DEEPTI CHAUHAN
PRN NO.-UV2200041
 Objectives

Be aware of the energy implications of lighting.

Understand why buildings require lighting.
Understand what is meant by the term daylight factor.
Be able to identify a number of innovative daylighting technologies.
Be able to identify the advantages of daylighting.
Understand what is meant by the terms general lighting, localised lighting
and local lighting.
 Lighting

Lighting within the indoor environment can be considered to have three basic
purposes:
To enable the occupants to work and move about in safety.
To enable tasks to be performed.
To make the interior look pleasant.

There are two principle ways in which a building can be lit. These are:
Naturally - by daylight received from the sky.
Artificially - by electric lamps or other artificial light sources.

Daylight as two distinct sources of light:

Sunlight That part of solar radiation that reaches the earths surface as
parallel rays after selective attenuation by the atmosphere.
Skylight That part of solar radiation that reaches the earths surface as a
result of scattering in the atmosphere.

Sunlight and skylight may therefore be considered as the direct and diffuse
components of daylight.
 Daylighting

Daylight (both sunlight and skylight) is usually admitted into a building by the
means of windows and skylights.

The quantity of daylight obtained within a room will be dependent upon:

The orientation, geometry and space planning of the spaces to be lit.
The dimensions and orientation of the openings through which daylight will
pass.
The location and surface properties of any internal partitions which may
reflect and distribute the daylight.
The location, form and dimensions of any shading devices which will provide
protection from too much light and glare.
The light and thermal characteristics of the glazing materials used.

Atrium Rooflight
Clerestorey

Borrowed light
Window
 Controlling daylight

A range of methods are available to control the amount of daylight that penetrates
into the building.
Fixed external Permanently obstructs skylight and is maintenance free, but is
architecturally dominating.
Variable external Allows the maximisation of skylight but can suffer from
maintenance problems.
Variable internal Absorbs solar radiation and acts as a secondary heat source
within the building. Effective for visual comfort.

Various methods of controlling daylight

In addition, further control can be provided by the choice of glazing type.
 Daylight factor

Interior daylight is measured using a parameter known as the Daylight Factor (DF).
The daylight factor is defined as:
Interior illuminance
Daylight factor (%) = 100
Simultaneous horizontal unobstructed exterior illuminance

The Daylight Factor is a combination of 3 separate

components:
The sky component (SC) the light received directly
from the sky.
The externally reflected component (ERC) - the light
received directly by reflection from buildings and
obstructions outside the room.
The internally reflected component (IRC) - the light
received from surfaces inside the room. DF = SC + ERC + IRC
 Glare from daylight
Glare from daylight can be reduced by:
Using solar control devices - such as external screens and louvres, glass of low
transmittance, or internal blinds and curtains
Other methods of decreasing the contrast between the interior and the view of the
sky - such as ensuring that the window wall is light coloured.

Designed to eliminate the use of artificial light on normal days.

Average daylight factor of 2% over 80% of the office space.
Atrium has rooflights which allow natural light to enter the building.
PV faade designed to produce 25-33% of the offices electricity needs.

Designed to achieve a minimum 2% daylight factor over the office area.

Solar shading provided on South faade via motorised external translucent glass louvres.
 Innovative daylighting technologies

A number of innovative daylighting technologies are available which are

capable of redirecting the incoming sunlight or skylight to the areas where it is
required.
Mirror system
The technologies available include:
Sunlight tracking systems - have mirrors and/or lenses
that follow the sun and redirect its light to a required
location.
heliostat and light pipe systems.
mirror systems.
Daylighting systems - redirect diffuse skylight and
usually sunlight as well. They generally modify or
supplement an existing window or rooflight.
light shelves.
 Innovative daylighting technologies

Light shelves
These can be used to redirect sunlight and skylight deep into
a space. Both interior and exterior light shelves are available.
Exterior shelves can also function as a shading device.

The performance of light shelves depends upon the proportion

of the shelf which is situated inside or outside the space.

They can also be used to control sunlight and reduce glare.

External light shelf Without light shelf

No light shelf With light shelf
Internal light shelf
 Energy implications of daylighting
To achieve good daylighting, the glazing must be designed so that there is a correct
balance between the heat gains and losses resulting from the transmission of
thermal radiation in and out of the building and the light entering the building.

Daylight Reduces artificial lighting load

Solar gain Reduces winter heating load
Solar gain Increase summer cooling load

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Air leakage
The energy implications of daylighting

Correct daylighting design will not only reduce energy costs related to artificial
lighting, but also reduce the possibility of having to cool rooms overheated by low
efficiency lighting appliances.
However, although large glazed areas may provide sufficient daylighting at some
distance into the building, they can also cause glare, overheating and high
heating and cooling energy costs.
 Advantages of daylighting

The utilisation of daylight in buildings has a number of advantages, namely:

It can make a significant contribution to energy efficiency.
It has a variability and subtlety which is more pleasing than the relatively
monotonous environment produced by artificial lighting.
It helps to create optimum working conditions by bringing out the natural
contrast and colour of objects.
Windows and skylights give occupants contact with the outside world.
The presence of natural light can bring a sense of well-being and
awareness of the wider environment.
It is also claimed that exposure to natural light can have a beneficial effect
on human health.

However, due to its uncertainty and variability, daylighting cannot provide

adequate illumination of the internal environment all of the time. Therefore, artificial
lighting systems must always be incorporated into buildings in order to
supplement daylighting when this is required.
ILLUMINATION
 Illumination
Tasks to be performed in the space
Desired light levels based on the tasks performed in the space
Room size and dimensions
Structural obstructions such as beams
Layout of furniture and obstructions such as partitions
Room and object surface colors and reflectances
Special concerns such as safety and security
Hours of operation
Assessment of normal operating conditions
Possibility or known existence of abnormal operating conditions
Cleanliness of the area during operation
Maintenance schedule
Availability of daylight
Illumination Levels
Illumination Levels
 Methods of Illumination

Inverse Square Law

It states that illumination at any given surface due to a given light source is inversely proportional to
square of distance between them.
where
E Illuminance (Lux)
I - Luminous Intensity (Lumens/m2 )
r - distance of surface from light source (m)
 Cosine Law
E= I cos
d
where
E Illuminance (Lux)
I - Luminous Intensity (Lumens/m2 )
r - distance of surface from light source (m)
- angleofincidence

Coefficient of Utilization Method

F= E X A______
CU X LLD X LDD
Where
F= Lumens generated by light (lm)
E= Illumination level (Lux)
A= Area of work plane (m2)
CU= Coefficient of Utilisation (%)
LLD= Lamp lumen Depreciation (%)
LDD= Lamp Dirt Depreciation (%)