Week 1

Introduction to Listening and

Speaking
The oral-aural skills defined
Listening defined and The Listening
Process
The communication process
Listening and speaking in the L2
The affective factor

BY MISS SHAZNI BINTI BAHARI

LECTURER OF TEACHING LISTENING AND SPEAKING (HET3033)
The Oral-Aural Skills
 The oral-aural skills defined
Oral Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 8th
edition
/ rl /
1 [ usually before noun ] spoken rather than written
2 [ only before noun ] connected with the mouth oral
hygiene
3 ( phonetics ) ( of a speech sound ) produced without
the air in the nose vibrating compare nasal

Aural Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 8th

edition
/ rl /
connected with hearing and listening
Oxford University Press, 2010
Purposes of Listening
Goodwill is maintained/established
through the talk For maintaining
Listener oriented or message good social For obtaining
oriented? relations information
Also known as conversation and necessary for
casual talk day-to-day living

Purposes of News broadcasts,

directions,

For Listening weather forecasts,

travel information
entertainment

Jokes, stories, songs, plays,
TV, radio broadcasts, etc are
mainly for entertainment
For personal satisfaction
For academic
purposes
Lectures, seminars, talks
to extend knowledge and
skills
Central part of learning
The Listening Process
 Hearing vs. Listening
Hearing
Physical ability
receiving sound waves through your ears
part of the five senses
using your ears only
simply receiving sound vibrations
Self-satisfaction
I hear it
Listening
Skill
hearing and understanding what youve
heard
a choice to hear and analyze what you
hear
using your bodys other senses
observing others behavior that can add
meaning to the message
can build better relationships with others
I get it
Hearing vs. Listening
Determines the types or purpose of
listening (refer previous slide)
The Listening Process
Bottom-up processing
Happens when what a listener hears
does not trigger anything in previous
knowledge (ss)
Bottom up block by block
(understanding all the linguistic data)
Listen for meaning
To make sense of what is heard
Listening is focused while grammar,
vocab and sounds only as aids
Top-down processing
Happens when a listener can relate
what he is about to hear with
previous knowledge
Listening is an active process
Actively constructs meaning while
listening
Identifies main points and supporting
details, distinguishes fact from
opinion, guesses meaning of
unfamiliar words, etc cognitive
aspects of listening
Agrees or disagrees, likes or dislikes
the speakers tone, may find topic
objectionable or absolutely boring, etc
affective or emotional dimension
Listeners attitudes, values and
interests affect what they interpret
and respond to talk
The Communication Process
 Communication
Communication is the process of sending and
receiving information among people.
The most common ways to communicate
 Paralinguistic features pause,
loudness,
Sound Thinking, speaking
stress, intonation, etc
and listening go on
Speech organs Extralinguistic features
almost the same
(mouth, throat) gestures, facial expressions, eye
time
and ears in L&S contact, nods, body posture
Ephemeral
Both are used to aid
communication

Resources
SPOKEN LANGUAGE

Many false
starts, fillers, Almost
etc pauses found instantly
e.g? More meandering
and fewer Usually simple
organizational sentences and
markers vocabs
e.g?
Words on a page Only words on the page
or screen and punctuation marks
Hands to write
Eyes to read

Writer composing

Resources
Reader reading
and re-reading
Permanent
Editing
No visible
mistakes Performance WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Language
Delayed
feedback
Usually well-
organized Sophisticated
Why? Complex
structures and
vocabs
THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION PROCESS

SENDER RECEIVER
 I
MESSAGE N
T
E
R
SPEAKER CHANNEL F LISTENER
E
R
E
FEEDBACK
N
C
E
 FACTORS OF THE SPEECH
COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Sender

Message

Response/Feedback

Channel

Receiver/Listener
 SENDER
Senders Attitude
It deals with the knowledge and input output filters
as self esteem, anxiety of the speaker.

Speakers purpose
It deals with the intention or what the speaker wants
to say.
 MESSAGE
What is said by the speaker.
You need to determine the purpose of the
message
In order to transmit our feelings, business,
agreements and so on.
 RESPONSE/FEEDBACK

Can be either verbal or non verbal or both

Allows the sender to correct or record
message.
 CHANNEL

It is the way used to express or send the

message
Means of communication
 RECEIVER
Receivers Attitude
It Deals with the knowledge and input output
filters as self steem, anxiety of the listener. The
behaviour of him/her.

Receivers purpose
It deals with the intention or what the listener wants
to listen to.
Examples: Listen to know about someone, to learn,
and so on.
Listening and Speaking in the L2
Listening and speaking in the L2 The Affective Factor

Lets discuss
Rural Urban

Attitude Attitude


Listening Motivation Motivation



Exposure
Exposure

Attitude Attitude


Speaking Motivation

Motivation


Exposure Exposure