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1
Sequences and Series
Introduction
m
The word sequence in mathematics has same meaning as in ordinary
.co
English. A collection of objects listed in a sequence means it has identified first
member, second member, third member and so on. The most common examples
are depreciate values of certain commodity like car, machinery and amount
deposits in the bank for a number of years.
ing
Sequence
ch
OR
If T1 = 1, Tn + 1 = Tn + 2, n 1
(ii) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...... is a sequence, because each term (except first two)
ww
Recursive Formula
A formula to determine the other terms of the sequence in terms of its
preceding terms is known as recursive formula.
For example If T1 = 1 and Tn + 1 = 6 Tn , n N .
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2 | Algebra Part I
Then, T2 = 6 T1 = 6 1 = 6
T3 = 6 T2 = 6 6 = 36
T4 = 6T3 = 6 36 = 216....
Then, sequence is 1, 6, 36, 216, ....
Types of Sequences
There are two types of sequences.
1. Finite Sequence
m
A sequence is said to be finite sequence, if it has finite number of terms. A
finite sequence is described by a1 , a2 , a3 , ..... , an or T1 , T2 , T3 , ..... , Tn , where n N.
.co
Illustrations (i) 3, 5, 7, 9, ...... , 37
(ii) 2, 6, 18, 54, ......, 4374
ing
2. Infinite Sequence
A sequence is said to be an infinite sequence, if it has infinite number of
ch
1 1 1
Illustrations (i) 1, , , , ....
3 9 27
1 1 1 1
yC
(ii) 1, , , , , ....
2 4 8 16
kM
Series
In a sequence, the sum of the directed terms is called a series. For example, if
1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, ..... is a sequence, then its sum ie, 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + K is
pic
a series.
In general, if T1 , T2 , T3 , ...... , Tn ,.... denote a sequence, then the symbolic
expression T1 + T2 + T3 + .... + Tn + .... is called a series associated with the given
w.
sequence.
Each member of the series is called its term.
ww
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Types of Series
There are two types of series.
1. Finite Series
A series having finite number of terms is called a finite series.
Illustrations
(i) 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ..... + 21
(ii) 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + .... + 4374
m
2. Infinite Series
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A series having an infinite number of terms is called an infinite series.
Illustrations
ing
1 1 1
(i) 1 + + + + .....
3 9 27
1 1 1
(ii) 1 + + + + ....
ch
2 4 8
oa
Progression
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decreases) numerically.
For example The following sequences are progression :
pic
1 1 1 1
(i) 1, 3, 5, 7, .... (ii) , , , , ....
2 6 18 54
1 1 1
(iii) 1, , , ,K (iv) 1, 8, 27, 256, ....
w.
3 9 27
1
(v) 8, 4, 2, 1, , K
ww
2
The sequences (iii) and (v) are progressions, because
1 1 1
|1|>| |>| |>| |> ....
3 9 27
1 1 1
ie, 1> > > >K
3 9 27
1
and | 8|>| 4|>| 2|>| 1|>| |> ....
2
1
ie, 8 > 4 > 2 > 1 > > ....
2
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4 | Algebra Part I
Point to Consider
All the definitions and formulae are valid for complex numbers in the theory of
progressions but it should be assumed (if not otherwise stated) that the terms of the
progressions are real numbers.
n
Illustration 1. If f : N R, where f (n ) = a n = , then write the
(2n + 1)2
sequence in ordered pair form.
n
Solution. Here, a n =
(2n + 1)2
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... successively, we get
m
1 1
a1 = =
(2 1 + 1)2 9
.co
2 2
a2 = =
(2 2 + 1)2 25
3 3
a3 = =
(2 3 + 1) 2
49
ing
4 4
a4 = =
(2 4 + 1) 2
81
ch
...............................
Hence, we obtain the sequence
1 2 3 4
oa
, , , , ...
9 25 49 81
Now, the sequence in ordered pair form is
yC
1 2 3 4
1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , ...
9 25 49 81
kM
Solution. Q a1 = 1 = a 2
a3 = a 2 + a1 = 1 + 1 = 2
a 4 = a3 + a 2 = 2 + 1 = 3
w.
a5 = a 4 + a3 = 3 + 2 = 5
and a 6 = a5 + a 4 = 5 + 3 = 8
ww
a2 a 2 a 3 a 5 a 8
= 1, 3 = = 2, 4 = , 5 = and 6 =
a1 a2 1 a3 2 a 4 3 a5 5
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3 4 5 6 n + 2 r = 1 r + 2
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Introductory Exercise 1.1
Only One Correct Option
ing
1. First term of a sequence is 1 and the (n + 1)th term is obtained by adding (n + 1)
to the nth term for all natural numbers n, then the sixth term of the sequence is
(a) 7 (b) 13 (c) 21 (d) 27
ch
2. The first three terms of a sequence are 3, 3, 6 and each term after the second is
the sum of two terms preceding it, then the 8th term of the sequence is
(a) 15 (b) 24 (c) 39 (d) 63
oa
6
n
3. If a n = sin , then the value of a n2 is
6
n =1
yC
Types of Progressions
w.
Progressions are various types but in this chapter we shall studying only
three special types of progressions which are following :
ww
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6 | Algebra Part I
Points to Consider
1. If a be the first term and d be the common difference, then AP can be written as
a , a + d , a + 2d , ..... , a + (n 1) d , K n N .
2. If we add the common difference to any term of AP, we get the next following
term and if we subtract it from any term, we get the preceding term.
m
3. The common difference of an AP may be positive, zero, negative or imaginary.
.co
4. Constant AP common difference of an AP is equal to zero.
5. Increasing AP common difference of an AP is greater than zero.
6. Decreasing AP common difference of an AP is less than zero.
ing
7. Imaginary AP common difference of an AP is imaginary.
(a b) a = (a 2b) (a b) = ....
= b, which is a common difference.
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Point to Consider
m
If the nth term of a sequence be an expression of first degree in n, eg,
tn = An + B, where A , B are constants, then that sequence will be in AP for
.co
t n t n 1 = ( An + B) [ A (n 1) + B] = A [n (n 1)] = A = constant
= common difference or coefficient of n in tn
ing
Remark. Students are advised to consider the above point as a behaviour of
standard result.
General Term of an AP
ch
Let a be the first term, d be the common difference and l be the last term of
an AP having n terms, where n N .
oa
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8 | Algebra Part I
Points of Consider
1. nth term is also called the general term.
2. If last term of AP be tn and common difference be d, then terms of AP from end
are tn , t n d , t n 2d, ..........
3. If in a sequence, the terms an alternatively positive and negative, then it cannot
be an AP.
la
4. Common difference of AP =
n+1
where a = first term of AP, l = last term of AP and n = number of terms of AP.
5. If t n , t n + 1 , t n + 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP, then 2 tn + 1 = t n + tn + 2. In
m
particular, if a , b, c are in AP, then 2b = a + c.
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Illustration 8. Find first negative term of the sequence
1 1 3
20, 19 , 18 , 17 , ...
4 2 4
ing
Solution. The given sequence is an AP in which first term a = 20 and
3
common difference d = . Let the nth term of the given AP be the first
4
ch
4
83 2
n> or n > 27 n = 28
yC
3 3
Thus, 28th term of the given sequence is the first negative term.
kM
1 1
Illustration 9. If the mth term of an AP is and the nth term is , then
n m
find mnth term of AP.
Solution. If A , B are constants then rth term of AP is
pic
tr = Ar + B
1 1
Given, tm = Am + B = (i)
w.
n n
1 1
and tn = An + B = (ii)
m m
ww
Illustration 10. If| x 1|, 3,| x 3| are first three terms of an increasing
AP then find the sixth term of AP.
Solution. Case I. For x < 1
| x 1| = (x 1) and | x 3| = (x 3)
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m
6 = x1 + x3 x=5
Then, first three terms are 4, 3, 2 which is a decreasing AP.
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Illustration 11. In the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, ...... where n
consecutive terms have the value n, then find the 150th term of the
ing
sequence.
Solution. Let the 150th term = n
Then, 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + (n 1) < 150 < 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
ch
(n 1) n n (n + 1)
< 150 <
2 2
oa
2
1 1 1 1201
n < 300 + 0<n< +
2 4 2 2
kM
2 4
1 1201
n> + n > 16.8 (ii)
2 2
w.
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10 | Algebra Part I
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its thirteenth term is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 12 (d) 13
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4. If the 9th term of an AP be zero, then the ratio of its 29th and 19th terms is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 3ing (d) 3 : 1
5. If the pth, qth and rth terms of an AP are a , b and c respectively, then the value
of a (q r ) + b (r p) + c ( p q) is equal to
1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d)
2
ch
6. The sixth term of an AP is equal to 2, the value of the common difference of the
AP which makes the product a1a 4a5 least is given by
oa
8 5 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 3 3
yC
Series
More than 200 years ago, a class of German School Children was asked to
pic
find the sum of all integers from 1 to 100 inclusive. One boy in the class, an eight
year old named Carl Fredrick Gauss (1777-1855) who later established his
reputation as one of the greatest mathematicians announced the answer almost
w.
at once. The teacher overawed at this asked Gauss to explain how he got this
answer. Gauss explained that he had added these numbers in pairs as follows
(1 + 100), ( 2 + 99), ( 3 + 98) , K
ww
100
There are = 50 pairs. The answer can be obtained by multiplying 101 by
2
50 to get 5050.
Sum of n Terms of an AP
Let a be the first term, d be the common difference, l be the last term of an
AP having n terms and S n the sum of n terms, then
S n = a + ( a + d ) + ( a + 2d ) + K + ( l 2d ) + ( l d ) + l (i)
Reversing the right hand terms
S n = l + ( l d ) + ( l 2d ) + .... + ( a + 2d ) + ( a + d ) + a (ii)
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m
2
If we substitute the value of a
.co
viz., l = a + ( n 1) d
or a = l ( n 1) d in Eq. (iii), then
ing
n
S n = [2l (n 1) d ]
2
If we substitute the value of a + l
ch
2
Corollary 1. Sum of first n natural numbers
yC
ie, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + n
Here, a = 1, d = 1
kM
n n ( n + 1)
S= [2 1 + ( n 1) 1] =
2 2
Corollary 2. Sum of first n odd natural numbers
pic
ie, 1 + 3 + 5 + ....
Here, a = 1, d = 2
w.
n
S= [2 1 + ( n 1) 2] = n 2
2
ww
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12 | Algebra Part I
Proof. Q S n = t1 + t2 + t3 + K + tn 1 + tn
S n = S n 1 + tn
tn = S n S n 1
but d = tn tn 1 = (S n S n 1 ) (S n 1 S n 2 )
d = Sn 2 Sn 1 + Sn 2
2. A sequence is an AP if and only if the sum of its n terms is of the form
An 2 + Bn, where A, B are constants independent of n. In this case, the
nth term and common difference of the AP are A ( 2n 1) + B and 2A
respectively.
Proof. As S n = An 2 + Bn
m
S n 1 = A ( n 1)2 + B ( n 1)
tn = S n S n 1 = ( An 2 + Bn ) [ A ( n 1)2 + B ( n 1)]
.co
= A [n 2 ( n 1)2 ] + B
tn = A ( 2n 1) + B
ing
tn 1 = A [2 ( n 1) 1] + B = A ( 2n 3) + B
Now, tn tn 1 = [ A ( 2n 1) + B] [ A ( 2n 3) + B] = 2A (a constant)
Hence, the sequence is an AP.
ch
+ a n
2 2 2
d d
= An 2 + Bn, where A = ,B= a
yC
2 2
Hence, S n = An 2 + Bn, where A, B are constants independent of n.
kM
tn = A (Replacing n 2 by 2n 1) + coefficient of n
and d = 2A
w.
ie, d = 2 (coefficient of n 2 )
Sn tn d
ww
1. 5n 2 + 3 n 5 (2n 1) + 3 = 10n 2 10
2. 7n 2 + 2n 7 (2n 1) + 2 = 14n + 9 14
3. 9n 2 4n 9 (2n 1) 4 = 18n + 5 18
4. 4n n
2
4 (2n 1) 1 = 8n 5 8
3. If S n = an + bn + c where S n denotes the sum of n terms of a series, then
2
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m
Ratio of Sums is Given
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1. If ratio of the sums of m and n terms of an AP is given
S m Am2 + Bm
Let =
ing
Sn An2 + Bn
Where A, B are constants and A 0
ch
S m = ( Am 2 + Bm ) k,
S n = ( An 2 + Bn ) k
oa
tm = S m S m 1 = [ A ( 2m 1) + B] k
tn = S n S n 1 = [ A ( 2n 1) + B] k
yC
tm A ( 2m 1) + B
=
tn A ( 2n 1) + B
kM
Solution. Here,
Sn n 2
tm (2m 1)
=
ww
tn (2n 1)
tm : t n = (2m 1) : (2n 1)
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
2. If ratio of the sums of n terms of two APs is given
S n An + B
Let =
S n Cn + D
where A, B, C , D are constants and A, C 0
S n = n ( An + B) k, S n = n (Cn + D ) k
tn = [ A ( 2n 1) + B] k, tn = [C ( 2n 1) + D ] k
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14 | Algebra Part I
d = tn tn 1 = 2 A,
d = tn tn 1 = 2C
tn A ( 2n 1) + B d A
= and =
tn C ( 2n 1) + D d C
Note. If A = 0, C = 0
Sn B t B d 0
Then,
= n = and = = not defined
Sn D tn D d 0
Point to Consider
tn an + b
m
If =
tn cn + d
.co
where a , b, c, d are constants and a , c 0, then
n + 1
a +b
Sn 2
=
S n n + 1
ing
c +d
2
ch
common differences.
Solution. Given, S n : S n = (7n + 1) : (4n + 17)
Here, A = 7, B = 1, C = 4, D = 17
yC
tn 7 (2n 1) + 1 14n 6
= =
tn 4 (2n 1) + 17 8n + 13
d A 7
kM
and = =
d C 4
Hence, tn : tn = (14n 6) : (8n + 13) and d : d = 7 : 4
pic
Illustration 15. The sum of n terms of two APs are in the ratio
(3n 13) : (5n + 21). Find the ratio of their 24th terms.
w.
= = =
t24 5 (2 24 1) + 21 256 2
t24 : t24 = 1 :2
1 2
Illustration 16. How many terms of the series 20 + 19 + 18 + .... must
3 3
be taken to make 300? Explain the double answer.
Solution. Here, given series is an AP with first term a = 20 and the
2
common difference d = .
3
Let the sum of n terms of the series be 300.
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m
and t31 = 20 + (31 1) = 0 ie, 31st term becomes zero. All terms after
3
.co
31st term are negative. These negative terms (t32, t33 , t34 , t35 , t36 ) when
added to positive terms (t26 , t27 , t28 , t29 , t30 ), they cancel out each other ie,
sum of terms from 26th to 36th terms is zero. Hence, the sum of 25 terms as
well as that of 36 terms is 300.
ing
Illustration 17. Find the arithmetic progression consisting of 10 terms if
the sum of the terms occupying the even places is equal to 15 and the sum of
ch
1
those occupying the odd places is equal to 12 .
2
Solution. Let the successive terms of the AP be t1 , t2, t3 , .... , t9 , t10.
oa
By hypothesis
t2 + t 4 + t6 + t8 + t10 = 15
yC
5
(t2 + t10 ) = 15
2
t2 + t10 = 6
kM
(a + d ) + (a + 9d ) = 6 or 2a + 10d = 6 (i)
1
and t1 + t3 + t5 + t7 + t9 = 12
2
pic
5 25
(t1 + t9 ) = t1 + t9 = 5
2 2
a + a + 8d = 5 or 2a + 8d = 5 (ii)
w.
2 2
1 1 1
Hence, the AP is , 1, 1 , 2, 2 , K
2 2 2
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16 | Algebra Part I
Illustration 19. Find the sum of first 24 terms of the AP t1 , t2, t3 , ..... ., if
it is known that
t1 + t5 + t10 + t15 + t20 + t24 = 225
m
Solution. We know that in an AP the sums of the terms equidistant from
.co
the beginning and end is always same and is equal to the sum of first and
last term.
Then, t1 + t24 = t5 + t20 = t10 + t15
but given
ing
t1 + t5 + t10 + t15 + t20 + t24 = 225
(t1 + t24 ) + (t5 + t20 ) + (t10 + t15 ) = 225
3 (t1 + t24 ) = 225
ch
t1 + t24 = 75
24
S 24 = (t1 + t24 ) = 12 75 = 900
oa
2 2 2
p + 1 q + 1 r + 1
+ =
2 2 2
( p + 1)2 + (q + 1)2 = (r + 1)2
w.
p + 1 = 8, q + 1 = 6, r + 1 = 10 p + q + r = 21
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m
+ and if five numbers in AP whose sum is given are to be taken as
.co
2 , , , + , + 2 etc.
In general. If ( 2 r + 1) numbers in AP whose sum is given are to be taken
as (r N ).
ing
r , (r 1) , .... , , , + , .... , + (r 1) , + r
Points to Consider
ch
2. From given conditions, find two equations in and , and then solve them. Now,
the numbers in AP can be obtained.
kM
( 2 r 1) , ( 2 r 3) , .... , 3 , , + , + 3, ....
+ ( 2 r 3) , + ( 2 r 1)
ww
Points to Consider
1. Sum of four numbers = 4
Sum of six numbers = 6
.............................................
Sum of 2r numbers = 2r
2. From given conditions, find two conditions in and and then solve them. Now,
the numbers in AP can be obtained.
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18 | Algebra Part I
m
2 1 + (n 1) 1, 2 2 + (n 1) 3, 2 3 + (n 1) 5, K , 2 p + (n 1) (2 p 1)
.co
are also in AP. (iii)
[Adding corresponding terms of Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
From Eq. (iii),
n n n
{2 1 + (n 1) 1},
ing
{2 2 + (n 1) 3}, {2 3 + (n 1) 5}, .....
2 2 2
n
{2 p + (n 1) (2 p 1)} are also in AP
2
ch
n
[Multiplying to each term]
2
oa
p n n
= [2 1 + (n 1) 1] + [2 p + (n 1) (2 p 1)]
2 2 2
np
kM
= {2 + (n 1) + 2 p + (n 1) (2 p 1)}
4
np 1
= (2np + 2) = np (np + 1)
4 2
pic
Aliter
n (n + 1)
Here, S1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... up to n terms =
2
w.
n
S 2 = 2 + 5 + 8 + .... up to n terms = [2 2 + (n 1)3]
2
n (3n + 1)
ww
=
2
n (5n + 1)
Similarly, S3 = 3 + 8 + 13 + .... upto n terms = etc.
2
Now, S1 + S 2 + S3 + .... + S p
n (n + 1) n (3n + 1) n (5n + 1)
= + + + ..... up to p terms
2 2 2
n
= [(n + 3n + 5n + .... up to p terms) + (1 + 1 + 1 + .... up to p terms)]
2
n p np 1
= [2n + ( p 1) 2n ] + p = [n + n ( p 1) + 1] = np (np + 1)
2 2 2 2
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m
= 3, = 7, = 11
A = = ( 1) (3) = 3 and B = = (7)(11) = 77
.co
Illustration 23. The digits of a positive integer having three digits are in
ing
AP and their sum is 15. The number obtained by reversing the digits is 594
less than the original number. Find the number.
Solution. Let the digit in the units place be a d, digit in the tens place
be a and the digit in the hundreds place be a + d.
ch
a =5 (i)
Original number = (a d ) + 10a + 100 (a + d )
yC
Let a = A D, b = A, c = A + D
Then, a = b D, c = b + D
Now, abc = 4
(b D ) b (b + D ) = 4
b (b2 D 2) = 4
b2 D 2 < b2
b (b2 D 2) < b3
4 < b3
b > (4)1/3 or b > (2)2/3
Hence, the minimum value of b is (2)2/3 .
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20 | Algebra Part I
m
Now, 24a 2 16a + 9 0
24a 2 + 16a 9 0
.co
1 70 1 70
a +
3 3 3 12
a = 1, 0 (Q a I )
3
ing
When a = 0 from Eq. (i), D = 0, (not possible Q D N ) and for a = 1
5
4
From Eq. (i), D = 1,
ch
5
D =1 (Q D N )
a = 1, b = 0, c = 1, d = 2
oa
Then, a + b + c+ d = 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 =2
yC
1. The sum of first 2n terms of an AP is and the sum of next n terms is , its
common difference is
2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
pic
2 2
3n 3n 3n 3n
2. The sum of three numbers in AP is 3 and their product is 8, then sum of
squares of the numbers is
w.
Sn
equal to
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 16 (d) 12
4. The sum of the products of the ten numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 taking two at a
time is
(a) 65 (b) 165 (c) 55 (d) 95
5. If a1 , a 2, a3 , .... , a n are in AP where ai > 0 for all i, then the value of
1 1 1
+ + .... + is
a1 + a2 a2 + a3 an 1 + an
1 1 n (n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a1 + a n a1 a n a1 a n a1 + a n
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m
tk 1
For k = 2, 3, 4, .... , n or k = 2, 3, 4, .... as the case may be. We then call { tk } kn = 1
.co
or { tk } k = 1 as the case may be a geometric progression (abbreviated as GP). The
constant ratio r is called the common ratio (abbreviated as CR) of the GP.
t t t
r = 2 = 3 = ...... = n
ie,
ing
t1 t2 tn 1
If t1 = a is the first term of a GP, then
t2 = ar, t3 = t2 r = ar 2, t4 = t3 r = ar3 , K
ch
tn = tn 1 r = ar n 1
oa
It follows that, given that first term a and the CR r, the GP can be rewritten as
a , ar , ar 2 , .... , ar n 1 (Standard GP)
or a , ar , ar 2 , .... , ar n 1, .... (Standard GP)
yC
Remark 3. If in a GP, the terms are alternatively positive and negative, then
its common ratio is always negative.
pic
Points to Consider
1. If we multiply the common ratio with any term of GP, we get the next following
w.
term and if we divide any term by the common ratio, we get the preceding term.
2. The common ratio of GP may be positive, negative or imaginary.
ww
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22 | Algebra Part I
m
(ii) Here, a = 9
.co
1 1
3 1 3 9 1 1
and r = = = = = ..... = ie, a = 9, r =
9 3 1 1 3 3ing
3
Decreasing GP (a > 0, 0 < r < 1)
(iii) Here, a = 2
ch
6 18
and r= = = .... = 3 ie, a = 2, r = 3
2 6
oa
1
4 2 1 1 1
and r= = = = 2 = .... = ie, a = 8, r =
8 4 2 1 2 2
kM
5 10
Neither increasing nor decreasing (r < 0)
(vi) Here, a = 5
w.
5 5 5
and r= = = = .... = 1 ie, a = 5, r = 1
5 5 5
ww
Constant GP (r = 1)
(vii) Here, a = 1
1+ i 2i 2 + 2i
and r= = = = ....
1 1+ i 2i
2i (1 i ) ( 1 + i ) i
= (1 + i ) = = = ....
(1 + i ) (1 i ) i2
= (1 + i ) = (i + 1) = (1 + i ) = K
ie, a = 1, r = 1 + i
Imaginary GP (r = imaginary)
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m
tn
Clearly, is independent of n and is equal to 4. So, the given sequence is
tn 1
.co
a GP with common ratio 4.
Replacing n by (n 1) in t n
tn 1 = 2 3n 1 + 1
(2 3n + 3)
oa
tn 1 =
3
tn (2 3n + 1) 3 (2 3n + 1)
= =
yC
tn 1 (2 3n + 3) (2 3n + 3)
3
tn
Clearly, is not independent of n and is therefore not constant. So, the
kM
tn 1
given sequence is not a GP.
pic
General Term of a GP
Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio and l be the last term of a GP
having n terms. Then GP can be written as
w.
l l
a , ar , ar 2 , ..... , 2 , , l
r r
ww
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24 | Algebra Part I
m
Hence, nth term of a GP from end
l
= t n = n 1 = a (first term)
.co
r
Now, it is clear that ing
l
tk tk = ar k 1 k1
= a l or t k t k = a l 1 k n
r
ie, In a finite GP of n terms, the product of the k th term from the beginning
ch
and the k th term form the end is independent of k and equals the product of the
first and last terms.
oa
Points to Consider
yC
t t
tn , n , n2 , K
r r
3. If in a GP, the terms are alternatively positive and negative, then its common
pic
of GP = r =
a
5. If tn, tn + 1 , t n + 2 are three consecutive terms of a GP; then
ww
tn + 1 tn + 2
= tn2 + 1 = t n t n + 2.
tn tn + 1
In particular, if a , b, c are in GP, then
b c
= b2 = ac
a b
b2 c2
On squaring, =
a 2 b2
Hence, a 2, b2, c2 are also in GP.
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m
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
.co
Illustration 30. The (m + n )th and (m n )th terms of a GP are p and q
respectively. Then the mth term of the GP is
m
q 2n
ing
p
(a) p (b) pq (c) (d) None of these
p q
Solution. Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio, then
ch
tm + n = p arm + n 1 = p (i)
m n 1
tm n = q ar =q (ii)
oa
arm 1 = pq tm = pq
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
kM
Illustration 31. If sin , 2 (sin + 1), 6 sin + 6 are in GP, then the fifth
term is
(a) 81 (b) 81 2 (c) 162 (d) 162 2
pic
1
We get sin = 1, (sin = 1 is not possible)
2
ww
1
sin =
2
1
then first term = a = sin =
2
1
2 + 1
2
and common ratio = r = =3 2
1
2
1
t5 = ar = (3 2 )4 = 162
4
2
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
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26 | Algebra Part I
Illustration 32. The 1025th term in the sequence 1, 22, 4444, 88888888,
.....,. is
(a) 29 (b) 210 (c) 211 (d) 212
Solution. The number of digits in each term of the sequence are 1, 2, 4, 8,
.... which are in GP. Let 1025th term is 2n.
Then, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .... + 2n 1 < 1025 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .... + 2n
(2 1) (1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + K + 2n 1 )
< 1025
(2 1)
(2 1) (1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + .... + 2n )
(2 1)
2n 1 < 1025 2n + 1 1
m
2n < 1026 2n + 1 (i)
or 2n + 1 1026 > 1024
.co
2n + 1 > 210 n + 1 > 10
n >9
n = 10 [which is always satisfy Eq. (i)]
ing
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
3 (a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1) = 2 (a + b + c + ab + bc + ca ); then a , b, c are in
(a) AP only (b) GP only (c) GP and AP (d) None of these
oa
Solution. Given, 3 (a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1) = 2 (a + b + c + ab + bc + ca )
2 (a 2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca ) + (a 2 + b2 + c2 2a 2b 2c + 3)
yC
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m
Indian king Shirham. Pleased with the game, the king asked the Vizier what he
would like as reward. The Vizier asked for one grain of wheat to be placed on the
.co
first square of the chess, two grains on the second, four grains on the third and so
on (each time doubling the number of grains). The king was surprised of the
request and told the vizier that he was fool to ask for so little.
ing
The inventor of chess was no fool. He told the king What I have asked for is
more wheat that you have in the entire kingdom, in fact it is more than there is
in the whole word He was right. There are 64 squares on a chess board and on
the nth square he was asking for 2n 1 grains, if you add the numbers
ch
Sum of n Terms of a GP
pic
Let a be the first term, r be the common ratio, l be the last term of a GP
having n terms and S n the sum of n terms, then
l l
S n = a + ar + ar 2 + .... + 2 + + l (i)
w.
r r
Multiplying both sides by r (the common ratio)
ww
l
r S n = ar + ar 2 + ar3 + K + + l + lr (ii)
r
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we have
S n r S n = a lr or S n (1 r ) = a lr
a lr
Sn = when r < 1
1 r
lr a
Sn = when r > 1
r1
Now, l = tn = ar n 1
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28 | Algebra Part I
m
a (1 r n ) a ar n
Sn = =
(1 r ) (1 r ) (1 r )
.co
Let 1 < r < 1 ie,|r|< 1, then lim r n 0
n
Recurring Decimal
oa
0.3 2 7 = 0.327272727...... to infinity
kM
3 27 1 1
= + 3 1 + 2 + 4 + K to infinity
10 10 10 10
w.
3 27 1 3 27 297 + 27 324
= + 3 = + = = (rational number)
10 10 1 1 10 990 990 990
ww
102
Aliter (Best method)
Let P denote the figure which do not recur and suppose them p in number, Q
denote the recurring period consisting of q figures. Let R denote the value of the
recurring decimal.
Then, R = 0 PQQQ .....
10 p R = P QQQ .... and 10 p + q R = PQ QQQ ....
Therefore, by subtraction
PQ P
R=
(10 p + q 10 p )
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Illustration 34. Find the value of 0.32 5 8.
Solution. Let R = 0.32 5 8
R = 0.3258585858 .... (i)
m
Here, number of figures which are not recurring is 2 and number of figures
which are recurring is also 2.
.co
Then, 100R = 32.58585858 .... (ii)
and 10000R = 3258.58585858
ing (iii)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get
9900R = 3226
3226
R=
ch
9900
1613
Hence, R=
4950
oa
9900 9900
327 3 1314
(ii) 1.3 2 7 = 1 + 0.3 2 7 = 1 + =
990 990
w.
3 0 1
(iii) 0. 3 = =
9 3
ww
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30 | Algebra Part I
a
= {(10 + 102 + 103 + K to n terms) (1 + 1 + 1 + ... n times)}
9
a 10 (10n 1) a 10
= n = (10n 1) n (Remember)
9 10 1 9 9
In Particular.
(i) For a = 1
1 10
1 + 11 + 111 + .... = (10 1) n
n
9 9
(ii) For a = 2
2 10
2 + 22 + 222 + .... = (10 1)
n
n
m
99
.co
(iii) For a = 3
3 10
3 + 33 + 333 + .... = (10 1)
n
n
99
ing
(iv) For a = 4
4 10
4 + 44 + 444 + .... = (10 1) n
n
ch
99
(v) For a = 5
oa
5 10
5 + 55 + 555 + .... = (10 1)
n
n
99
yC
(vi) For a = 6
6 10
6 + 66 + 666 + .... = (10 1) n
n
kM
9 9
(vii) For a = 7
7 10
pic
8 10
8 + 88 + 888 + .... = (10 1) n
n
99
ww
(ix) For a = 9
9 10
9 + 99 + 999 + .... = (10 1)
n
n
99
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1 1
n
1
b 10 10 b 1 1
n
= n = n 1 (Remember)
m
1 10
9 1 9 9
10
.co
In Particular.
(i) For b = 1
ing
1 1 1
n
. + 011
01 . + 0111
. + .... = n 1
9 9 10
ch
(ii) For b = 2
oa
2 1 1
n
0.2 + 0.22 + 0.222 + .... = n 1
9 9 10
yC
(iii) For b = 3
3 1 1
n
0.3 + 0.33 + 0.333 + .... =
kM
n 1
9 9 10
(iv) For b = 4
pic
4 1 1
n
0.4 + 0.44 + 0.444 + .... = n 1
9 9 10
w.
(v) For b = 5
5 1 1
n
ww
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32 | Algebra Part I
(viii) For b = 8
8 1 1
n
0.8 + 0.88 + 0.888 + .... = n 1
9 9 10
(ix) For b = 9
9 1 1
n
0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + .... = n 1
9 9 10
m
Solution. The number of terms in the groups are 1, 2, 22, 23 , ....
The number of terms in the 50th group = 250 1 = 249
.co
Q The first term of 1st group = 1 = 20 = 21 1
The first term of 2nd group = 2 = 21 = 22 1
The first term of 3rd group = 4 = 22 = 23 1
ing
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
The first term of 50th group = 250 1 = 249
ch
249
S50 = {2 249 + (249 1) 1}
2
oa
1 1 1
yC
Solution. Given,
1
n
1 1
2
S n = 1 + + 2 + .... + n 1 =
1 1 1
pic
2 2 2 1
1
2
1 1 1 1
w.
S n = 2 n 1 2 S n = n 1 < Q 2 S n <
2 2 100 100
2n 1 > 100 > 26 2n 1 > 26
ww
n 1 >6 n > 7
Hence, least value of n is 8.
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m
xy
=
xy xy + x + y 1
.co
xy
Hence, 1 + ab + a 2b2 + a3 b3 + .... =
x+ y1 ing
Properties of Geometric Progression
1. If a1 , a2 , a3 , .... are in GP with common ratio r, then
ch
a a a
a1k, a2k, a3 k, .... and 1 , 2 , 3 , ..... are also in GP ( k 0) with common
k k k
oa
ratio r.
2. If a1 , a2 , a3 , .... are in GP with common ratio r , then
yC
4. If a1 , a2 , a3 , .... and b1 , b2 , b3 , .... are two GPs with common ratios r1 and r2
respectively. Then
a a a
ww
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34 | Algebra Part I
m
taken as ( m N )
.co
a a a
m
, m 1 , ..... , , a , ar , .... , ar m 1 , ar m
r r r
ing
Points to Consider
1. Product of three numbers = a3
ch
2. From given conditions, find two equations in a and r and then solve them. Now,
the numbers in GP can be obtained.
yC
r3 r
a a a
taken as 5 , 3 , , ar , ar3 , ar5 etc.
r r r
pic
2m 1
r r r r
ww
Points to Consider
1. Product of four numbers = a 4
Product of six numbers = a 6
.....................................................
Product of (2m) numbers = a 2m
2. From given conditions, find two equations in a and r, and then solve them. Now,
the numbers in GP can be obtained.
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m
= 2 + 3 + 4 + ..... + ( p + 1) = (2 + p + 1) = = RHS
2 2
.co
Illustration 41. Let x1 and x2 be the roots of the equation x2 3x + A = 0
and let x3 and x4 be the roots of the equation x2 12x + B = 0. It is known
ing
that the numbers x1 , x2, x3 , x4 (in that order) form an increasing GP. Find A
and B.
Solution. Q x1 , x2, x3 , x4 are in GP.
ch
Let x2 = x1r , x3 = x1 r 2, x4 = x1 r3
(Here, product of x1 , x2, x3 , x4 are not given)
Given, x1 + x2 = 3, x1x2 = A
oa
x1 (1 + r ) = 3, x12r = A (i)
and x3 + x4 = 12, x3 x4 = B
yC
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36 | Algebra Part I
b2 = ac
1 1 1 1 1
= D2 D2 = = (Q D 0)
4 4 4 4 2
1
D=
2
1
D= (Q D < 0)
2
1 1 1 1
a= + and c =
2 2 2 2
m
numbers.
Solution. Here, product of numbers in GP is given.
.co
a
Let the three numbers be , a , ar.
r
a
a ar = 216 a3 = 216
Then,
ing
r
a =6
Sum of the products in pairs = 156
ch
a a
a + a ar + ar = 156
r r
oa
1
a 2 + r + 1 = 156
r
1 + r2 + r
yC
36 = 156
r
1 + r + r 2
3 = 13
kM
r
3r 2 10r + 3 = 0
1
pic
(3r 1) (r 3) = 0 r = or r = 3
3
Putting the values of a and r, the required numbers are 18, 6, 2 or 2, 6, 18.
w.
Illustration 44. Find a three digit number whose consecutive digits form
a GP. If we subtract 792 from this number, we get a number consisting of
the same digits written in the reverse order. Now, if we increase the second
digit of the required number by 2, the resulting digits will form an AP.
Solution. Let the three digits be a , ar , ar 2, then according to hypothesis
100a + 10ar + ar 2 792 = 100ar 2 + 10ar + a
99a (1 r 2) = 792
a (1 + r ) (1 r ) = 8 (i)
and a , ar + 2, ar 2 are in AP.
Then, 2 (ar + 2) = a + ar 2
a (r 2r + 1) = 4 a (r 1)2 = 4
2
(ii)
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m
Solution. Let a be the side length of square, then
D G
C
.co
K O J
T S
ing
H P N F
Q R
ch
L M I
A E B
oa
AB = BC = CD = DA = a
QE , F , G , H are the mid-points of AB, BC , CD and DA respectively.
yC
a
EF = FG = GH = HE =
2
and I , J , K , L are the mid-points of EF , FG , GH , HE respectively.
kM
a
IJ = JK = KL = LI =
2
a
Similarly, MN = NO = OP = PM =
2 2
pic
a
and QR = RS = ST = TQ = , ....
4
S = sum of areas
w.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= a 1 + + + + .... = a
2 2
2 4 8 1 1
2
= 2a 2 = 2 (16)2 (Q a = 16 cm)
= 512 sq cm
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38 | Algebra Part I
m
a a a a
P = sum of perimeters = 3 a + + + + K = 3 = 6a
.co
2 4 8 1 1
2
= 6 24 (Q a = 24 cm)
= 144 cm
ing
Illustration 47. Let S1 , S 2, .... be squares such that for each n 1, the
ch
length of a side of S n + 1 1
= for all n 1
length of a side of S n 2
1
Sides of S1 , S 2, S3 , .... form a GP with common ratio and first term 10.
kM
2
n 1
1 10
Side of S n = 10 =
2 ( n 1)
pic
2 2
100
Area of S n = (side)2 =
2n 1
w.
n > 7 or n 8
y
Illustration 48. The line x + y = 1 meets
B
x-axis at A and y-axis at B, P is the mid-point
of AB, P1 is the foot of perpendicular from P to
OA, M1 is that of P1 from OP; P2 is that of M1
P
from OA, M 2 is that of P2 from OP; P3 is that of
M1
M 2 from OA and so on. If Pn denotes the nth
M2
foot of the perpendicular on OA, then find OPn.
x
O P3 P2 P1 A
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1
2n 1 = 2 2n + n2 1
2
1 2 1
n = n 1 n = n 1
2
4 2
1 1 1
OPn = n = n 1 = 2 n 2 = .... = n
2 2 2
n
1
m
OPn =
2
.co
Use of GP in Solving Practical Problems
In this part, we shall see how the formulae relating to GP can be made use of
in solving practical problems.
ing
Illustration 49. Dipesh writes letters to four of his friends. He asks each
of them to copy the letter and mail to four different persons with the request
ch
that they continue the chain similarly. Assuming that the chain is not
broken and that it costs 25 paise to mail one letter, find the total money
oa
The number of letters sent in the 1st set, 2nd set, 3rd set, ..... are
16 64
respectively 4, 16, 64, ....... which is a GP with a = 4, r = = =4
4 16
4 (48 1)
pic
100
ww
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40 | Algebra Part I
The distance covered by the insect in 1st second, 2nd second, 3rd second, ....
1 1 1
are respectively 1, , , .... , which are in GP with a = 1, r = . Let time
2 4 2
taken by the insect in covering 3 mm be n seconds.
1 1
1 + + + .... n terms = 3
2 4
1
n
1 1
2
=3
1
1
2
n
1 3
1 =
2
m
2
n
1 1
.co
= or 2 = 2
n
2 2
which is impossible because 2n > 0 ing
Our supposition is wrong.
There is no n N , for which the insect could never 3 mm in n seconds.
It will never to able to cover 3 mm.
ch
Remark. The maximum distance that the insect could cover is 2 mm.
1 1 1
ie, 1 + + + .... = =2
oa
2 4 1
1
2
yC
1
<
10 2000
Taking logarithm on base 10 we get
(n 1) (log 2 log 10) < log 1 log 2000
(n 1) (0.3010 1) < 0 (0.3010 + 3)
3.3010
n 1 > n > 5.722
0.6990
Hence, the atmosphere will be normal in 6 days.
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m
3. If S1 , S 2, S3 be respectively the sum of n , 2n and 3n terms of a GP, then
S1 (S3 S 2)
.co
is equal to
(S 2 S1 )2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
ing
4. If |a |< 1 and | b| < 1, then the sum of the series
1 + (1 + a )b + (1 + a + a 2) b2 + (1 + a + a 2 + a3 ) b3 + .... is
1 1
(a) (b)
ch
(1 a ) (1 b) (1 a ) (1 ab)
1 1
(c) (d)
(1 b) (1 ab) (1 a ) (1 b) (1 ab)
oa
5. If the sides of a triangle are in GP and its larger angle is twice the smallest,
then the common ratio r satisfies the inequality
yC
(a) 0 < r < 2 (b) 1 < r < 2 (c) 1 < r < 2 (d) r > 2
6. If ax3 + bx2 + cx + d is divisible by ax2 + c, then a , b, c, d are in
kM
numbers are
(a) 4, 6, 9 (b) 4, 7, 8 (c) 3, 7, 9 (d) None of these
10. A particle begins at the origin and moves 1 unit to the right and reaches P1 ,
1 1 1
unit to the up and reaches P2, unit to the right and reaches P3 , unit to the
2 4 8
1
down and reaches P4 , unit to the right and reaches P5 and so on. If
16
Pn = (xn , yn ), then lim Pn is
n
4 2 2
(a) (2, 3) (b) , (c) , 1 (d) None of these
3 5 5
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42 | Algebra Part I
m
1 1 1
(iii) , , , .... are HPs.
.co
a a + d a + 2d
Points to Consider
ing
1. No term of HP can be zero.
2. The most general or standard HP is
ch
1 1 1 1
, , , , ....
a a + d a + 2d a + 3d
oa
ab a
Illustration 52. If a , b, c are in HP, show that = .
bc c
yC
a b c b a c b
ab bc ab a
or = or =
ab bc bc c
pic
Point to Consider
w.
5
Illustration 53. Find the first term of a HP whose second term is and
4
1
the third term is .
2
5 1
Solution. Let a be the first term. Then a, , are in HP.
4 2
5
a
Then, 4 =a (from above note)
5 1 1
4 2 2
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m
(ii) nth Term of HP from End
.co
Let l be the last term, d be the common difference of an AP. Then
nth term of an AP from end = l ( n 1) d
1
Hence, the nth term of HP from end = n N
l ( n 1) d
ing
Points to Consider
ch
1 1
1. +
nth term of HP from beginning nth term of HP from end
oa
1 1
=a + l= +
first term of HP last term of HP
yC
2. There is no general formula for the sum of any number of quantities in HP are
generally solved by inverting the terms and making use of the corresponding
AP.
kM
1 1 1 1
Illustration 54. If + + + = 0, prove that a , b, c are in HP,
a c a b cb
pic
unless b = a + c.
Solution. We have
1 1 1 1
+ + + =0
w.
a c a b cb
1 1 1 1
+ + + =0
ww
a c b c a b
(c b + a ) (a b + c)
+ =0
a (c b) c (a b)
1 1
(a + c b) + =0
a (c b) c (a b)
(a + c b) [2ac b (a + c)] = 0
2ac
If a + c b 0, then 2ac b (a + c) = 0 or b =
a+c
Therefore, a , b, c are in HP and if 2ac b (a + c) 0, then a + c b = 0, ie,
b = a + c.
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44 | Algebra Part I
m
D D D
an 1 an
.... , a n 1a n =
.co
D
Adding all such expressions, we get
a1 a n a1a n 1 1
a1a 2 + a 2a3 + a3 a 4 + ..... + a n 1a n = =
a n a1
ing
D D
1
a1a n 1
= a + (n 1) D a = (n 1) a1a n
D 1 1
ch
Points to Consider
In particular case
yC
1. When n = 4
a1a 2 + a 2a3 + a3 a 4 = 3a1a 4
2. When n = 6
kM
a1a 2 + a 2a3 + a3 a 4 + a 4 a5 + a5 a 6 = 5 a1 a 6
1
their reciprocals is . Find the numbers.
4
Solution. Three numbers in HP can be taken as
1 1 1
w.
, ,
ad a a+d
1 1 1
ww
then + + = 37 (i)
ad a a+d
1
and ad+a+a+d=
4
1
a=
12
12 12
From Eq. (i), + 12 + = 37
1 12d 1 + 12d
12 12
+ = 25
1 12d 1 + 12d
24
= 25
1 144d 2
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m
Solution. Let A and D be the first term and common difference of the
corresponding AP. Now a , b, c are respectively the pth, qth and rth terms of
.co
HP.
1 1 1
, , will be respectively the pth, qth and rth terms of the
a b c
corresponding AP.
ing
1
= A + ( p 1) D (i)
a
ch
1
= A + (q 1) D (ii)
b
1
= A + (r 1) D
oa
(iii)
c
Subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
(c b) (b c)
yC
1 1
= (q r ) D bc (q r ) = =
b c D D
So, LHS = (q r ) bc + (r p) ca + ( p q) ab
kM
1
= { b c + c a + a b} = 0 = RHS
D
ab a
if = , then a , b, c are in GP.
b c b
ww
ab a
and if = , then a , b, c are in HP.
b c c
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46 | Algebra Part I
m
Which is possible only when a = b = c
.co
Illustration 59. If a , b, c are in HP, b, c, d are in GP, and c, d , e are in AP,
show that ing
ab2
e=
(2a b)2
Solution. Given a , b, c are in HP.
ch
2ac ab
b= or c = (i)
a+c 2a b
oa
e = 2d c
2c2
e= c [from Eq. (ii)] (iii)
b
pic
b 2a b 2a b
ab ab2
= {2a (2a b)} =
ww
(2a b) 2
(2a b)2
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m
26
From Eq. (i), b= = 4, 2
2
.co
c2 36 36 36
and from Eq. (ii), d= = = or
b b 4 2
d = 9 or 18
ing
Hence, c = 6, b = 4, d = 9 or c = 6, b = 2, d = 18
ch
a+c
b= (i)
2
yC
b2 = ac (ii)
2ac
and b= (iii)
a+c
kM
2
or (a + c)2 = 4ac
(a + c)2 4ac = 0
w.
or
or (a c)2 = 0
ww
a=c (iv)
a+a
Putting c = a in Eq. (i), we get b = =a (v)
2
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), a = b = c, thus the three numbers will be equal.
Point to Consider
If three positive numbers are in any two of AP, GP and HP, then it will be also
in third.
Thus, if three positive numbers are in any two of AP, GP and HP, then they will
be in the third progression and the numbers will be equal.
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48 | Algebra Part I
m
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
5. If a , b, c are in GP, a b, c a , b c are in HP, then a + 4b + c is equal to
.co
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
6. If (m + 1)th , (n + 1)th and (r + 1)th terms of an AP are in GP and m, n , r are in
HP, then the value of the ratio of the common difference to the first term of the
ing
AP is
2 2 n n
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n 2 2
ch
a b c
8. If a , b, c are in HP, then , , are in
b+ c c+ a a + b
yC
2 2
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
a+b b+ c 1
10. If , b, are in AP, then a , , c are in
pic
1 ab 1 bc b
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) None of these
w.
Means
ww
1. Arithmetic Mean
If three terms are in AP, then the middle term is called the Arithmetic
Mean (or shortly written as AM) between the other two, so, if a , b, c are in AP,
then b is the AM of a and c.
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Points to Consider
2a + 3b + 5c
1. AM of 2a , 3b, 5c is .
3
a1 + a 2 + a3 + .... + a n 1 + 2a n
2. AM of a1 , a 2, a3 , .... , a n 1 , 2a n is .
n
m
(ii) Insert n-Arithmetic Means Between Two Numbers
Let a and b be two given numbers and A1 , A2 , A3 , .... , An are AMs between
.co
them.
Then, a , A1 , A2 , A3 , .... , An , b will be in AP. ing
Now, b = ( n + 2)th term = a + ( n + 2 1) d
b a
d= (Remember) (where d = common difference) (i)
n + 1
ch
A1 = a + d, A2 = a + 2d, ...., An = a + nd
b a b a b a
oa
A1 = a + , A2 = a + 2 , .... , An = a + n
n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
yC
= A1 + A2 + A3 + .... + An
n
= ( A1 + An ) (Q A1 , A2 , A3 , .... , An are in AP)
2
w.
n n
= ( a + d + a + nd ) = [2a + ( n + 1) d ]
2 2
ww
n
= ( 2a + b a ) [from Eq. (i)]
2
a + b
=n = n (AM between a and b) (Remember)
2
I. Aliter
A1 + A2 + A3 + .... + An = ( a + A1 + A2 + A3 + .... + An + b) ( a + b)
( n + 2)
= ( a + b) ( a + b)
2
a + b
=n = n (AM of a and b)
2
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50 | Algebra Part I
m
Sum of m AMs between a and b = m (AM of a and b) (i)
.co
Similarly, sum of n AMs between a and b = n (AM of a and b) (ii)
Sum of m AM s m ( AM of a and b) m
= =
Sum of n AM s n ( AM of a and b) n
ing
Illustration 62. If a , b, c are in AP and p is the AM between a and b and q
is the AM between b and c, show that b is the AM between p and q.
ch
Solution. Q a , b, c are in AP
2b = a + c (i)
oa
2b + 2b
= [using Eq. (i)]
2
p+ q
= 2b or b =
w.
2
Hence, b is the AM between p and q.
ww
a n + 1 + bn + 1
Illustration 63. Find n so that (a b) be the AM between a
a n + bn
and b.
a n + 1 + bn + 1 a + b
Solution. Q =
a n + bn 2
a n + 1
bn + 1 + 1
b
= b a + 1
a
n 2 b
bn + 1
b
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1 0 (Q a b)
n 1 = 0
n = 1 = 0
m
n =0
.co
Illustration 64. There are n AMs between 3 and 54 such that 8th mean
is to (n 2) th mean as 3 to 5. Find n. ing
Solution. Let A1 , A2, A3 , .... , An be n AMs between 3 and 54.
If d be the common difference, then
54 3 51
d= = (i)
ch
n+1 n+1
According to example,
A8 3
oa
=
An 2 5
5 (3 + 8d ) = 3 [3 + (n 2)d ]
yC
6 = d (3n 46)
51
6 = (3n 46) [from Eq. (i)]
(n + 1)
kM
Illustration 65. If 11 AMs are inserted between 28 and 10, find the three
middle terms in the series.
w.
3
d= =
12 2
Total means = 11 (odd)
11 + 1
Middle mean = th = 6th = A6
2
Three middle terms = A5 , A6 , A7
15 41
A5 = 28 + 5d = 28 =
2 2
A6 = 28 + 6d = 28 9 = 19
21 35
and A7 = 28 + 7d = 28 =
2 2
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52 | Algebra Part I
m
2 2 2
RHS = (a + b + c)3 = (2b + b)3 = 27b3 = 6b3
9 9 9
.co
Hence, LHS = RHS
Points to Consider
pic
G = 4 9 =6
(ii) The GM between 4 and 9 is given by
G = 4 9 = 6
(iii) The GM between 4 and 9 or 4 and 9 does not exist.
ie, 4 9 = 1 36 = 6i and 4 9 = 1 36 = 6i
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m
Let two numbers be a and b and G1 , G2 , G3 , .... , Gn are n GMs between them.
.co
Then, a , G1 , G2 , G3 , .... , Gn , b will be in GP.
Product of n GMs between a and b
= G1G2G3 K Gn
ing
= ( ar ) ( ar 2 ) ( ar3 ) ....( ar n )
= a1 + 1 + 1 + .... + 1 r 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
ch
n ( n + 1)
n ( n + 1) 1 2
n b n + 1
= an r 2 =a [from Eq. (i)]
oa
a
n
yC
b 2
=a
n
= a n / 2bn / 2 = ( ab )n
a
= (GM of a and b) n (Remember)
kM
2
n
= ( ab) ( ab) ( ab) .... factors (QTn Tn = a l )
2
w.
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54 | Algebra Part I
Illustration 68. If one geometric mean G and two arithmetic means p and
q be inserted between two quantities, show that
G 2 = (2 p q) (2q p)
Solution. Let the two quantities be a and b, then
m
G 2 = ab (i)
Again, a , p, q, b are in AP.
.co
pa =q p=bq
a = 2 p q,
b = 2q p (ii)
ing
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
G 2 = (2 p q) (2q p)
ch
a n + 1 + bn + 1
Illustration 69. Find n so that (a b) be the GM between a
a n + bn
oa
and b.
a n + 1 + bn + 1
Solution. Q = ab
yC
a n + bn
a n + 1
bn + 1 + 1
b
kM
=b a
a n b
bn + 1
b
pic
n+1
a
+1 1
b a 2
=
n b
w.
a
+1
b
a
ww
Let =
b
1
n + 1 + 1
= 2
n + 1
1 1
n+
n + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2
1 1 1
n+
2 ( 2 1) ( 2 1) = 0
1 1
n+
( 2 1) ( 2 1) = 0
1
2 1 0 (Q a b)
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1
Illustration 70. Insert five geometric means between and 9 and verify
3
1
that their product is the fifth power of the geometric mean between and 9.
3
1
Solution. Let G1 , G2, G3 , G4 , G5 be 5 GMs between and 9.
3
m
1
Then, , G1 , G2, G3 , G4 , G5 , 9 are in GP.
3
.co
1/ 6
9 1
Here, r = common ratio = = 3 2 = 3
1
3
ing
1 1
G1 = ar = 3 =
3 3
1
G2 = ar = 3 = 1
ch
2
3
1
G3 = ar3 = 3 3 = 3
oa
3
1
G4 = ar 4 = 9 = 3
3
yC
1
G5 = ar = 9 3 = 3 3
5
3
Now, Product = G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
5 5
kM
1 1
= 1 3 3 3 3 = 9 3 = (3) 2 = 9
3 3
1
= (GM of and 9) 5
pic
An Important Theorem
w.
Let a and b be two real, positive and unequal numbers and A, G are
arithmetic and geometric means between them, then
ww
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56 | Algebra Part I
m
A>G
.co
Points to Consider
1. If a and b are real and positive numbers, then
ing
A G
2. If a1 , a 2, a3 , .... , a n are n positive numbers, then AM GM, ie,
a1 + a 2 + a3 + .... + a n
(a1a 2 a3 .... a n )1/ n
ch
n
a b
3. (i) If a > 0, b > 0 or a < 0, b < 0 and 1 > 0, 2 > 0, then 1 + 2 2 1 2
oa
b a
a
if = x > 0 and 1 = 2 = 1
b
yC
1
then, x+ 2
x
a b
(ii) If a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0 and 1 > 0, 2 > 0, then 1 + 2 2 1 2
kM
b a
a
if = x < 0 and 1 > 0, 2 > 0
b
pic
1
then, x+ 2
x
w.
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Harmonic Mean
If three terms are in HP, then the middle term is called the Harmonic
m
Mean (or shortly written as HM) between the other two, so if a , b, c are in HP
then b is the HM of a and c.
.co
(i) Single HM of n Positive Numbers
Let n positive numbers be a1 , a2 , a3 , .... , an and H be the HM of these
numbers, then
ing
n
H =
1 1 1 1
+ + + .... +
a1 a2 a3 an
ch
2
Hence, H =
1 1
+
a b
yC
2ab
ie, H =
( a + b)
kM
Point to Consider
pic
3 3abc
HM of a , b, c is or .
1 1 1
+ + ab + bc + ca
a b c
w.
a+b
Caution The AM between two numbers a and b is . It does not follow
2
ww
1 1
+
2
that HM between the same numbers is . The HM is the reciprocals of a b
a+b 2
2ab
ie, .
( a + b)
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58 | Algebra Part I
m
1 1 ( a b) 1 1 2 ( a b) 1 1 n ( a b)
= + , = + , .... , = +
.co
H 1 a ab ( n + 1) H 2 a ab ( n + 1) H n a ab ( n + 1)
Corollary. The sum of reciprocals of n harmonic means between two given
numbers is n times the reciprocal of single HM between them.
ing
Let two numbers be a and b and H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , .... , H n are n HMs between
them. Then a , H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , .... , H n , b will be in HP.
1 1 1 1 n 1 1
ch
n
+ + + .... + = + QS n = ( a + l )
H1 H 2 H3 Hn 2 H1 H n 2
n 1 n 1 1
oa
1
= + D + D = +
2 a b 2 a b
n n
yC
= =
(HM of a and b)
2
kM
1 + 1
a b
Aliter (This method is applicable only when n is even)
pic
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + .... + + +
H1 H 2 H3 Hn 2 Hn 1 Hn
w.
1 1 1 1 1 1 n
= + + + + + + ... terms
H1 H n H 2 H n 1 H3 H n 2 2
ww
1 1 1 1 1 1 n
= + D + D + + 2D + 2D ) + + 3D + 3D ) + ... terms
a b a b a b 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 n
= + + + + + + .... terms
a b a b a b 2
n 1 1 n n
= + = =
2 a b (HM of a and b)
2
1 + 1
a b
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m
H + x H + y x + 3 y 3x + y
+ = +
.co
H x H y yx x y
x + 3 y 3x y 2 ( y x)
= = =2
yx ( y x)
ing
Aliter
H +x H + y
+ =2
H x H y
ch
H + x H + y
1 = 1
H x H y
oa
2x 2 y
=
H x H y
yC
ie, Hx xy = Hy + xy
H (x + y) = 2xy
2xy
kM
ie, H =
(x + y)
which is true as, x, H , y are in HP. Hence, the required result.
pic
d = 10 = =
9 9 9
3 1 7
a 4 = a1 + 3d = 2 + = 2 + = (i)
9 3 3
and given h1 , h2, h3 , .... , h10 are in HP.
If D be common difference of corresponding AP.
1 1 1 1
h10 h1 3 2 1
Then, D= = =
9 9 54
1 1
= + 6D
h7 h1
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60 | Algebra Part I
1 6 1 1 7
= = =
2 54 2 9 18
18
h7 =
7
7 18
Hence, a 4 h7 = =6
3 7
a n + 1 + bn + 1
Illustration 75. Find n so that (a b) be the HM between a
a n + bn
and b.
a n + 1 + bn + 1 2ab
Solution. Q =
a n + bn a+b
m
a n + 1
bn + 1 + 1 b2 2 a
.co
b
b =
a
n a
bn + 1 b + 1
b
b
ing
n+1
a a
+1
2
b b
=
ch
a
n
a
+1 +1
b b
oa
a
Let =
b
n +1 + 1 2
yC
Then =
n + 1 +1
( + 1) (n + 1 + 1) = 2 (n + 1)
kM
n + 2 + + n + 1 + 1 = 2 n + 1 + 2
n + 2 n + 1 + 1 = 0
n+1
( 1) 1 ( 1) = 0
pic
( 1) (n + 1 1) = 0
1 0 (Q a b)
n+1
w.
1 =0
n + 1 = 1 = 0
n + 1 =0
ww
or n = 1
6
Illustration 76. Insert 6 harmonic means between 3 and .
23
6
Solution. Let H 1 , H 2, H 3 , H 4 , H 5 , H 6 be 6 HMs between 3 and . Then
23
6
are in HP.
3, H 1 , H 2, H 3 , H 4 , H 5 , H 6 ,
23
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23
, , , , , , , are in AP.
3 H1 H 2 H3 H 4 H5 H 6 6
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m
1 1 1 3 11
= + 3D = + =
H3 3 3 2 6
.co
6
H3 =
11
1 1 1 7 3
= + 4D = + 2 = H 4 =
ing
H4 3 3 3 7
1 1 1 5 17 6
= + 5D = + = H5 =
H5 3 3 2 6 17
ch
1 1 1 10 3
and = + 6D = + 3 = H6 =
H6 3 3 3 10
oa
1 3 6 3 6 3
HMs are 1 , , , , ,
5 4 11 7 17 10
yC
Important Theorem 1.
Let a and b be two real, positive and unequal numbers and A, G and H are
kM
a+b 2ab
Proof. (i) Q A= , G = ab and H =
2 a+b
w.
a + b 2ab
Now, AH = = ab = G
2
2 a + b
ww
Therefore, G 2 = AH
ie, A, G , H are in GP.
Point to Consider
The result AH = G 2 will be true for n numbers, if they are in GP.
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62 | Algebra Part I
G A G
>1 Q = G 2 = AH
H G H
G>H (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
A> G > H
Point to Consider
If a1 , a 2, a3 , K , a n are n positive numbers, then AM GM HM ie,
a1 + a 2 + .... + a n
(a1a 2 ..... a n )1/ n
n
m
n
1 1 1
+ + .... +
.co
a1 a 2 an
Sign of equality (AH = GM = HM) holds when numbers are equal ie,
a1 = a 2 = .... = a n.
ing
Important Theorem 2.
ch
x3 3Ax2 + x G3 = 0 (Remember)
H
a+ b+ c
yC
Proof. Q A = AM of a , b, c =
3
ie, a + b + c = 3A (i)
kM
G = GM of a , b, c = ( abc) 1/ 3
and H = HM of a , b, c
3 3abc
= =
1 1 1 ab + bc + ca
w.
+ +
a b c
ww
3G3
= [from Eq. (ii)]
ab + bc + ca
3G3
ie, ab + bc + ca = (iii)
H
a , b, c are the roots of the equation
x3 ( a + b + c) x 2 + ( ab + bc + ca ) x abc = 0
3G3
ie, x3 3 Ax 2 + x G3 = 0 [from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
H
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T
y
x
O A M C B
Let C be the centre of the semi circle.
m
OA + OB (OC AC ) + (OC + CB)
Q =
2 2
.co
2OC
= = OC (Q AC = CB = radius of circle)
2
a+b
OC =
ing
( ie , OC = arithmetic mean)
2
a+b
A=
ch
2
Now, from geometry
oa
(OT )2 = OA OB = ab = G 2
OT = G, the geometric mean
yC
2
OM = H , the harmonic mean
pic
ie,
2 1 1
k2/ y = k1/ x + 1/ z = +
y x z
1 1 1
, , are in AP.
x y z
Hence, x, y, z are in HP.
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64 | Algebra Part I
m
Now, from important theorem of GM
9 81
a , b = A ( A 2 G 2) = 18
.co
2 4
9 3
= = 6, 3 or 3, 6
2 2
ing
1
Illustration 79. If the geometric mean is
times the harmonic mean
n
ch
between two numbers, show that the ratio of the two numbers is
1 + (1 n 2) : 1 (1 n 2).
oa
Now, G 2 = AH
H2
= AH [from Eq. (i)]
n2
kM
H
A= 2 (ii)
n
Now, from important theorem of GM
pic
H H 2 H 2
a, b = A ( A 2 G 2) = 4 2
n2 n n
w.
H
= [1 (1 n 2)]
n2
H
ww
[1 + (1 n 2)]
a n2
=
b H [1 (1 n 2)]
n2
a : b = 1 + (1 n 2) : 1 (1 n 2)
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m
(a) bc > ad
.co
(b) c1d 1 + a 1 b1 > 2 (b1 d 1 + a 1 c1 a 1 d 1 )
(ii) If a , b, c, d be four distinct positive quantities in GP, then
(a) a + d > b + c
ing
(b) c1d 1 + a 1 b1 > 2 (b1 d 1 + a 1 c1 a 1 d 1 )
(iii) If a , b, c, d be four distinct positive quantities in HP, then
(a) a + d > b + c
ch
(b) ad > bc
Solution. (i) Q a , b, c, d are in AP.
oa
b > ac
b2 > ac (i)
kM
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65