Infant birth -12months Toddler 1-3 y.o Preschool 3-5 y.o School age 6-12 y.
5 y.o School age 6-12 y.o
Erikson stage Trust-Mistrust
-Separation anxiety
-Object permanence by 8-
9mon (looking for hidden
things)
Developmental -Provide cuddling, touch
approach and talk softly
-Response immediately
when cries
Play Play solitary
-Sensory stimulation-
music, mirrors, black&
white pictures
Nutrition -Breast feed or bottle feed
-Give Vit D at 2 months
- Solid food at 6 months
-Whole milk @ 1 years
-Skim milk @ 2 years
Safely -Car seat on the back seat
of the car
Mile stones
Anticipatory -About 4-6 months adding
guidance solid food by adding least
allergic to most allergenic
-Add one a time
Rice cerealfruit&
veggiesmeatseggs Temperament
Adolescent 12-18 y.o
Autonomy Vs. Shame
-Strong attachment to
mom/dad
-Ritualistic
-Egocentric
-Time for toilet training
-Firm & positive- give choice
when possible
-Do not expect cooperation
-Do not argue
-Concrete & poor concept of
time
-Routines make them
comfortable
Parallel play
-Begins as imaginative and
make believe play
-Continue to wean if not
complete
-Milk 2-3 cups/day
-Finger goods
-Limit sugar, fat, salt
-Give mini meals
-Continue to use car seat
-Supervise indoor and outdoor
activities
-Toilet training
-Huge language development
-Temperament is normal
Toilet training
-Must exhibit, physical,
mental, psychological,
parental readiness
-Ignore bad behavior and
praise good one
Used play for understanding
and coping***
Initiative Vs. Guilt
-Gender role identity: love
to be the with same sex
parents
-Strong imagination
-Fear of body mutilation so
Band-Aid is magic
-Love to be on the go
-Love to play dress up
-Games- Follow their
RULE
-Similar to toddler
-By 3 years old should be
able to ride a three wheel
bike
- World is a make belief
- Medical play to help
alleviate fear of procedure
explanation
Industry V.s Inferiority
-Love school
-Better understating of cause
and effect
-Likes to be with same
gender
-Likes competition
-Appreciates tangible
rewards
- Likes to play in a team
-Enjoys building &
constructing things
-Limit screen time
- -Decreased parental control
-Concrete thinking
-Better understanding
concept of time
-Interested in friends and
school
-Like to know what going on
with them, procedures
- Like written, graphics
-Restrictions
-Impose few restrictions but
Identity Vs. Role confusion
-Likes independence and
autonomy
-Capable of abstracting
thinking
-Peer relationships very
important
-Friends
-Sports
-School actives, dances,
movies, dating
-Decrease activity
-Increase risk for obesity and
anorexia, bulimia
-Edu toward sex, drugs,
ETOH, risky behaviors
-Peer and body image is very
important
-Gives full explanations
-Respect confidentiality
-Keep confidentially useless
harm to self and others
do not set limits
-Use adult pain assessment
Hospital affect -Separation anxiety at 6 Fear of abandonment Fear Verbal skills
months onwards, -Parents leave something -Physical harm -Excellent ability to verbalize
greatest at 1 year behind -Separation form friends and
school Fears
Fear of loss of control -Fears loss of control
-Let them touch equipment Procedures -Give information and
and let them do procedure on -Explain more fully provide privacy
the doll -Use Diagrams and books
Coping
Poor understating of body Coping -Will appreciate& participate
boundaries -Reports pain (use # scale) in coping methods
-Will scream and cry -Open to learn distraction
techniques

Hydration
Sign Mild Moderate Severe
Fluid volume loss <50ml/Kg 50-99ml/kg >100ml/kg
Skin color Pale Gray Mottled
Skin turgor Decreased Poor Very poor
Mucous membranes Dry Very dry Parched
Urine output Decreased Oliguria Marked oliguria and azotemia
BP Normal Normal or lowered Lowered
Pulses/cap refill time Normal or increased/<2 secs Increase/ 2-3 secs Rapid and thread/ >3 secs

Vital Signs
Calculate how much they lost** 1g= 1ml
NB Toddler Pre-school School Adolescent
Pre-illness weight in gram illness weight in gram Temp 97.9-98 97.5-98.6 97.5-98.6 97.5-98.6 97.5-98.6
Pre-illness in Kg HR 120-140 80-120 70-110 60/100 55-90
RR 30-60 20-30 16-22 18-20 12-20
Daily caloric requirement for children BP 73/55 92/55 95/57 107/64 121/70
High risk Neonate 120-150 cal/kg
NB 100-200 cal/kg
1-2 y.o 90-100 cal/kg
2-6 y.o 80-90 cal/kg
7-9 y.o 70-80 cal/kg
10-12 y.o 50-60 cal/kg
Female 14-18 yrs 2000-2400 cal/day
Male 14-18 yrs 2400-3200 cal/day

Infant birth -12months
Fine motor
Gross motor
Biological Growth
-Rapid for 6 months
-Weight double at 6 months
& triple at 1 year
-Length increase 50% at 1
year
Respiratory
-Respiration primary
abdominal and rate slow
down
Neurological
-Head size at 1 year-33%
-Posterior fontanel close at
6-8 wks
-Anterior fontanel close at
12-18 month
Cardiac Growth
-HR gradually slow & BP
increase
Language Coo
Mental/cognitive -Separation object from
environment
-Object permanency
-Symbols-thinking about
object without seeing it
Developmental Assessment
Toddler 1-3 y.o Preschool 3-5 y.o School age 6-12 y.o Adolescent 12-18 y.o
-Start to develop fine
motor coordination
15 Mos: walk
18 mos.: run but fall
easily
2 yrs: run up& down
stairs
15 MOs: drops pallet in
bottle, throw objects,
make tower with 2
blocks
24mos: draw circle
stroke &vertical line
Growth Weight gain: 5lb/year -Girls grow faster than -Begin at 11-12yrs. Goes
-Weight at 2.5yrs: 4x Height: 2-3 boys through 18-20yrs
birth weight inches/year -Growth spurs -Puberty: wide rage,
-Weight gain 4-6 -Body system mature -Loss first tooth girls earlier than boys
pound/years and stable -Begin puberty period -Hormonal activities
-Height gain 3 inches/ -Energic: walks, runs, activate
year jumps, climbs -Sexual masturbation
-At 2 year HCF=CCF
-Brain growth= 75% -Masturbation is
complete normal
-Pot bally appearance
-Volunteer control on
elimination
-Slow growth
physiological anorexia
-Multiword sentence -Speech problem
-Better comprehension assess hearing, vision
Temper tantrum Curiosity- always - Like to group objects -Future thinking
asking why and like to collect things -Abstract thinking
-Egocentrism
Psychosocial -Bonding: from parent to -Make a big fuss if -Tolerate separation Quest for individual and
child. Begin before birth parents leave longer independence
-Attachment: from child to 1. Accept change in
parents -Less stranger anxiety body image
-Separation anxiety: 4-8 2. Establish value
months system
-Stranger anxiety 3. Career decision
approach the parents first 4. Emancipation from
then the baby see and warm parents
up with you -Intense needs of peers

Emotion Cryingvowels 2 -Negative: say No -Fears: greatest, real -Self esteem -Unpredictable
mos.consonance 4 often or imagined -Can become bully -Mood swings
mos.response to name: -Ecocentisim -Risk takers need and
6mosresponse to no: want limits
9mosutter single word:
12mos