UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA FLUIDS AND THERMODYNAMICS

(CHE 486)

GROUP MEMBERS : MUHAMMAD AMIN BIN SUBRI (2016250296)

EXPERIMENT : PRPERTIES MEASUREMENT /PVT
DATE PERFORMED :11 OCT 2017
SEMESTER :3
q
PROGRAMME :EH220
GROUP :3G

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims/Objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Procedures 10
7 Result 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 Appendices 5
13 References 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:
Checked by:
ABSTRACT

This experiment involving a perfect gas or ideal gas has three experiment. An equipment has been
used which called Perfect gas expansion apparatus in order to determine the properties of
measurement and study the relationship between ideal gas and various factor that can propose an
understanding of First and second law of thermodynamics. . For the first experiment, we conducted
to show the Boyles Law and to determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an
ideal gas. In this experiment, the experiment is done for three times from pressurized chamber to
vacuum chamber, from atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber and increase the gas of both
chamber .The next experiment is to determine the Gay-Lussac Law by done repeatedly for three
times to get the average value of the temperature at pressurize and depressurize vessels. the third
experiment, is to determine the isentropic expansion process to demonstrate the isentropic
expansion of gases, where pressure and temperature of pressurized chamber is taken before and
after expansion. This experiments have been successfully done and all the data which are about
the reading before and after the setting are recorded into the data .

INTRODUCTION

The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus from model TH11 is a sufficient bench top unit designed in
order to expose the student and familiar with the fundamental thermodynamic processes. Extensive
understanding of First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics and the P-V-T
relationship is fundamentally important in the applications of thermodynamics in the industry.
The apparatus comes with one pressure vessel and one vacuum vessel and both are made of glass
tubes The chamber is made from glass so that it can withstand maximum pressure of apparatus can
operate. This apparatus also equip pressurized pump and vacuum pump with several valve which
can connect between chambers and also to the surrounding.. The apparatus also equipped with
temperature and pressure sensors for both tanks which can be read on the board. These sensors
used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and temperature. The board displays the temperature
and pressure in a digital indicator that dealt with the PVT laws.
Gas particles in the chamber collide with each other and the walls which transfer momentum in
each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to the wall per unit time. A
single particles moves arbitrarily along some direction until it strikes back and forth with wall and
change direction and speeds. Equations are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear
motion of conservation of energy.
OBJECTIVES

Experiment 1 Boyles Law

To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas

To compare the experiment result with theoretical result.

Experiment 2 Gay-Lussac law

To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas

Experiment 3 determination of ratio of heat capacity

to determine the ratioheat capacity

THEORY

Properties of gases and Gas laws

Gaseous state is a state of matter in which the substance does not have any specific shape or
volume. It adopts the form and size of its container. The fundamental macroscopic properties of
gases are pressure, volume, temperature and mass of the gas. These can be explained by kinetic
theory by considering their molecular composition and motion.Whereas, scientific observation
was made to determined that these variables are related to one another, and the values of these
properties determine the state of the gas.

These relationships among pressure, temperature and volume of a gas lead to Gas laws. Boyle's
Law tells us that the volume of gas increases as the pressure decreases. Charles' Law tells us that
the volume of gas increases as the temperature increases and Avogadro's Law tells us that the
volume of gas increases as the amount of gas increases. The ideal gas law is the combination of
the three simple gas laws.

Boyles Law

Boyle's Law states that the pressure (P) of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume (V). This
law is valid as long as the temperature and the amount of gas are constant. Any units will work
here.

: ()

The constant, k, will depend on the number of moles and the temperature. As long as those two
state functions are constant, kk will be a constant and Boyle's Law will hold. Below is a plot of
pressure vs volume ( PV plot). Note the shape of the plot, this is a classic inverse relationship

Most Boyle's Law problems have an initial set of conditions (P1 and V1) and then a final set of
conditions (P2 and V2). BOTH conditions must satisfy Boyle's Law and therefore: P1V1=P2V2
Gay-Lussac's Law
Gay-Lussacs Law is an ideal gas law where at constant volume, the pressure of an ideal gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature. In other words, Gay-Lussac's Law states that the
pressure of a fixed amount of gas at fixed volume is directly proportional to its temperature in
kelvins.
Simplified, this means that if you increase the temperature of a gas, the pressure rises
proportionally. Pressure and temperature will both increase or decrease simultaneously as long as
the volume is held constant.
The law has a simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such
1 2
as in kelvins. The Gay-Lussacs Law is expressed as:
1 2

Charless Law
Second law is Charless Law which involves with the effect of heat on the expansion of
gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout the process and the volume of gas will go
directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The moving molecules increase their speed and
hit the wall more frequently as the temperature getting higher because the temperature transfer the
heat of energy into the molecule. Thus, as the speed increase and the frequency of collision
increase, the volume of the container also increase. Therefore the equation of Charless law simply
show below where the k is a constant. The temperature must be calculated in Kelvin unit. If the
constant value of k is not known then, the equation is derived as follow:
The relationship of volume and temperature of Charless law describe in a graph as follow :

Isentropic expansion process theory

An isentropic process or can be called isoentropic process is a process takes place from initiation
to completion without an increase or decrease in the entropy of the system. Isentropic (reversible
adiabatic) processes are often desired and are often the processes on which device efficiencies are
based. One example of a process that approaches being isentropic are the rapid depressurization
of gas in a cylinder. The entropy of the system remains in constant. The type of energy entropy is
like heat, work and enthalpy is by definition energy which is lost in a process which is
characterized by:
S = 0 or S1 = S2
If a process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is an isentropic process. An isentropic process
is an idealization of an actual process, and serves as a limiting case for an actual process. For
adiabatic, there is no transfer of heat energy.
APPARATUS

Figure 1:-Valve Figure 2: Figure 3:-

1 Valve 2 Valve 3
Figure 4:-Monitor Pressure and
Temperature

Figure 5.4:-Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model TH 11)

Figure 5:-Pressure Chamber Figure 6:- Figure 7:-Vaccum Chamber

Vacuum Pump
PROCEDURE
Experiment 1
1. The general start up procedure are performed. All valve are fully closed
2. The comprehensive pump is switch on and the pressure inside chamber allowed to
increase up to about 150kpa. Then, the pump is switch off and the hose is removed from
the chamber
3. The pressure reading is monitored inside the chamber until it stabilize
4. The pressure reading for both chambers before expansion is recorded
5. V2 is fully opened and the pressurized air allowed flows into the atmospheric chamber
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion is recorded
7. The experimental procedures can be repeated for the following condition:
From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
From pressurize chamber to vacuum chamber
8. PV value was calculated and the Boyles law was proved

Experiment 2

1. Perform the general start up. Make sure all e valves are fully closed.
2. The hose from the compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switch on and the temperature for every increment of 10kPa I
the chamber is recorded. The pump stop went the pressure PT1 reaches about 160kPa.
4. Then, open valve V 01 and allowed the pressurized air to flow out. Recorded the
temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa.
5. Stop the experiment when the pressure reaches atmospheric pressure.
6. The experiment is repeated for 3 times to get the average value.
7. The graph of the pressure versus temperature Plot.
Experiment 3

1. The general start up is performs. Make sure all valve is fully close.
2. The compressive pump is connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump is switch on and allows the pressure inside the chamber to increase
until about 160kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber is monitor until is stabilized. The recorded the
pressure reading PT1 and temperature TT1.
5. Open the valve V 01 fully and bring it to close until after a few seconds. Monitor and
recorded the reading PT1 and temperature TT1 until it become stable.
6. The ratio of the heat capacity is determines and then compare with the theoretical value.
RESULTS

Boyles Law

Pressure To Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Atmosphere Before After Before After Before After
(at expansion expansion expansion expansion expansion expansion
Pressure
Chamber)
PT1(kPa) 146.7 131.6 146.4 132.5 146.3 132.8
PT2(kPa) 102.5 130.5 106 131.4 106.1 131.6

Atmospheric Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

To Vacuum Before After Before After Before After
(at Vacuum expansion expansion expansion expansion expansion expansion
Chamber)
PT1(kPa) 108.2 91.1 101.5 86.3 103.4 87.8
PT2(kPa) 54.8 89.9 54.9 85.4 54.5 87

Pressurized Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

mixed Before After Before After Before After
Vacuum expansion expansion expansion expansion expansion expansion
(at both of
Vacuum
and
Pressure
Chamber)
PT1(kPa) 145.7 116 146.8 117.2 147.4 117.4
PT2(kPa) 55 114.8 56.5 116.1 56.3 116.2

Gay-Lussac Law
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Temperature (co) Temperature (co) Temperature (co)
Pressure Pressurize Depressurize Pressurize Depressurize Pressurize Depressurize
(kPa abs) vessel vessel vessel vessel vessel vessel
110 29.4 29.1 28.8 29.2 30 31.2
120 29.7 29.9 29.1 29.9 30.2 32.4
130 30.4 30.9 29.7 30.8 30.8 33.2
140 31.2 32.2 30.5 32 31.5 33.9
150 32 33.6 31.6 33.3 32.3 34.1
160 32.8 34 32.6 34.1 33.2 34.2
Isentropic Expansion Process
Before expansion After expansion
PT1 (kPa abs) 146.8 110.7
TT1 (co) 33 30.8

Before expansion After expansion

PT1 (kPa abs) 147.5 112.3
TT1 (co) 33 29.9

Before expansion After expansion

PT1 (kPa abs) 146.3 113.5
TT1 (co) 32 30
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Experiment 1: Boyles law

Ideal gas equation, PV=RT. For Boyles law, temperature is constant at room temperature
Hence, R= 8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1, T= 298 @ 25C
i) From atmospheric chamber to pressurized chamber
P1 avg = (146.7 + 146.4 + 146.3)/3 = 146.47kPa
P2 avg = (131.6 + 132.5 +132.8)/3 = 132.3 kPa

P1= 146.47kPa, P2= 132.3 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (146.47kPa)
=16.92 L

V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (132.3 kPa)

=18.74 L

According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2

P1V1= (162.3 kPa) (16.92 L) = 2746.12 L kPa

P2V2= (142.6 kPa) (18.74 L) = 2672.32 L kPa
 ii) From the atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
P1 avg = ( 108.2 + 101.5 + 103.4 )/3 = 104.37 kPa
P2 avg = ( 91.1 + 86.3 + 87.8 )/ 3 = 88.4 kPa
P1= 104.37 kPa, P2= 88.4 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (104.37 kPa)
=23.75 L

V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (88.4 kPa)

=28.04 L

According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2

P1V1= (104.37 kPa) (23.75 L) = 2478.78 L kPa

P2V2= (88.4 kPa) (28.04 L) = 2478.74 L kPa

iii) From pressure chamber to vacuum chamber

P1 avg = (145.7 + 146.8 + 147.4)/3 = 146.63 kPa
P2 avg = (55 + 56.5 + 56.3 )/3 = 55.93 kPa
P1= 146.63 kPa, P2= 55.93 kPa. Then V1 and V2 is calculated

V1= RT/P1
= (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (146.63 kPa)
=16.91 L

V2 = (8.314 L kPa K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) / (55.93 kPa)

=44.32 L
According to Boyles law: P1V1=P2V2

P1V1= (146.63 kPa) (16.91 L) = 2479.51 L kPa

P2V2= (55.93 kPa) (44.32 L) = 2478.18 L kPa

Experiment 2 Gay-lussac Law

Pressure (kPa abs) Temperature average(co) pressurize
110 29.4
120 29.7
130 30.3
140 31.1
150 31.9
160 32.9

Pressure vs temperature
180
160
140
120
pressure

100
80
60
40
20
0
29.4 29.7 30.3 31.1 31.9 32.9
temperature

Graph of pressure against temperature

The pressure is directly proportional to temperature. Hence, the Gay-Lussacs Law is verified.
Pressure (kPa abs) Temperature average(co) depressurize
110 29.8
120 30.7
130 31.4
140 32.7
150 33.7
160 34.1

pressure vs temperature
180
160
140
120
pressure

100
80
60
40
20
0
29.8 30.7 31.4 32.7 33.7 34.1
temperature

Graph of pressure against temperature

The pressure is directly proportional to temperature. Hence, the Gay-Lussacs Law is verified.
Experiment 3 isentropic expansion process
Before expansion After expansion
PT1 (kPa abs) average 146.9 112.2
TT1 (co) average 32.7 30.2

T2/T1 = (P2 / P1)(k-1 / k)

(30.2) / (32.7) = [(112.2) / (146.9)](k-1 / k)
0.924 = (0.764) (k-1 / k)
ln 0.924 = [ (k-1)/ k] ln 0.764
k = 1.416

DISCUSSION
The first experiment of Boyles Law state that Boyles law is P1V1 = P2V2 by calculating
using the data collected during experiment, it shown that the P1V1 value is close to the value of
P2V2 after calculated the data . Thus, it shows that there are some errors occur during the
experiment.. Thus, it might due to parallax error due to a little leaking of air. However , to get the
accurate result ,the experiment was conduct with three trial for each test.
From the the result the ideal gas equation was used to calculate the volume which is,
PV=RT the volume is calculated for each of the pressure of the experiment 1. In first condition,
the pressurized to the atmospheric the value of volume are V1= 16.92 L then expend V2 =18.74
L. In the second condition, atmospheric to vacuum the volume are V1 =23.75L then expend to V2
=28.04 L. For the last condition pressurized to vacuum, the reading is taken separately for pressure
chamber and vacuum chamber. In pressure chamber, V1= 16.91l before expansion while V2=
44.32 L after expansion. According to the data tabulated, it can be conclude that the pressure and
volume inversely proportional. When the pressure increase, the volume start to decrease. This is
happen because if the gas of the same pressure with constant temperature injected into small and
big container which means have different volume. The gas molecule in small container have less
spacious room and will collide to the wall and with each other more often which exert more
pressure
The second experiment of Gay-Lussac law state that the pressure is proportional to
temperature. From the plotted graph, the pressure is proportional to temperature where it follows
the Gay-Lussac Law. As the pressure is increased the temperature also increases in a constant
volume. The same concept was applied here, if the temperature of a gas in a container increase,
the heat energy of the system transfer its energy into the molecule of gas which actually increase
the frequency of collision in that container which exert more pressure.
The third experiment is isentropic experiment where the isentropic expansion process
happen went both reversible and adiabatic, there will be no heat transferred within the system, and
no energy transformation occurs. From the data recorded, a constant k are now known which is
equal to 1.416. It was obtained that both temperature and pressure of the gas before expansion
were higher compared to after the expansion. The process is said to be isentropic since there was
no change in the entropy throughout the process.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment overall objective was to determine the properties of

measurement/PVT according to Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs law,and isentropic expansion . We
managed to prove the Boyles law and Gay-Lussacs law which is based on their law. The volume
ratio of gas indicates and expresses the dynamics of compression and expansion of gases. Even
thought there is some error in the experiment but we managed to fine the reason behind the error.
For example experiment 1, related to there is some error which P1V1 almost have same value with
P2V2. In conclusion, the experiment is successfully done and the objective of the experiment is
achieved.

RECOMMENDATION
During conduct the experiment , there are precautions should be taken such as each
experiment should do the start-up and shut-down experiment first in order to make sure there are
no gas are left in the chamber. Thus, all the valve must be opened to remove all gasses in the
chamber .Besides that, to avoid the parallax error during taking the reading of pressure and
temperature by repeating the experiment three time to get the average and more accurate
result.Open and close the valve carefully according to the procedure given.Make sure that during
open the valve is becarefull due to high pressure is release.The experiment should be conducted at
the stable and unshaken place. All the data must be recorded into a table.
Appendices

Figure 3 :- Valve 3
Figure 4:-Monitor Pressure and
Temperature

Figure 6 :- Vacuum Pump Figure 2 :- Valve 2

Figure 1 :- Valve 1

Figure 13.6 :- Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model TH 11)

 Figure 7- Vacuum Chamber Figure 5 :- Pressure Chamber

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