STEEL DESIGN I

Section (3)
Dead & Live Loads

Dr. Maha Moddather Hassan

Assistant Professor
Structural Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
mahamoddather@eng.cu.edu.eg
Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 1/30
 Outline

1. Types of Loads

2. Dead Load Calculations

3. Live Load Calculations

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 2/30

 Loads: Forces acting on a structure.

Loads

Gravity Loads Lateral Loads

Dead Loads Live Loads

Mechanical
Loads Wind Loads Seismic Loads

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 3/30

 Loads

Other Types of Loads include:

Thermal effects.

Dust load.

Snow load.

Settlement of supports.

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 4/30

 Dead Load:
Dead Load

Own Weight of Floor Finishes Cladding Piping &

Structure HVAC

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 5/30

 Loads
Own Weight of
Dead Loads:
Structure
Dead loads or permanent actions
1. Own weight of the structure itself
These can be estimated fairly accurately once member sizes are
known, but these can only be determined after the analysis stage, so
some educated guesswork is needed here, and numbers may have to
be adjusted later and re-checked.

20 35 kg/m2 >>> Corrugated sheets + no crane

30 50 kg/m2 >>> Corrugated sheets + crane < 20 ton
60 100 kg/m2 >>> Concrete + crane > 20 ton

Io.w. (kg/m2)
Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 6/30
 Loads
Floor Finishes
Dead Loads:
Dead loads or permanent actions
2. Floor Finishes
This include floor finishes:
Given (if any): usually range between 150 200 kg/m2.

If not given: consider equal to zero (no finishes).

IFinishes(kg/m2)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 7/30

 Loads
Cladding
Dead Loads:
Dead loads or permanent actions
2. Cladding
Two cases:
Ic.m. (kg/m2)
Given: use the given value.

If not given: assume as follows:

Corrugated sheets: 5 10 kg/m2.
Sandwich panels: 10 15 kg/m2.
Concrete: 2500*thickness of concrete(ts(cm)/100)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 8/30

 4. Roof Covering Materials

Covering Material
Ic.m. = 5 10 kg/m2

Flexible Cover Rigid Cover

Corrugated Sandwich Precast

R.C. slab
Sheets Panels Units

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 9/30

 4. Roof Covering Materials

Ic.m. = 10 15 kg/m2 Covering Material

Flexible Cover Rigid Cover

Corrugated Sandwich Precast

R.C. slab
Sheets Panels Units

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 10/30

 4. Roof Covering Materials

Covering Material
Ic.m. = 2500*ts(cm)/100 kg/m2

Flexible Cover Rigid Cover

Corrugated Sandwich Precast

R.C. slab
Sheets Panels Units

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 11/30

 4. Roof Covering Materials

Covering Material
From Tables

Flexible Cover Rigid Cover

Corrugated Sandwich Precast

R.C. slab
Sheets Panels Units

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 12/30

 Loads Piping &
HVAC

Dead Loads:
Dead loads or permanent actions
3. Piping and HVAC
Two cases:
Given: use the given value.

If not given: Consider equal to zero.

IHVAC (kg/m2)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 13/30

 Loads WD.L. = Wo.w. + wFinishes + wc.m. + wHVAC

Wo.w. = Io.w. * S
WFinishes= IFinishes* S
Wc.m. = Ic.m. * S/ cos
WHVAC = IHVAC* S
WD.L. t/m

S/2
S
S/2

Span

20 m
Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 14/30
 Loads PD.L. = Po.w. + PFinishes + Pc.m. + PHVAC

Po.w. = Io.w. * S * a
PFinishes= IFinishes* S* a
Pc.m. = Ic.m. * S/ cos* a
PHVAC = IHVAC* S* a

a S PD.L. ton

S/2
S/2

Span
20 m
Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 15/30
 Assignment

Loads:
Own weight of steel structure (assumed):
= 70 kg/m2 for the column-truss frame
= 30 kg/m2 for the rigid frame

Covering material:
= 15 kg/m2 for the sandwich panels of the roof
and sides of the column-truss frame
= 7 kg/m2 for the corrugated sheets of the roof
and exterior side of the rigid frame

Piping, HVAC systems and lighting fixtures:

= 25
Structural Engineering kg/m2 for the column-truss bay
Dept. Tutorial 3 16/30
 Assignment

tan2 = 1/10
tan1 = 1/13.33

Io.w. = 30 kg/m2 Io.w. = 70 kg/m2

Ifinishes= 0 Ifinishes= 0
Ic.m. = 7 kg/m2 Ic.m. = 15 kg/m2
IHVAC = 0 IHVAC = 25 kg/m2

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 17/30

 Assignment
Column- Truss Frame:
PD.L. = Po.w. + PFinishes + Pc.m. + PHVAC
PD.L. = (70 + 15/cos2+25)*6*1.875 = .. kg
Spacing Distance (a)

tan2 = 1/10
tan1 = 1/13.33

Io.w. = 30 kg/m2 Io.w. = 70 kg/m2

Ifinishes= 0 Ifinishes= 0
Ic.m. = 7 kg/m2 Ic.m. = 15 kg/m2
IHVAC = 0 IHVAC = 25 kg/m2

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 18/30

 Assignment

Rigid Frame:
WD.L. = Wo.w. + wFinishes + wc.m. + wHVAC
WD.L. = (30 + 7/cos1)*6 = .. Kg/m
Spacing
tan2 = 1/10
tan1 = 1/13.33

Io.w. = 30 kg/m2 Io.w. = 70 kg/m2

Ifinishes= 0 Ifinishes= 0
Ic.m. = 7 kg/m2 Ic.m. = 15 kg/m2
IHVAC = 0 IHVAC = 25 kg/m2

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 19/30

 Assignment

Load Due to Side Cover (Column Truss Frame):

PD.L. = Ic.m. x Spacing x Height
PD.L.1 = 15*6*Height = .. Kg
PD.L.2 = 15*6*Height = .. Kg

PD.L. 1

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 20/30

 Assignment

Load Due to Side Cover (Column Truss Frame):

PD.L. = Ic.m. x Spacing x Height
PD.L. = 7*6*Height = .. Kg

PD.L. 2

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 21/30

 Show Dead Loads on the
Structural System

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 22/30

 Assignment

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 23/30

 Loads

Live Loads:
Live loads (imposed actions) are loads due to people, traffic etc. that
come and go. Although these do not depend on member cross
sections, they are less easy to estimate and we usually use guidelines
set out in the Loading Code.

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 24/30

 Loads WL.L. = IL.L. * S
Live Loads: PL.L. = IL.L. * S * a
220
200 Accessible Rigid Roof

180 Inaccessible Rigid Roof

IL.L. = 200 250 tan
160 Flexible Roof
IL.L. (kg/m2)

140
120 IL.L. = 100
100 250/3 tan
80
60
40
20 IL.L. = 60 200/3 tan

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
tan(
)
Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 25/30
 Assignment

Loads:
Live load:
According to the Egyptian Code for Loads for the roofs

tan2 = 1/10
tan1 = 1/13.33

IL.L.= 60 200/3 *tan1 (kg/m2)

IL.L.= 60 200/3 *tan2 (kg/m2)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 26/30

 Assignment
Column-Truss Frame
PL.L. = IL.L. * S * a = IL.L. * 6 * 1.875 = .. Kg

Rigid Frame
WL.L. = IL.L. * S = IL.L. * 6 = .. Kg/m
tan2 = 1/10
tan1 = 1/13.33

IL.L.= 60 200/3 *tan1 (kg/m2)

IL.L.= 60 200/3 *tan2 (kg/m2)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 27/30

 Show Live Loads on the
Structural System

Live Load
Cases

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 28/30

 Assignment
Live Load Case (1)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 29/30

 Assignment
Live Load Case (2)

Structural Engineering Dept. Tutorial 3 30/30