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THE HIGH-CAPACITY
DIGITAL NETWORK
MeterCenter
(800) 230-6008
(480) 659-8351 Outside USAeteM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
T1 Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Customer Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Technology Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
T1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
T1 Equipment Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Customer Service Unit (CSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Demarcation Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Network Interface Device (NID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Station Wire Color Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Network Interface Unit (NIU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Main Distribution Frame (MDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Office Repeater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Digital Signal Cross-Connect (DSX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Testing and Troubleshooting T1 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Stress Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Alarm and Status Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Common Tests Performed With the 20T1 Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
20T1 Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Performing Automatic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Monitoring Live Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Performing a BERT (Bit Error Rate Test) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Performing Clock-Slip Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Performing a Half Duplex Drop & Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Performing a Loop Delay Measurement on a T1 Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Performing a Bridge Tap (BTP) or Multi-pattern (MPT) Test on a T1 Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
BTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
MPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
+
recovery for synchronization. Monitoring the T1
- Loop 2 (TX/RX)
T1 CPE
D4 CB
Point of Termination (EU-POT) is typically
defined as one of the following jacks: Fiber - NGDLC
FOT Fiber FOT HTU-C Copper Span HTU-R RJ48X
■ RJ48C for a single circuit LP 1
T1/T3 T1 CPE
■ RJ48H for up to 12 circuits LP 2
Repeater
FOT/MUX DSX OTR MDF BLDG NIU RJ48 CSU
PROT.
* B8ZS
termination point of the Service Carrier’s network.
* Loop Code The NID is a FCC Part 68 Registered Jack from which
T1 Facility the Inside Wire (IW) may be disconnected from the
Loopback
NIU CPE
regulated Service Carrier network.
Signal Monitor
Station Wire Color Code
* LOS
Rcv YEL 1 1 R1
R1 Customer
BLK 2 2 T1 Receive * LOS Detector
T1
3 3 RCV
* Clock Recovery
RCV
Xmt
R RED 4 4 R Customer
In * ALBO Out
6 6 * AIS
7 7 CPE
T1 Facility
8 8
Signal Monitor
Jack To/From Plug To/From * LOS
The Network The Customer XMT XMT
Out * OOF In
* AIS
CENTRAL
OFFICE
Jack To/From Plug To/From SOLDER-LESS
The Network The Customer TERMINALS
CABLE TIES
Outside Inside
Customer Location
Tip Tip
Ground
Ring Ring
CABLE SHIELD
GROUNDING 5-PIN GRIP
HARNESS JACKS FOR
PROTECTION
MODULES
Network
Demarc
TEST FIELD
(BOTTOM)
Protector
RJXX
NIU RJ48
Extension
12* Wire CABLE
Inches STUB
CPE
Responsibility
(REAR VIEW) (FRONT VIEW)
* Within 12 inches or as close as practical to protector.
Figure 14: Customer Demarcation Location Selection Figure 16: Main Distribution Frame (Type 303)
1st pair (Tip – Green) ■ Possesses central office (CO) span cable termination
1st pair (Ring – Red) capabilities.
2nd pair (Tip – Black) ■ Allows test access and trouble isolation between inside
2nd pair (Ring – Yellow) and outside facilities.
Two-Pair OR ■ Provides a point for protecting all hi-cap circuits via a
1st pair (Tip – White) protector module:
1st pair (Ring – Blue) ■ Point-of-surge voltage protection.
2nd pair (Tip – White) ■ Solid-state voltage limiting device.
2nd pair (Ring – Orange) ■ 400 volt Tip to Ring (T-R) and 300 volt Tip to Ground
(T-Gnd) and Ring Ring to ground (R-Gnd) rating.
1st pair (Tip – Green)
1st pair (Ring – Red) ■ An isolated device for inside and outside cable
and/or equipment.
2nd pair (Tip – Black)
■ Long pins are the Tip and Ring outside plant
2nd pair (Ring – Yellow)
conductors (Memory aide: Long = Local Loop).
3rd pair (Tip – White) ■ Short pins are the Tip and Ring of the
3rd pair (Ring – Blue) C.O. equipment.
Three-Pair OR ■ Disconnects the C.O. while maintaining protection
1st pair (Tip – White) in the Outside Plant (OSP) when inserted to the
1st pair (Ring – Blue) indent position (partially in).
2nd pair (Tip – White) Office Repeater
2nd pair (Ring – Orange) The Office Terminating Repeater (OTR) is located in the
3rd pair (Tip – White) Central Office and provides regulated current to power span
3rd pair (Ring – Green) equipment. The OTR provides simplex current for all the
repeaters on the T1 link and regenerates the DS1 signal
before routing takes place.
Network Interface Unit (NIU)
Equipment options vary for the Office Repeater, depending
The Network Interface Unit (NIU) serves as the interface
on the manufacturer. Examples are shown in Table 6.
between network equipment and customer premise
equipment (CPE). It is located at the customer premise, but is
provided by the service provider. An NIU is a test access
facility for network technicians and provides remote loopback
on command. It will also be referred to as a smart jack.
Equipment options for the NIU may vary, depending on the
manufacturer. However, most manufacturers follow the same
general principles as shown in Table 5.
S5-2 LOS
LOS/DIS ENABLE Enables the function selected by S5-1 above.
S5-3 TO Set to “TO” to enable the 60 minute auto loopback time-out.
TO/DIS
S5-4 ——— Enables the regeneration on Side 1 RX path, 0 dBdsx to the
REGEN/DIS customer. If the end section loss is greater than 15 dB, then
enable the REGEN for 0 dBdsx to the customer.
S5-5 INBAND Recognizes in-band loopback codes regardless of frame format
INBAND/ (Superframe [SF] or Extended Superframe [ESF]).
AUTO
■ Provide an LED indicator for cross-connected Figure 18: DSX Jack Layout for a Typical Circuit
facilities
MON ■ Is connected to the OUT jack through an isolation resistor Inserting a plug or cord into the MON jack
■ Checks circuit quality without interrupting service by monitoring illuminates both the LED immediately above the
the customer’s live signal jack and above the corresponding cross-
connected facility if the Trace Lead (TL) jumper is
■ Standard signal level is -20 dBdsx (monitor)
installed
■ Is directly cabled to the receive signal of the facility The OUT jack of one DS1 facility is connected to
OUT ■ Is the signal coming out of the span, terminal, or switch? the IN jack of another DS1 facility
IN
■ Is directly cabled to the transmit side of the facility
The IN jack of one DS1 facility is connected to
■ Carries the signal going into the span, terminal, or switches the OUT jack of another DS1 facility
WARNING: IN and OUT jacks are open-type jacks. In other words, when a plug is inserted into the jack, the signal is interrupted.
Plugging into either jack will cause a service interruption to a working circuit.
Uncontrolled slip is the overflow or underflow of an Network equipment is Out of Frame (OOF) or sync when
unframed buffer, resulting in deleting or repeating a portion framing bits are in error in the range of 2-of-5 to 2-of-4.
of a frame of data. These are much more severe than Loss of Signal/Synchronization (LOS), also referred to as red
controlled slips because they result in a framing bit position alarm, exists when the loss of signal on a receiving terminal is
shift known as a Change of Frame Alignment. Change of for duration of 2.0 to 3.0 seconds.
Frame Alignment causes an out-of-frame condition in the
A yellow alarm is transmitted in the outgoing direction when
downstream T1 terminal. This may result in as many as 7,000
a terminal recognizes a loss of the receive signal. For
bit errors as compared to 192 bit errors in a controlled slip.
example:
Clock slip is a term used to describe the phase variation
■ Superframe, D4 – Bit two in every eight-bit time slot will
equal to a single T1 bit time slot or UI of 0.648’s. It does
be zero
not refer to a buffer adding or deleting a bit time, but
rather the drifting of a received signal as compared to a ■ Extended Superframe, ESF – Sent in the ESF data link by
reference signal. a 16-bit pattern of eight ones followed by eight zeros
Error Insertion is a function available on Digital Signal, Level A yellow alarm indicates any of the following conditions:
1 (DS1) analyzers that allows the operator the ability to
■ Bad transmit Mux
transmit a predetermined number of bit errors on the circuit
under test. This is not a performance parameter; however, ■ Bad cable
this is useful in verifying that the signal sent is the signal
■ Bad receive section at the far end
being monitored.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is an extremely accurate way
Excess Zeros is a signal containing 16 or more consecutive
to check for bit errors in transmitted signals in the ESF
zeros. Standards require that no more than 15 consecutive
framing format. All of the data bits in one ESF
zeros be transmitted to maintain ones density for repeater
(24 X 193 = 4632 bits) are considered as one long binary
clock circuits.
number. This number is divided by another binary number,
When an incorrect value appears in the time slot reserved which is called a constant. The six least significant bits of the
for the framing bit (bit 193) a Frame Error is created. Frame remainder are sent as CRC bits during the next ESF.
formats follow a predetermined sequence that can easily
At the receiving end, the same constant is applied to the
be monitored by an extended in-service monitor test with a
4632-bit ESF and the six least significant bits of the remainder
DS1 analyzer.
are stored and compared with the CRC bits received during
the next ESF. Any difference is flagged as a CRC error.
Stress Patterns
A stress pattern is a predetermined sequence of logical ones Test equipment uses the same constant and algorithm to
and zeros used for T1 installation testing and troubleshooting. check for errors in the customer’s live data, resulting in the
best method of in-service monitoring of circuit quality.
The Transmitter and Receiver are independent. The receiver is DLAY — Round Trip Loop Delay Measurement Mode. This
always in the Auto-detect mode looking for Framing, Pattern mode is an out-of-service test that measures the amount of
and Line Code. This mode is considered full 24 channel BERT. time it takes for a single bit to propagate through the
network. The test set must be in pattern sync. By pressing the
Fx56 — Fractional T1 (Nx56) Mode. This mode allows the logic inject key, the test set will insert a single logic error into
user to test in a Fractional DS1 environment. Only 7 bits of the DS1 payload. At the same time, a one-millisecond
data are available in each time slot. The receiver and counter is started and the receiver will start looking for the
transmitter are manually configured for frame, pattern and bit error. Once the bit error has been detected, the counter
line code via the Default/Results Menu. The Transmit Menu is will stop and display the information in the results screen as
not available when operating in this Mode. The Channels are [LoopDly XXXXXXXX]. The measurement has a one-
configured in the Auxiliary Menu (AUX) Menu. millisecond resolution.
Fx64 — Fractional T1 (Nx64) Mode. This mode allows the BTP — Bridge Tap Test Mode. The BTP test mode transmits
user to test in a Fractional DS1 environment. The full 8-bits of and receives 22 test patterns of various one’s density to locate
data are available in each time slot. The receiver and possible bridge taps located on the DS1 span. The test length
transmitter are manually configured for frame, pattern and is approximately 10 minutes with each pattern tested at 23-
line code via the Default/Results Menu. The Transmit Menu is second intervals. The test is continuous and will repeat when
not available when operating in this Mode. The Channels are the test reaches the end. The 22 patterns are listed as
configured in the Auxiliary Menu (AUX) Menu. follows:
D/I — Half Duplex Drop and Insert Mode. This mode allows ONES 1:1 1:3 1:5 1:6 1:7
the user to drop an individual DS0 to the speaker and receive
BERT engine. At the same time, either pattern data or a tone 2:8 2IN8 2:9 2:10 2:11 2:12
may be inserted into the out-going DS0. The other 23 time 2:13 2:14 3IN18 3IN19 3IN20 3IN21
slots of the DS1 are left undisturbed. The receiver and
transmitter are manually configured for frame, pattern and 3IN22 3IN23 3IN24 QRSS
line code via the Default/Results Menu. The drop channel is
selected via the CHANNEL select keys on the front panel. The
transmit menu selects the desired insertion data channel,
whether it is pattern or tone frequency and level.
NIU — NIU Emulation Mode. When the operator selects The 20T1 only performs automatic evaluation of the incoming
the NIU mode, the unit is configured to emulate a NIU signal if there is a valid input signal present at the RX jack of
(Network Interface Unit). The InterroGatr20T1 is configured the 20T1. If the input signal disappears during the cycle, the
as follows: 20T1 will stop its evaluation until the signal is reapplied.
The line termination is forced to TERM (only mode available). In this mode, the receiver and transmitter of the 20T1 are
totally independent. Therefore, the evaluated Rx signal and
The Tx clock source is forced to Rx (only mode available). the receiver setup do not affect the transmitter. The
When configured for the Rx mode, the rceceive clock will transmitter is independently configured in the Transmitter
be used for the transmit clock timing element. Setup Menu.
NORM
MAINT.
AUX
LOW
BATTERY
Cable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A B C D
TEST SUMMARY
B8ZS AMI
DS0 Channel
clock is compared to the clock that is recovered IN OUT MON IN OUT MON
from the DS1 signal transmitted from the MONITOR Jack MONITOR Jack CSU
RX REF
customer side of the CSU.
MEGGER 20T1
Display Results
SUMRY
G.821
MAINT.
AUX
Rx T1 receiver. Print
MODE FRAME PATTERN LINE CODE
LOW
BATTERY
3. Use the RECEIVER TERMINATION switch to BANTAM to BANTAM DS0 Data Bits DS0 Signaling Bits
Cables
select MON. 1 2 3 4
Rx STATUS
5
TEST SUMMARY
6 7 8 A B
DS0 Channel
C D
B8ZS AMI
SIGNAL PRESENT
FRAME SYNC STORE
BTP
■ Select INT for the Tx Clk source.
The BTP test mode transmits and receives 22 test patterns of ■ Scroll the MODE keys and place the unit in MPT, Multi-
various one’s density to locate possible bridge taps located on Pattern Test, mode. Configure the test set for framing
the DS1 span under test. The test length is approximately 10 and line code. The transmitter in this mode is configured
minutes with each pattern tested at 23-second intervals. The like the receiver.
test is continuous and will repeat when the test reaches the ■ Patch the Rx input jack to the OUT jack
end.
■ Patch the Tx output jack to the IN jack.
The 22 patterns are listed as follows:
■ Change the Display mode key to SUMRY.
ONES 1:1 1:3 1:5 1:6 1:7
■ Press the RESTART key.
2:8 2IN8 2:9 2:10 2:11 2:12
If the test summary LED is ON, this indicates that one or more
2:13 2:14 3IN18 3IN19 3IN20 3IN21
test patterns failed, or the test set uncovered another
3IN22 3IN23 3IN24 QRSS anomaly, i.e., frame error, BPV error, frequency deviation and
one’s density. Scrolling the results keys will indicate errors
The test set is setup as follows:
discovered while the test was running. If the test fails on a
■ Power up the test set. pattern, the user can configure the user patterns to stress
only the pattern(s) that failed.
■ Set the receiver termination switch to TERM.
■ Select INT for the Tx Clk source.
■ Scroll the MODE keys and place the unit in BTP, bridge
tap test mode. Configure the test set for framing and
line code. The transmitter in this mode is configured like
the receiver.
Authors:
Tom Sandri
Carl Middleton