To solve

( ) = ()2 , where is a constant, (1)

it only suffices to solve

1
( ) = ()2 . (2)

1
For, if ( ) satisfies (2), then ( ) 3 ( ) will satisfy (1).

Multiplying ( ) to both sides of (2), we have

()
( ) ( ) = ()2 .

Integrating both sides with respect to , we have

() d
( ) ( ) d = ()2

d()
( ) d () = ()2

()2 1
= () + , where is an arbitrary constant
2

2 ()2
( )2 = . (3)
()

Note that since the L.H.S. is non-negative, we have three cases:

Case 1. If < 0 , then Case 2. If = 0 , then Case 3. If > 0 , then
1 1
0 < ( ) . ( ) < 0 . ( ) < 0 or ( ) .

Any initial conditions which specify the values of () and () for some Dom() can
determine the value of .

From (3), for any such that ( ) 1 , we have

2 ()2
( ) =
()

()
1 = 2 ()2 ( ) .

Integrating both sides with respect to , we have

()
1 d = 2 ()2 () d

()
= 2 ()2 d() . (4)

To evaluate the R.H.S., let

 ()
= ( ) = 2 ()2 , (5)

2 2 d() (2 2 1)22 2 222 4

then ( ) = , and then = = (22 , so that it
2 21 d (2 21)2 1)2

4 2 d
= (22 1)2 d = 4 (221)2 = 4 . (6)

To proceed, we need the results of the following two exercises:

2 d
Exercise 1. Evaluate ( 21)2 .

Solution.
2
Let ( 21)2
= (+1)2 + (1)2 + +1 + 1 for some constants , , and .

Then, 2 = ( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 ( 1) .

1
Putting = 1 , we have 1 = 4 , = 4 .

1
Putting = 1 , we have 1 = 4 , = 4 .

1 1
Then, 2 = 4 ( 1)2 + 4 ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 ( 1)

2 +1
= + ( + 1)( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 ( 1)
2

21
= ( + 1)( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 ( 1)
2

1
= ( 1) + ( + 1) .
2

1 1
Putting = 1 , we have = 2 , = 4 .
2

1 1
Putting = 1 , we have = 2, = .
2 4

2 d 1 1 1 1
Thus, ( 21)2 = (4(+1)2 + 4(1)2 4(+1) + 4(1)) d

1 1 1 1
= 4(+1) 4(1) 4 ln| + 1| + 4 ln| 1| + ,

where is an arbitrary constant

1 +1
= 2( 2 1) 4 ln |1| + .
 2 d
Exercise 2. Evaluate ( 2+1) 2 .

Solution.
2
Let ( 2+1) 2
= (+)2 + ()2 + + + for some constants , , and .

Then, 2 = ( )2 + ( + )2 + ( + )( )2 + ( + )2 ( ) .
1
Putting = , we have 1 = 4 , = 4 .

1
Putting = , we have 1 = 4 , = 4 .

1 1
Then, 2 = 4 ( )2 + 4 ( + )2 + ( + )( )2 + ( + )2 ( )

2 1
= + ( + )( )2 + ( + )2 ( )
2

2+1
= ( + )( )2 + ( + )2 ( )
2

1
= ( ) + ( + ) .
2

1
Putting = , we have = 2 , = 4 .
2

1
Putting = , we have = 2, = .
2 4

2 d 1 1
Thus, ( 2+1)2 = (4(+)2 + 4()2 + 4(+) 4()) d

1 1 1 d
= 4(+) 4() + 2 2+1

1
= 2( 2 +1) + 2 arctan + , where is an arbitrary constant.

We are now ready to evaluate in (6) for the three cases < 0 , = 0 and > 0 .
Case 1. If < 0 , then
2 d 1 2 d
= (22 1)2 = 83 ( 2 +1)2 (take = 2)

1 1
= 83 ( 2( 2+1) + 2 arctan ) + , where is an arbitrary constant

(using Ex. 2)
1 2 1
= 83 (2(22 1) + 2 arctan 2) +

222
1
= ( + arctan (222)) + (by (5))
283 2 1
22

1
= ((1 ) + arctan 1 ) + .
283

Hence,
1
= 23 ((1 ) + arctan 1 ) 4 .

Case 2. If = 0 , then
2 d 1 +1
= (21)2 = 2(21) 4 ln |1| + , where is an arbitrary constant

(using Ex. 1)

+1
2 1 2
= 4 ln |
|+ (by (5))
2( 1) 1
2 2

1 + 2
= 4 ln | 2| + .
2(+2)

Hence,
8 + 2
= + ln | 2| 4 .
+2

Case 3. If > 0 , then

2 d 1 2 d
= (22 1)2 = 83 ( 21)2 (take = 2)

1 1 +1
= 83 ( 2( 21) 4 ln |1|) + , where is an arbitrary constant

(using Ex. 1)
1 2 1 2+1
= 83 ( 2(22 1) 4 ln | |) +
21

222 222+1
1 1
= 83 ( 4 ln |
|) + (by (5))
2(2 1) 2221
22

1+1
1
= (2( 1) + ln | |) +
483
11

Hence,

1+1
1
= 83 (2( 1) + ln |
|) 4 .
11
Second Order Non-linear Autonomous Differential Equations
1
( ) = 2 ( ()) , where () has a primitive function ()

1
( ) ( ) = 2 (( )) ()

1
( ) ( ) d = 2 ( ()) ( ) d

1
( ) d () = 2 ( ( )) d( )

()2 1 1
= 2 ( ()) + , where 1 is an arbitrary constant
2 2

( ) = ( ()) + 1
()
1 =
(())+1

() d
1 d =
(())+1

d()
( + 2 ) = , where 2 is an arbitrary constant
(())+1

1
= 1 (()) , assuming has a primitive function 1 ()
()+1

( ) = 1 1 (( + 2 )) , where 1 1 is an inverse branch of 1