06/11/2017 Bolts, Nuts, Screws, Studs

Mechanical Design Handbook

Mechanical Design Handbook
mechanical-design-handbook.blogspot.com

Improve math skills of your kids - Learn step-by-step arithmetic from Math games

Math: Unknown - Step-by-step math calculation game for iOS.

Download on the App Store | Facebook | Website

Math: Unknown | Step-by-step Math Game for those who seriousl

Math: Unknown is much more than a math game. It is a step-by-step math calculation game which will teach
users how to calculate in the correct order rather than just asking only the final calculated results.

The app consists of four basic arithmetic operations which are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
In order to get started, users who are new to arithmetic can learn from animated calculation guides showing step-
by-step procedures of solving each type of operation. It is also helpful for experienced users as a quick reference.

Generally, addition and subtraction may be difficult for users who just start learning math especially when
questions require carrying or borrowing (also called regrouping). The app helps users to visualize the process of
carrying and borrowing in the way it will be done on paper. Once users understand how these operations work,
they are ready to learn multiplication and division.

For most students, division is considered as the most difficult arithmetic operation to solve. It is a common area
of struggle since it requires prior knowledge of both multiplication and subtraction. To help users understand
division, the app uses long division to teach all calculation procedures. Relevant multiplication table will be
shown beside the question. Users will have to pick a number from the table which go into the dividend.
Multiplication of selected number and divisor is automatically calculated, but the users have to do subtraction and
drop down the next digit themselves. Learning whole calculation processes will make them master it in no time.

Math: Unknown is a helpful app for students who seriously want to improve arithmetic calculation skills.

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06/11/2017 Bolts, Nuts, Screws, Studs

Mechanical Design Handbook

Bolts, Nuts, Screws, Studs

Screws and bolts are the most common types. The difference between screws and bolts is
only the intended use. Screws are intended by screwing into tapped holes; bolts are
intended for use with nuts. Sometimes screws are supplied with a captive washer under
the screw head. They are also called SEMS. A SEMS screw is a generic term used to
describe a screw pre-assembled with a free-spinning lock washer. It is a permanent
assembly with the washer held in place by the major diameter of the screw thread being
larger than the hole of the washer. The SEMS screw is simple, easy to use and available in
many different styles making it well suited for many applications. SEMS save assembly
time and eliminate the possibility that a screw will be installed without its speci ed washer.
Normally, a bolt can also serve as a screw by using it with a tapped hole rather than a nut.

A stud is threaded on both ends. It is usually screwed permanently into a tapped hole.
Threads on the two ends may or may not be identical. A threaded rod is the least common
type. It is usually used when a very long threaded member is needed. It can often be
purchased in a long length and then cut off as required.

An advantage of threaded fasteners in comparison with riveting, welding, etc., is that they
can be easily and nondestructively disassembled. However, a disadvantage of threaded
fasteners is that they sometimes loosen and disassemble themselves. The relative motion
between the bolt and nut threads is often caused by vibration, but it can have other cause
such as differential thermal expansion of both parts.

The factors in uencing whether or not threads loosen are:

The greater helix angle, the greater the loosening tendency. Thus, coarse threads
tend to loosen more easily than ne threads.
The greater the initial tightening, the greater the frictional force that must be
overcome to initiate loosening.
Soft or rough clamping surfaces tend to promote slight plastic ow which decreases
the initial tightening tension and thus promotes loosening.

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Surface treatments and conditions that tend to increase the friction coe cient
Mechanical Design
provide increased Handbook
resistance to loosening.

Source:Fundamentals of machine component design, Robert C. Juvinall & Kurt M.

Marshek

Recommended fasteners related resources:

Screw
Bolt Science
Screw Locking and Retaining Methods

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