7 Lesson 7 DIET IN FEVERS

Lesson 7
DIET IN FEVERS
Fever is an elevation of body temperature above normal which results from
an imbalance between the heat produced and eliminated from the body.
Fever may occur in response to an infection, inflammation or a number of
other causes brought about by exogenous agents like bacteria or fungi or
endogenous factors like antigen-antibody reaction, malignancy or graft
rejection.
Fevers may be classified as acute or chronic.
Acute fevers: Acute fevers are of short duration but the body
temperature may rise to even above 104 F. Fevers accompanying infections
like chicken pox, tonsilitis, influenza, pneumonia, typhoid, malaria are few
examples of acute fevers. Malaria, though an acute fever is also called a
recurrent fever because of repeated episodes of high fever.
Chronic fever: These are of long duration. The temperature may remain
low but fever continues for a longer period of time, even several months as
in the case of tuberculosis. Thus, chronic fever is one which has slow,
gradual onset and is low in severity.
Metabolism in fevers
With a rise in body temperature above normal (98.4 F or 37 C), the
following metabolic changes occur inside the body. These changes are in
proportion to the elevaton of body temperature above normal and the
duration of fever.
(i) There is a 7% increase in BMR with every 1 F increase in body
temperature or 13% increase with every 1 C rise in body temperature true.
This change is more significant in patients suffering from acute fever.
(ii) Glycogen and adipose tissue stores decrease significantly because of
increased energy expenditure. Thus more energy is required.
(iii) The rate of protein catabolism increases depending upon severity of
infection and duration of fever. There are increased losses in long
continuous fever than in short duration fevers. Protein breakdown is
especially marked in fevers such as typhoid, malaria, poliomyelitis and
tuberculosis. This leads to increased nitrogen wastes and places an
additional burden on the kidneys.
(iv) There is loss of body fluid in the form of excessive sweat and urine
formation.
(v) There is increased loss of minerals like sodium, potassium, chloride etc.
through sweat, urine and vomiting leading to electrolyte imbalance.
(vi) The absorption of nutrients like protein, minerals and vitamins
decreases.
(vii) The above changes are accompanied by a loss of appetite resulting in
low intake of food which leads to loss of weight.
Acute fever - Typhoid
Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by a bacteria Salmonella typhi.
The infection is transmitted through the faecal-oral route i.e. by
consumption of food, water or milk contaminated with intestinal contents.
It may affect all age groups but commonly occurs in children.
Body Changes in Typhoid Fever
There is loss of tissue protein which may amount to as much as 250-500g of
muscle tissue a day. Body stores of glycogen are quickly depleted and the
water electrolyte balance is disturbed.
The intestinal tract is highly inflamed and irritable and diarrhoea is,
therefore, a frequent complication which interferes with the absorption of
nutrients. Ulceration in the intestines, i.e., Peyer's patches may be so
severe that haemorrhage and even perforation of intestine may occur.
Treatment
Treatment of typhoid involves:
(i) Rest in the bed is mandatory for all patients
(ii) At all times patient should be kept warm
(iii) Antibiotics are given to cure the infection
(iv) Diet is modified to bring the patient to eat food and recover the losses
and maintain thereafter.
Dietary Management
During high fever, there is an aversion towards foods in the form of
anorexia, nausea and vomiting. The diet should be planned with the
following objectives:
i) to maintain adequate nutrition
ii) to restore positive nitrogen balance and reduce the burden on kidneys
iii) to provide relief to symptoms as and when present.
iv) to correct and maintain water and electrolyte balance
v) to avoid irritation of intestinal tract as may occur in typhoid.
To achieve the above objectives, the nutrient intake may be modified as
follows :
Energy
Since, there is a rise in body temperature, BMR may be increased by as
much as 50%. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the energy intake by
10-20%. Initially, during the acute stage, a patient may be able to consume
only 600-1200 kcal/day, but the energy intake should be gradually increased
with recovery and improved tolerance.
Protein
Since there is excessive destruction of tissues, the protein intake should be
increased to
11/2 to 2 times the normal, i.e. 1.5 to 2 g protein/kg body wt/day. For
efficient utilization of protein, energy intake should be adequate. To
minimize the tissue loss, protein foods of high biologic value such as milk
and eggs should be used liberally as they are most easily digested and
absorbed.
Carbohydrates
A liberal intake of carbohydrates is suggested to replenish the depleted
glycogen stores of the body. Well cooked, easily digestible carbohydrates
like simple starches, glucose, honey, cane sugar etc. should be included as
they require much less digestion and are well assimilated.
Fats
Fats are required mainly to increase the energy intake. However, due to the
presence of diarrhoea, fats only in the emulsified form like cream, butter,
whole milk, egg yolk should be included in the diet, as they are easily
digested and well tolerated by patients. Fried food which are difficult to
digest should be avoided.
Minerals
There is excessive loss of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and chloride
due to increased perspiration. Salty soups broths fruit juices, milk etc.
should be included to compensate for the loss of electrolytes.
Vitamins
As infections increase the requirement for vitamin A and deplete tissue
stores of vitamin C, there is a need to increase the intake of both these
vitamins. With the increase in energy requirements the need of B group
vitamins also increases. So, vitamin supplements may have to be given for
some time.
Dietary fibre
The symptoms of typhoid include diarrhoea and lesions in the intestinal
tract, all forms of irritants have to be eliminated from the diet. All harsh,
irritating fibre should, therefore, be avoided in the diet, as it is a
mechanical irritant.
Fluid
In order to compensate for the losses through the skin and sweat and also
for ensuring adequate volume of urine for excreting waste, a liberal intake
of fluids is very essential. A daily fluid intake for 2.5 to 5 litres is desirable.
Fluids may be included in the form of beverages, soups, juices, plain water
etc.
Consistency
A high energy, high protein, full fluid diet is recommended in the beginning.
Small meals are given at frequent intervals of 2-3 hours. Sufficient intake of
fluids and salt should be ensured.
As soon as the fever comes down, a bland, low fibre, soft diet, which is
easily digested and absorbed should be given to the patient. Well cooked,
well mashed, sieved, bland, semisolid foods like khichdi, rice with curd,
kheers, custard may be given. Bland, readily digested food affords
physiological rest to the alimentary tract. In the beginning, small quantities
of food at
2-3 hours interval will provide adequate nutrition without overtaxing the
digestives system at any one time.
Foods to be used in restricted amount or avoided
High fibre foods like whole grain cereals and their products e.g. whole
wheat flour and cracked wheat, whole pulses and pulses with husk,
All raw vegetables and fruits excluding papaya and banana.
Fried fatty foods such as samosas, pakoras, halwas, ladoos etc.
Chemical irritants such as condiments, spices, pickles, relishes, chutneys
and strongly flavoured vegetables like cabbage, capsicum, turnip, raddish,
onion and garlic.
Foods to be included
Plenty of fluids like juices and soups.
Milk and milk based beverages.
Low fibre foods such as refined cereals and their products, dehusked
pulses, well cooked fruits, vegetables in soft and puree form and potatoes.
Foods providing proteins of high biologic value e.g. eggs, soft cheeses,
tender meats, fish, poultry etc.
Plain gelatin based desserts, sugars, honey, jam.
A Day's Sample Diet Plan for a Typhoid Patient
Personal Data
Age 8 years
Socio-economic MIG
Food habits Non-vegetarian
Recommended Dietary Allowances (ICMR, 1990)
Normal Modified
Energy 2190 kcal +10% = 2,420 kcal
Protein 54 g +50%=81g
Vitamin A 600 mg retinol
Vitamin C 40 mg.
Chronic fevertuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease and is one of the major causes of
illness and death in the underdeveloped countries as well as the deprived
sections of developed countries. Malnutrition resulting from poverty and
ignorance combined with unhygienic living conditions and poor sanitation
makes an individual susceptible to the infection. It is caused by a bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria most often affect the lungs,
leading to pulmonary tuberculosis.
Body Changes in Tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis is accompanied by wasting of tissues, exhaustion,
cough, expectoration and fever. It is characterized in the early stage by a
marked rise in body temperature, flushed face, increased circulation and
respiration, constant fatigue, loss of weight, cough and a general run down
condition. If the temperature rises above 39% C, the metabolic rate may
increase 20-30% above normal. In the acute stage, the disease is quite
similar to that of acute fevers. The chronic phase is accompanied by low
grade fever and therefore, increase in metabolic rate is not marked as in
typhoid. However, due to the long duration of illness, wasting of body
tissues may be considerable and there is a noticeable loss of muscle tissues.
Treatment
Rest, antibiotic therapy and fresh air along with nourishing food are the four
factors necessary to provide recovery from tuberculosis.
Dietary Treatment
Chronic fever leads to increased tissue breakdown and malnutrition.
Therefore, the objectives of dietary treatment are:
i) to reduce mortality by providing nutrients required by body's immune
mechanism,
ii) to prevent or control weakness and loss of weight, and
iii) to accelerate convalescence.
To achieve the above objectives, the following nutrient modifications are
made.
Energy
As the patient with chronic tuberculosis is undernourished and underweight,
energy needs are increased in order to minimize weight loss and achieve
desirable weight. Therefore, energy intake needs to be increased by 300-500
kcal/day above the normal intake.
Protein
In fevers of prolonged duration like tuberculosis, there is a considerable
wasting of body tissues. Serum albumin level is often low. Therefore, it is
essential to increase the protein intake. Protein foods of high biological
value should be included in the diet. About 1.2 to 1.5g of protein per kg
body weight per day must be given.
Carbohydrates and Fats
Enough carbohydrates should be included in the diet to meet the increased
energy requirement. An abundant amount of carbohydrate helps in sparing
proteins for tissue building. Too much fat should be avoided as it frequently
causes gastric upsets and diarrhoea.
Minerals
A liberal amount of calcium should be included in the diet to promote the
healing of tuberculin lesions. Therefore, some amount of milk should be
included in the daily diet. Iron supplementation may be necessary, if the
patient suffers from haemorrhages.
Vitamins
The diet should provide liberal amounts of all vitamins. Since the conversion
of Beta carotene to retinol in the intestinal mucosa is a adversely affected,
the diet should provide as much ratinal as possible by giving some amount of
milk and milk products, eggs and meat. Tuberculosis being an infectious
disease results in increased urinary loss of ascorbic acid. As ascorbic acid
helps in healing, additional amounts of ascorbic acid are therefore,
recommended in the diet.
For proper absorption of calcium, enough of vitamin D should be included,
as the energy needs increase. In addition, prolonged use of
chemotherapeutic agents used in treatment of tuberculosis may have an
adverse effect on the utilization of certain B-group vitamins.
Consistency and Feeding Pattern
During the acute stage of illness when fever is high, a high protein, high
energy full fluid diet as used for acute fevers is given. As improvement
occurs, this diet is progressed to a soft and then a regular diet. Most
patients have a poor appetite. Meals should be made simple, easily
digestible, well prepared and tempting to encourage the patient to eat. All
meals should have cereal-pulse combination with some amount of animal
protein e.g. khichdi with curd, sweet dalia with milk, Pushtik roti and curd
etc. Cheap sources of vitamin C, such as guavava, and sprouted pulses must
be given. Seasonal vegetables must be simply provided.

Description of Fever (febrile illness)

A fever is the body's way of reacting to something abnormal in the body. Fevers, on their own, aren't
bad for you unless they become too high or last too long though they can make you feel awful. The
cause of the fever is the bigger concern. Fevers may help the body fight infections but that should
not prevent a patient from trying to lower the temperature. Fevers can be caused by a number of
conditions including: infections, reactions to medications, reactions to blood transfusions, cancer, or
autoimmune diseases.

Reviewed by Harvard Medical School

Symptoms of Fever (febrile illness)

Elevated temperature, weakness, chills, sweats, uncontrollable shivering (rigors), dizziness, body
aches.

Reviewed by Harvard Medical School

Tests for Fever (febrile illness)

Workup
A history and physical exam will be performed. Lab and imaging tests may be performed to search
for a source of infection or other cause of fever.

What Is Acute Febrile Illness?

When the body is invaded by a foreign pathogen like a virus or bacteria, the immune system kicks
into gear and tries to fight the infection before it has a chance to spread. When this happens, the
body's temperature is elevated to try to kill off the pathogen, and this results in what we call
a fever. Acute febrile illness is when a fever develops suddenly; specifically, the body temperature
rises above 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 degrees Fahrenheit).

Causes
If you've ever been sick, you've probably experienced having a fever, and you know how hard it can
be to determine the underlying cause. Acute febrile illness can occur whenever the body is invaded
by some type of infectious disease, but it is especially worrisome in tropical and sub-tropical regions
where serious diseases loom. These can include malaria, dengue, typhoid, chikungunya,
Leptospirosis, scrub typhus, influenza, encephalitis, histoplasmosis, enteric fever, rickettsiosis,
Hantavirus, and many, many others. Specifically, the hypothalamus is the part of the brain
 responsible for regulating body temperature, and it may decide to elevate body temperature in
response to an infection.

Symptoms
In addition to causing elevated body temperature, acute febrile illness can be accompanied by
headaches, dizziness, sweats, chills, muscle pain, joint pain, and weakness. Sometimes it's also
affiliated with respiratory symptoms like coughing or wheezing. A fever in itself isn't necessarily
cause for alarm; however, it becomes problematic when the body temperature gets too high or lasts
for an extended amount of time.
In infants or very young children, fever may be accompanied by seizures (called febrile seizures).
These are generally harmless (although they can be very scary to witness), though it's
recommended to take children to the doctor the first time they experience a febrile seizure. They can
be recurring, so it's best to make sure they aren't indicative of a more serious cause.

Febrile Illness with

Uncertain Cause (Child)
Your child has a fever, but the cause is not certain. A fever is a natural reaction of the body to an
illness, such as infections due to a virus or bacteria. In most cases, the temperature itself is not
harmful. It actually helps the body fight infections. A fever does not need to be treated unless
your child is uncomfortable and looks and acts sick.

Home care

Keep clothing to a minimum because excess body heat needs to be lost through the skin. The
fever will increase if you dress your child in extra layers or wrap your child in blankets.
Fever increases water loss from the body. For infants under 1 year old, continue regular feedings
(formula or breastmilk). Between feedings, give oral rehydration solution. This is available from
grocery stores and drugstores without a prescription. For children 1 year or older, give plenty of
fluids, such as water, juice, soft drinks such as ginger ale or lemonade, or ice pops.
If your child doesnt want to eat solid foods, its OK for a few days, as long as he or she drinks
lots of fluids.
 Keep children with fever at home resting or playing quietly. Encourage frequent naps. Your child
may return to daycare or school when the fever is gone and he or she is eating well and feeling
better.
Periods of sleeplessness and irritability are common. If your child is congested, try having him or
her sleep with the head and upper body raised up. You can also raise the head of the bed frame
by 6 inches on blocks.
Monitor how your child is acting and feeling. If he or she is active and alert, and is eating and
drinking, there is no need to give fever medicine.
If your child becomes less and less active and looks and acts sick, and his or her temperature is
100.4F (38C) or higher, you may give acetaminophen. In infants 6 months or older, you may
use ibuprofen instead of acetaminophen. Note: If your child has chronic liver or kidney disease
or has ever had a stomach ulcer or gastrointestinal bleeding, talk with your childs healthcare
provider before using these medicines. Aspirin should never be given to anyone under 18 years
of age who is ill with a fever. It may cause severe liver damage.
Do not wake your child to give fever medicine. Your child needs sleep in order to get better.

Follow-up care

Follow up with your child's healthcare provider, or as advised, if your child isn't better after 2
days. If blood or urine tests were done, call as advised for the results.

When to seek medical advice

Unless your child's healthcare provider advises otherwise, call the provider right away if any of
these occur:

Your child is 3 months old or younger and has a fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher. (Get medical
care right away. Fever in a young baby can be a sign of a dangerous infection.)
Your child is younger than 2 years of age and has a fever of 100.4F (38C) that continues for
more than 1 day.
Your child is 2 years old or older and has a fever of 100.4F (38C) that continues for more than
3 days.
 Your child is of any age and has repeated fevers above 104F (40C).
Your baby is fussy or cries and cannot be soothed.
Your child is breathing fast, as follows:
o Birth to 6 weeks: more than 60 breaths per minute (breaths/minute)
o 6 weeks to 2 years: over 45 breaths/minute
o 3 to 6 years: over 35 breaths/minute
o 7 to 10 years: over 30 breaths/minute
o Older than 10 years: over 25 breaths/minute
Your child is wheezing or has difficulty breathing.
Your child has an earache, sinus pain, stiff or painful neck, or headache.
Your child has abdominal pain or pain that is not getting better after 8 hours.
Your child has repeated diarrhea or vomiting.
Your child shows unusual fussiness, drowsiness or confusion, weakness, or dizziness
Your child has a rash or purple spots
Your child shows signs of dehydration, including:
o No tears when crying
o Sunken eyes or dry mouth
o No wet diapers for 8 hours in infants
o Reduced urine output in older children
Your child feels a burning sensation when urinating
Your child has a convulsion (seizure)

Febrile Illness, Uncertain

Cause (Adult)
You have a fever, but the cause is not certain. A fever is a natural reaction of the body to an
illness such as infection due to a virus or bacteria. In most cases, the temperature itself is not
 harmful. It actually helps the body fight infections. A fever does not need to be treated unless
you feel very uncomfortable.

Sometimes a fever can be an early sign of a more serious infection, so make sure to follow up if
your condition worsens.

Home care

Unless given other instructions by your healthcare provider, follow these guidelines when caring
for yourself at home.

General care
If your symptoms are severe, rest at home for the first 2 to 3 days. When you resume activity,
don't let yourself get too tired.
Do not smoke. Also avoid being exposed to secondhand smoke.
Your appetite may be poor, so a light diet is fine. Avoid dehydration by drinking 6 to 8 glasses of
fluids per day (such as water, soft drinks, sports drinks, juices, tea, or soup). Extra fluids will
help loosen secretions in the nose and lungs.

Medicines
You can take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain, unless you were given a different fever-
reducing/pain medicine to use. (Note: If you have chronic liver or kidney disease or have ever
had a stomach ulcer or gastrointestinal bleeding, talk with your healthcare provider before using
these medicines. Also talk to your provider if you are taking medicine to prevent blood clots.)
Aspirin should never be given to anyone younger than 18 years of age who is ill with a viral
infection or fever. It may cause severe liver or brain damage.
If you were given antibiotics, take them until they are used up, or your healthcare provider tells
you to stop. It is important to finish the antibiotics even though you feel better. This is to make
sure the infection has cleared. Be aware that antibiotics are not usually given for a fever with an
unknown cause.
 Over-the-counter medicines will not shorten the duration of the illness. However, they may be
helpful for the following symptoms: cough, sore throat, or nasal and sinus congestion. Ask your
pharmacist for product suggestions. (Note: Do not use decongestants if you have high blood
pressure.)

Follow-up care

Follow up with your healthcare provider, or as advised.

If a culture was done, you will be notified if your treatment needs to be changed. You can call as
directed for the results.
If X-rays, a CT, or an ultrasound were done, a specialist will review them. You will be notified
of any findings that may affect your care.

Call 911

Contact emergency services right away if any of these occur:

Trouble breathing or swallowing, or wheezing

Chest pain
Confusion
Extreme drowsiness or trouble awakening
Fainting or loss of consciousness
Rapid heart rate
Low blood pressure
Vomiting blood, or large amounts of blood in stool
Seizure

When to seek medical advice

Call your healthcare provider right away if any of these occur:

 Cough with lots of colored sputum (mucus) or blood in your sputum
Severe headache
Face, neck, throat, or ear pain
Feeling drowsy
Abdominal pain
Repeated vomiting or diarrhea
Joint pain or a new rash
Burning when urinating
Fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, that does not get better after taking fever-reducing medicine
Feeling weak or dizzy