SUSTAINABILTY OF LOWLAND RICE FARMING IN BARANGAY, SINAWINGAN

LIBUNGAN NORTH COTABATO

Anisah A Tanggor

Thesis outline Submitted to the College of Agriculture and Fisheries

Cotabato City State Polytechnic College,
Cotabato City, in Partial Fulfillment
of the requirements for the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Agricultural Extension and Communication)

November 2017

i
 TRANSMITTAL

Thesis Outline attached hereto entitled SUSTAINABILTY OF LOWLAND RICE

FARMING IN BARANGAY SINAWINGAN, LIBUNGAN NORTH COTABATO prepared and
submitted by ANISAH A. TANGGOR in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Major in Agricultural Extension and Communication is hereby
accepted by

RHANEST S. TILENDO
Adviser

________________
Date

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture and Fisheries.

Perla P. Pasaol, Ph.D

BSA Chairman

________________
Date

ii
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The researcher was born in Barangay Banday , Marogong lanao del Sur on 23th May 1997.
She is the second daughter of Mrs. Sapia Angki and Mr. Masla Tanggor

She finished her Elementary education at Jose Abad Santos Central Elementary School,
Malabang Lanao Del Sur In the year 2006.She enrolled her secondary education at Malabang
National High School, Malabang Lanao Del Sur, and with the help of our almighty Allah, she
graduated in year 2014.

With her desire to achieve better and higher education with the help of their supportive parents
and to Almighty Allah, she pursued her College education at Cotabato City State Polytechnic
College, Cotabato City, taking up of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and Fisheries Major in
Extension and Communication.

Anisah A. Tanggor
Researcher

V
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa. As a cereal grain, it is the most widely
consumed staple food for large part of the worlds human population ,especially in Asia. It is the
agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production after the sugar cane and
maize.

Rice is one of the most important staple food crop of India for more than 2/3rd of its
population. The slogan Rice is life can be considered appropriate for our country as
this crop plays a vital role in our national food security and is a means of livelihood
for millions of rural households. Rice is one of the worlds largest cereal crop providing
the caloric need for millions of people. India produces 99.15 million tones rice (Anonymous,
2009 ) while China is first in rice production in the world (Anonymous, 2007). However ,
at the current rate of population growth, rice production has to enhance to about 120
million tons by 2020 (Survey of Indian Agriculture, 2005). Achieving this target is a
major challenge as this increase has to be attained simultaneously with shrinking
available land and water resources, scarce and costly labor and other inputs combined
with deteriorating environment and climate change. Insects are one of the major limiting
factors in agricultural production. Annually Rs. 6000 core worth of agricultural produce is
lost due to pests and diseases. They not only significantly affect quantity of the
commercial crops but its quality as well. Several insecticides and other chemicals were
developed and found effective against many insect pests. Evidence of resurgence in pest
population caused by development of resistance due to increased use of pesticides has
been reported. Use of synthetic pyretheroids in recent years caused a severe white fly
outbreak in cotton in Gujrat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Besides, most of the
insecticides are highly toxic to man and livestock and generally pollute the entire
environment. Persistent residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons are highly poisonous to
human beings and their traces have been recovered from vegetables, milk oil, butter,
meat and in mother's milk (Jayaraj, 1989).

1
The rice plant is a member of Poaceae (old Gramineae) family. The common cultivated rice
plant is an annual which usually grows to a height of a half meter or two meters but there are
certain varieties that grow much taller (6-9 metres). Some deep water rice varieties grow with
the gradual rise of the flood water level. Rice plant can be divided into main two parts namely
root system and shoot system.

2
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

General objective

The general objective of this study is to determine the Sustainability of rice farming in
Barangay Sinawingan, libungan North Cotabato

Specific objective

1. To determine the socio-economic profile of the lowland rice farmers in Barangay,

Sinawingan libungan North Cotabato

2. To determine the practices of rice farmers in Barangay, Sinawingan libungan North

Cotabato

3. To determine the techniques of rice farmers in Barangay, Sinawingan libungan North

Cotabato

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be limited only on the Sustainability of lowland rice farming in Barangay
Sinawingan, Libungan North Cotabato.

Time and location of the study

This study will be conducted in Barangay Sinawingan, Libungan North Cotabato. From January
2018 to March 2018

Operational Definition of Terms

Farming- is a growing crops or keeping animal by people for food and raw materials.

Farmers- (also called an agriculture) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organism
for food or raw materials.

Respondents -a person who answer the questionnaire given by the researcher

3
 CHAPTER III

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Rice is one of the most important staple food crop of India for more than 2/3of its
population. The slogan Rice is life can be considered appropriate for our country as
this crop plays a vital role in our national food security and is a means of livelihood
for millions of rural households. Rice is one of the worlds largest cereal crop providing
the caloric need for millions of people. India produces 99.15 million stone of rice
(Anonymous, 2009 ) while China is first in rice production in the world (Anonymous,
2007). However , at the current rate of population growth, rice production has to enhance
to about 120 million tons by 2020 (Survey of Indian Agriculture, 2005). Achieving this
target is a major challenge as this increase has to be attained simultaneously with
shrinking available land and water resources, scarce and costly labor and other inputs
combined with deteriorating environment and climate change.

Rice ( Oryza Sativa L. ) is the primary source of food for more than three billion people, it
is one of the worlds most important staple crops. Rice is consumed after cooking with
water. Other edible products include rice flakes, puffed rice, rice wafers and canned rice.
It is also used in starch and brewing industries. By the product of rice milling however, all the
above appears feasible as Indian Agriculture has advanced over the past decades and
technological achievements in Agricultural practices include the use of high yielding
varieties (HYVs), fertilizers, improved irrigation systems, new farming system and more
recently the introduction of hybrid rice. These technological changes while on one hand
have resulted in higher yield per unit area, but on other have posed problem in pest
and / diseases scenario which may include emergence of new pests/ diseases, changes
in severity of existing pests/ diseases in particular areas pests/ diseases from existing
into newer areas , etc. (Survey of Agriculture,2007).Insects are one of the major limiting
factors in agricultural production. Annually 6000 core worth of agricultural produce is lost
due to pests and diseases. They are not only significantly affect quantity of the commercial

4
crops but its quality as well. Several insecticides and other chemicals were developed
and found effective against many insect pests. Evidence of resurgence in pest population
caused by development of resistance due to increased use of pesticides has been
reported. Use of synthetic pyrethroids in recent years caused a severe white fly outbreak
in cotton in Gujrat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Besides, most of the insecticides
are highly toxic to man and livestock and generally pollute the entire environment.
Persistent residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons are highly poisonous to human beings
and their traces ha traces have been recovered from vegetables, milk oil, butter, meat
and in mother's milk (Jayaraj, 1989). The growing concern about the toxic effect of
these chemicals has created a need to develop suitable non - toxic and eco - friendly
bio pesticides as alternatives to such hazardous chemicals. Pest and diseases form a
major group of constraints in achieving the targeted grain yield in paddy (Dhan me IPM
2002- 2003) in India. The insect pest scenario in rice crop has undergone tremendous
change in the recent years and many pests of minor importance have started assuming
a major status. During the green revolution in the sixties and seventies, leaf and plant
hoppers, Grass Hoppers, Stem Borers, and Bugs became important pests, most notably
the leaf hoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), the Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) and Sogatella
furcifera (Horvath), and the Green Leaf Hopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens (Distant),
Kharif Grass Hoppers Hieroglyphus banian, Yellow Stem Borer Scripophaga incertulas
(Walker), White Stem Borer Scripophaga Innolala (walker), Pink Stem Borer Sesamia
inference (Walker) Rice Gundhi Bug Leptocorisa acuta, Rice Hispa Beetle Dicladispa
armigera. Other insect pest of rice are Rice Gall Midge Orselia oryzae (Wood- Mason)
(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the rice leaf folder complex of which three have attained pest
status: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee), Marasmia patnalis Bradley and M. exigua
(Butler) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), pentatomid bugs, Rice Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae),
rice caseworm Nymphula depunctalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and whorl maggot
flies (several species of the genus Hydrellia (Diptera: Ephydridae) (Pahthak and Khan
1994). In Allahabad region mostly found pests on rice crop include Yellow Stem Borer
(Scripophaga incertulas), Kharif Grass Hoppers (Hieroglyphus banian), Rice Hispa Beetles
(Dicladispa armigera), Rice Gundhi Bugs (Leptocorisa acuta) and Brown Plant Hopper .
Yellow Stem Borers are major insect pests of rice widely distributed throughout in India.

5
An average loss of 100 500 kg of paddy per hectare has been reported. In Rice Gundhi Bug
(Leptocorisa acuta) (thumb), both nymphs and adults are destructive to the crop, even
though the damage by nymphs is more severe (Dale, 1994). Kharif Grass Hoppers
(Hieroglyphus banian) (Fabricius) start feeding on the crop just after emergence and fully
develop s within 3 weeks. The adults are seen feeding voraciously during August and
September. The Rice Hispa Beetle (Dicladispa armigera) (Oliver), feeds on the green
matter of the tender leaves producing the characteristic narrow white lines on them
(Ashoken and Pathak 2000).

A considerable proportion of the rice crop is also damaged each year due to diseases
caused by various bacteria, fungi and viruses. Several disease include brown leaf spot
(Helminthosporium oryzae), leaf blast (Pyricularia oryzae), sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani),
bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) are most serious diseases of
irrigated rice. Bacterial leaf blight oc curs in both the first and second cropping seasons.
Rice crop is affected by brown leaf spot, blast, sheath blight, foot rot, stem rot, bunt
and smut. Brown leaf spot is the major constraint in rice production in India. Losses
due to brown leaf spot have been estimated to be 6.15 million tones in eastern part of
India. This disease occurs in all rice growing regions in the world (Prasadet al., 1998).
Major outbreak was Bengal famine of 1942- 43 when losses up to 90 per cent were
recorded (Ghose et al., 1960). In India, the disease is prevalent in all rice growing
areas including West Bengal, part of U.P., Assam, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, (Ou, 1985).
The brown leaf spot causes blight of seedling. In mature plants, leaf spotting is the
most common symptom of the disease, which is brown in colour. The pathogen
perpetuates through seed, soil and on some weed hosts and secondary infection by air-
borne conidia also occurs (Biswas et al. 2008).

6
 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research part present the research methodology which includes research design,
respondents, research instrument, gathering data and statistics analysis.

Research Design

The descriptive survey methods will be used in this study. The descriptive design is
appropriate in this study since the profile of the respondents, Sustainability of lowland rice
farming and their practices will be described.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be the lowland rice farmers in Barangay Sinawingan,
Libungan North Cotabato. They will be chosen through simple random sampling.

Research Instrument

The survey schedule will be used in this study to gathered the necessary data from the
respondents. The instrument is composting of three parts. Part I will be determining the socio
economic profile of the respondents. Part II their techniques of rice planting and part III will be
focused on their practices.

Data Gathering Procedure

Primarily date will be gathered through personal interview/survey with the respondents,
however, before the conducting interview/survey, I will send a letter first as a permission to
inform them about the aforementioned activity. Secondly data will be gathered to the employees
who have helped to finding this study.

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 DUMMY TABLE

TABLE1. The socio-demographic profile of the lowland rice farmers

PROFILE FREQUENCY PRECENTAGE

Name;

Age;

Gender: Male

Female

Marital Status

Single

Married

Divorced

Window

Tribal Affiliation:

Iranun

Maguindanaon

Maranao

Bisaya

Ilonggo

Others, please specify__________________________

Total

8
TABLE1. Continued

PROFILE FREQUENCY PRECENTAGE

Religion Affiliation

Islam

Catholic

Others, please specify_________________

Educational Attainment:

No School

Elementary

Secondary level

College level

College Graduate

Source of Income

Business

Rice Farming

Monthly Income

Land Tenure

Owner

Rent

Number of Hectares Cultivated____________________

Numbers of years Farming________________________

TOTAL

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TABLE2. Practices of lowland rice farmers in Barangay Sinawingan, Libungan Nort Cotabato.

VARIABLES FREQUENCY PRECENTAGE

Practices of rice farmers

1. Land preparation
2. Transplanting
3. Direct seeding
4. Harvesting

TOTAL

10
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES PAGE

Title Page ... i

Transmittal ii

Approval Sheet .. . iii

Table of Contents. . iv

Biographical Data v

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION .. 1-2

Objective of the Study .... 3

Scope and limitation of the Study . 3

Time and Place of the Study 3

Operational of Definition Terms 3

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 4-6

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 7

Research Designed 7

Respondent of the Study 7

Research Instrument .. 7

Dummy Table .. 8-10

Questionnaire 11-12

iv
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled SUSTAINABILITY OF LOWLAND RICE FARMING IN BARANGAY,

SINAWINGAN, LIBUNGAN NORTH COTABATO, prepared and submitted by ANISAH A.
TANGGOR for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and Fisheries Major in
Agricultural Extension and Communication has passed the standard set by the Cotabato City
State Polytechnic College, College of Agriculture has been successfully defended before this
panel of examiners.

RHANEST S. TELINDO
Adviser
_______________
Date

Perla P. Pasaol, Ph. D.

Chairman
______________
Date

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture and Fisheries .

ZAINODIN M. KUSIN, Ph. D.

Dean, College of Agriculture

_________________
Date

iii
 SUSTAINABILITY OF LOWLAND RICE FARMING IN BARANGAY SINAWINGAN,
LIBUNGAN NORTH COTABATO

SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE

Part I- Socio-demographic profile of the respondents in Barangay Sinawingan, Libungan North

Cotabato

Instruction: Please fill up the space provided in the test questionnaire honestly.

1. Name: (Optional) ____________________________

2. Age: ( ) below 20 ( ) 21-30 ( ) 31-40

( ) 41- 50 ( ) 51- 60 ( ) 60 Above

3. Civil Status ( ) Single ( ) Married ( ) Separated

( ) Window

4. Tribe afflation: ( ) Maranao ( ) Maguindanaon ( ) Iranun

( ) Ilonggo ( ) Tedoray Others, please Specify____________

Part II- Practices of the rice farmers in Barangay Sinawingan, Libungan North Cotabato.

1. What practices did you used?

( ) Direct Seeding ( ) Transplanting

Why? _________________________

2. Did you practice land leveling after harrowing before the wet season?

( ) Yes ( ) No

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3. Did you use other method for controlling pest?

( ) Yes ( ) No

4. How did you manage the weeds in your farm?

( ) Manual Weeder ( ) Use of Herbicides ( ) Hand Weeding

Why?

5.