2-Axial Loading (March2012) PDF

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies
V{tx E
Axial Loading
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 1

Introduction
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the

structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics analyses
alone are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member forces

and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

consideration of deformations in the member.
Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial

loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.

Saint-Venants Principle
Saint-Venants Principle states that both

localized deformation and stress tend to
even out at a distance sufficiently
removed from these regions.

Normal Strain under Axial Loading
P 2P P P
= = stress = = =
A 2A A A
2
= = normal strain = = =
L L 2L L

Stress-Strain Test
rutlandplastics.co.uk
www.tensilkut.com
deeshaimpex.com Tensile Test Machines & Specimens

Stress-Strain Test: Ductile Materials
necking
rupture
Test specimen with tensile load -

elongation occurs until necking
and rupture.

Stress-Strain Test: Brittle Materials
Pottery, glass, and cast iron

Material that breaks suddenly under
stress at a point just beyond its elastic
limit
Brittle materials may also break
suddenly when given a sharp knock

Deformations of Members under Axial Loading
From Hookes Law:

P
= E = =
E AE
From the definition of strain:

=
L
Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
=
AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
= i i
i Ai Ei

Example 2.1
75 k 45 k
30 k
STEPS:
Divide the rod into components at the

120 mm 120 mm 200 mm
load application points.
E = 200 GPa Apply a free-body analysis on each
D = 100mm d = 50mm
component to determine the internal
force
Determine the deformation of the
Evaluate the total of the component
steel rod shown under the given
deflections.
loads.

SOLUTION:
Apply free-body analysis to each component to
Divide the rod into three
determine internal forces,
components:
P1 = 30kN
A B C
D 30 k
P2 = 15kN
P3 = 60kN
75 k 45 k
30 k
P1 Evaluate total deflection,
45 k
30 k
P2 PL 1 PL P L P L
= i i
= 1 1+ 2 2 + 3 3
i Ai Ei E A1 A2 A3
75 k 45 k
30 k 1 ( 30 103 ) 0.12 ( 15 103 ) 0.12 ( 60 103 ) 0.2
P3 = + +
200 109 7.854 103 7.854 103 1.96 103
= 3.1758 105 m
L1 = L2 = 120mm L3 = 200mm
A1 = A2 = 7.854 10-3 m 2 A3 = 1.96 103 m 2 = 3.1758 105 m

Example 2.2
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB

and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa)

and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2.
Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and
has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the

deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

Solution Displacement of B:
Free body: Bar BDE PL
B =
AE
=
( 60 103 N )(0.3 m )
(500 10-6 m2 )(70 109 Pa )
= 514 10 6 m
B = 0.514 mm
Displacement of D:
MB = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.6 m ) + FCD 0.2 m D =
PL
AE
FCD = +90 kN tension
=
(90 103 N )(0.4 m )
MD = 0 (600 10-6 m2 )(200 109 Pa )
0 = (30 kN 0.4 m ) FAB 0.2 m
= 300 10 6 m
FAB = 60 kN compression
D = 0.300 mm

Displacement of D:
BB BH
=
DD HD
0.514 mm ( 200 mm) x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm
EE HE
=
DD HD
E
=
( 400 + 73.7) mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
E =1.928 mm
E = 1.928mm

Statically Indeterminate Problems
Structures for which internal forces and reactions

cannot be determined from statics alone are said to
be statically indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever

it is held by more supports than are required to
maintain its equilibrium.

Statically Indeterminate Problems
Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible
deformations.
Deformations due to actual loads and

redundant reactions are determined
separately and then added or superposed.
= L +R = 0

Example 2.3
Determine the reactions at A and B for the

steel bar and loading shown, assuming a
close fit at both supports before the loads are
applied.

Example 2.3
STEPS:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant,

release the bar from that support, and solve
for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads.
Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.
Require that the displacements due to the

loads and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be
zero.
Solve for the reaction at A due to applied

loads and the reaction found at B.

Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads with

the redundant constraint released,
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600103 N P4 = 900103 N
A1 = A2 = 400106 m2 A3 = A4 = 250106 m2
L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125109
L = =
A
i i iE E
Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant
constraint,
P1 = P2 = RB
A1 = 400 10 6 m 2 A2 = 250 10 6 m 2
L1 = L2 = 0.300 m
R =
Pi Li
=
( )
1.95 103 RB
A
i i iE E

Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to

the redundant reaction be compatible,
= L +R = 0
=
(
1.125109 1.95103 RB
=0
)
E E
RB = 577 103 N = 577 kN
Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B
Fy = 0 = R A 300 kN 600 kN + 577 kN

R A = 323 kN
RA = 323 kN
RB = 577 kN

Example 2.3 (Alternative solution)
Establish FBD and equation of Apply sectioning method for each

equilibrium for bar AB. segment.
RA
RA RA RA RA RA
( ) Fy = 0;
RA + RB = 300 + 600 1

300 kN 300 kN
300 kN
P1
900 kN P2
900 kN 900 kN
P3
RB P4
RB
P1 = RA
P2 = RA 300
P3 = RA 300
Fy = 0
P4 = RA 900

Example 2.3 (Alternative solution)
Concentrate on total deformation

of bar and solve RA.
T = 1 +2 +3 +4 = 0
PL + PL + PL + PL = 0
AE 1 AE 2 AE 3 AE 4

0.15 RA RA 300
RA 300
RA 900

+ + + =0

E 250106 250106 400106 400106

RA = 323.1kN Ans.
Substitute into equation 1 to solve RB.
RB = 900 321.1= 577kN Ans.

Example 2.4
The A-36 steel rod shown has a diameter of 5 mm.

It is attached to the fixed wall at A, and before it is
loaded there is a gap between the wall at and the
rod of 1 mm. Determine the reactions at A and B.
Solution
Consider the support at B as redundant
and using principle of superposition,
+ 0.001 = p B

Example 2.4
Thus, By substituting into compatibility equation,
PL
P = AC = ( )
20 103 ( 0.4 )
0.001 = 0.002037 0.3056 106 FB ( )
AE
( )
( 0.0025 ) 200 109
( )
FB = 3.39 103 = 3.39 kN (Ans)
= 0.002037 m
FB LAB FB (1.2 )
B = = From the free-body diagram,
AE
( )
( 0.0025 ) 200 109

( )
= 0.3056 106 FB
+ F x = 0;
FA + 20 3.39 = 0
FA = 16.6 kN (Ans)

Problems Involving Temperature Changes
A temperature change results in a change in length or

thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply

the principle of superposition.
PL
T = ( T ) L ; P =
AE
= thermalexpansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
= T + P = 0 = T + P = 0
PL P = AE ( T )
( T ) L + =0
AE P
= = E ( T )
A

Example 2.5
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N
at 20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.

Example 2.5
Apply the total deformation formula Get the diameter considering

and obtain the area of the rod. formula for area.
1 2
= T + st d = 137.36
4
L PL
= L ( T ) + d = 13.22 mm Ans.
E AE
P
= E ( T ) +
A
( )
130 = 11.7 106 ( 200000 )( 20 20 ) +
5000
A
A = 137.36 mm 2

Example 2.6
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three

posts made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6
aluminum. The posts each have a length of
250 mm when no load is applied to the bar,
and the temperature is T1 = 20C.
Determine the force supported by each post
if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is
raised to T2 = 80C.

Example 2.6
Solution
From free-body diagram we have The final position of the top of each
post is equal to its displacement
+ F y = 0; caused by the temperature increase
( )
2 Fst + Fal 90 103 = 0 (1)
and internal axial compressive force.
The top of each post is displaced by

an equal amount and hence, ( + ) st = ( st )T + ( st ) F
( + ) al = ( al )T + ( al ) F
( + ) st = al (2)

Applying Eq. 2 gives
( st )T + ( st )F = ( st )T + ( al )F
With reference from the material properties, we have
Fst (0.25) Fal (0.25)

[ ( )]
12 10 6 (80 20)(0.25) + = [ ( )]
6
( )( ) +
[ ( )]
(0.02)2 200 109
23 10 80 20 0.25
(0.03)2 73.1 109 [ ( )]
( )
Fst = 1.216 Fal 165.9 103 (3)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields
Fst = 16.4 kN and Fal = 123 kN (Ans)

Supplementary Problem 2
1. An aluminium tube is fastened between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the value of P that will not exceed a
maximum overall deformation of 2 mm or a stress in the steel of 140 MPa, in the
aluminium of 80 MPa, or in bronze of 120 MPa. Assume that the assembly is suitably
braced to prevent buckling. [P = 18 kN]
0.6 m 1.0 m 0.8 m
2P
3P
P 4P
Bronze Aluminium Steel
A = 450 mm2 A = 600 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 83 GPa E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
D 1.2 m C
2. The assembly consists of three titanium (Ti-6A1-
ACD = 600 mm2
4V) rods and a rigid bar AC. The cross-sectional 0.6 m
AEF = 1200 mm2
area of each rod is given in the figure. If a force 0.3 m F
E
of 30 kN is applied to the ring F, determine the
AAB = 900 mm2 0.3 m
horizontal displacement of point F. [0.3403 mm]
B 1.8 m A

L
3. A homogeneous rod of constant cross
a b
section is attached to unyielding supports.
R1 R2
It carries an axial load P applied as shown P
in Fig. below. Prove that the reactions are

given by R1 = Pb/L and R2 = Pa/L.
500 mm 250 mm 350 mm

4. The composite bar as shown is stress-free
before the axial loads P1 and P2 are
P1
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid, P2
calculate the stress in each material if P1 =

Aluminium Steel Bronze
150 kN and P2 = 90 kN. A = 900 mm2 A = 2000 mm2 A = 1200 mm2
E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa E = 83 GPa
[Al: 86.22 MPa;St: 36.2 MPa; Br: 135.3 MPa]

5. A rigid block of mass M is supported by

three symmetrically spaced rods as shown.
Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2;
E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70
MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200
mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable
stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest
mass M which can be supported.[M = 22358.4 kg]
6. The assembly has the diameters and 1.2 m 1.8 m 0.9 m
material make-up indicated. If it fits securely

between its fixed supports when the A D
temperature is T1 = 20C, determine the B C

Aluminium Bronze Stainless Steel
average normal stress in each material E = 70 GPa E = 83 GPa E = 200 GPa
= 300 mm = 200 mm = 100 mm
when the temperature reaches T2 = 40C. = 23 x 10-6 1/oC = 17 x 10 1/ C = 17 x 10-6 1/oC
-6 o
[Al: 15.05 MPa; Br: 33.85 MPa; SSt: 135.4 MPa]

7. The two circular rod segments, one of
aluminum and the other of copper, are fixed 0.2 mm
to the rigid walls such that there is a gap of
Copper Aluminium
0.2 mm between them when T1 = 15C.
What larger temperature T2 is required in 100 mm 200 mm
Copper Aluminium
order to just close the gap? Each rod has a E = 126 GPa E = 70 GPa
diameter of 30 mm . Determine the average =17(10-6)/oC = 24 (10-6)/oC
normal stress in each rod if T2 = 95C.

[45.77oC; 87.65 MPa each]
8. Four steel bars jointly support a mass of 15

A B C D
Mg as shown in diagram. Each bar has a
60o
cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. Find the
45o 45o
load carried by each bar after a
temperature rise of 50C. Assume = 11.7
m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa. 15
Mg
[PA=PC=21.024 kN; PB=PD=66.64 kN]

Previous Exam Questions
APR2010/MEC411/KJM454
Figure Q1 shows an assembly consisting of 0.5 mm
an aluminium rod (L = 300mm) and steel
Aluminium Steel
rod (L = 250mm) at room temperature
300 mm 250 mm
(30oC). A 0.5 mm gap exists between the Aluminium Steel
A = 1806 mm2 A = 774 mm2
ends of the rods. Determine (i) the normal E = 72 GPa E = 200 GPa
=23.9(10-6)/oC = 17.3 (10-6)/oC
stress in the aluminium rod, and (ii) the
Figure Q1
change in length of the aluminium rod when
the temperature has reached 70oC.
[=0; AL=0.287 mm]

OCT2010/MEC411/KJM454
A rigid beam AB rests on the two short round posts shown in Figure Q1(b). Post AC is made
of steel and has a cross-sectional area of A mm2 and post BD is made of aluminium and has
a cross-sectional area of 2A mm2 (twice the area of post AC). A vertical load of 90 kN is
applied on the middle of the beam. [AF = BF = L mm]. Determine ;
a) the internal forces of the posts, [FBD = FBC = 45 kN]
b) the displacement of the top of each post (point A and point B) as a function of area, A.
(Youngs Modulus, Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa) [A = 0.0675/A; B = 0.096/A]
c) the displacement of point F on beam AB. [F = 0.08175/A]
Figure Q1(b)

APR2011/MEC411/KJM454
The assembly shown in Figure Q2(b) consists of an A-36 steel rod AB and a 6061-T6
aluminum rod BC, each having a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the applied loads P1 and
P2 if end C is displaced 2.5 mm to the right and B is displaced 1 mm to the left when the
loads are applied. The unstretched length of each segment is as shown in the figure.
Neglect the size of the rigid connection at B. (Take Esteel = 200 GPa, Ealuminum = 70 GPa)
[P1 = 96.2 kN; P2 = 126.6 kN]
Figure Q2(b)

JUN2011/MEC411/KJM454
A rigid bar EB is loaded with P = 10 kN supported by two cables C and D that are fixed to a
rigid wall and pinned at E to a fixed wall as shown in Figure Q1(b). Determine the stresses
at both cables C and D. [C = 163.6 MPa; D = 436.5 MPa]
If the cable D shown in Figure Q1 (b) failed, will the cable C able to sustain the load
applied? (The geometry and mechanical properties of both cables C and D are listed in the
box.)
Cable C
D
Length 100 mm
C Diameter 10 mm
Elastic Modulus 100 GPa
E B
Yield Strength, Sy 300 MPa
Cable D
P Length 150 mm
a a a Diameter 5 mm
Elastic Modulus 200 GPa
Figure Q1 (b)

JAN2012/MEC411/KJM454
The composite bar in Figure Q2(b) is stress-free before the axial loads F1 and F2 are
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid, compute the stress in steel if F1 = 150 kN and F2
= 90 kN. Given the cross-sectional area of aluminium is 900 mm2, 2000 mm2 for steel and
1200 mm2 for bronze. Use Ealuminium = 70 GPa, Esteel = 200 GPa, and Ebronze = 83 GPa.
[36.2 MPa]
Steel
Aluminium Bronze
F1 F2
500 mm 250 mm 350 mm
Figure Q2(b)

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies

Materials for this chapter are taken from :

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 1

Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the

Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member forces

Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 2

Saint-Venants Principle states that both

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 3

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 4

deeshaimpex.com Tensile Test Machines & Specimens

Stress-Strain Test: Ductile Materials

Test specimen with tensile load -

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 6

Stress-Strain Test: Brittle Materials

Pottery, glass, and cast iron

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 7

Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

From Hookes Law:

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 8

Divide the rod into components at the

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 9

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 10

The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa)

For the 30-kN force shown, determine the

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 11

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 12

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 13

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Structures for which internal forces and reactions

A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 14

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Redundant reactions are replaced with

Deformations due to actual loads and

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 15

Determine the reactions at A and B for the

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 16

Consider the reaction at B as redundant,

Solve for the displacement at B due to the

Require that the displacements due to the

Solve for the reaction at A due to applied

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 17

Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads with

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 18

Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to

Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

Fy = 0 = R A 300 kN 600 kN + 577 kN

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 19

Example 2.3 (Alternative solution)

Establish FBD and equation of Apply sectioning method for each

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 20

Example 2.3 (Alternative solution)

Concentrate on total deformation

Substitute into equation 1 to solve RB.

RB = 900 321.1= 577kN Ans.

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 21

The A-36 steel rod shown has a diameter of 5 mm.

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ch 2 - 22