Chapter 1

Algebra
Prepared by:

Mohsen Y. Mansour
B.Sc. in Aeronautical Engineering, MTC
M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering, Mans. Uni.
Math & Science Teacher Career Certificate, AUC
Phone No. 01009387559 - 01011800408
 Syllabus
Background Algebra.

Linear Equations.

Changing the Subject of a Formula.

Quadratic Equations.

Equations That Cannot be Factorized.

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 Syllabus
The Graphs of Quadratic Equations.

The Quadratic Formula.

Simultaneous Equations.

Inequalities.

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 Background

Algebra

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 Collecting Terms

Removing Brackets

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 Factorization

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 Multiplication

Fractions
Finding Common Dominator

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 Cancelling

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 Linear

Equations

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 Variable

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 Since the numbers 2 and 3 appear on the bottom line, multiply through by 6 which
cancels both of them.

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 Changing the Subject
of
An Formula

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 An equation like this is often called a formula.

The variable A is called the subject of this formula because it only appears once
on its own on the left-hand side.

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 Quadratic

Equations

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 Quadratic Factorization

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 SOLUTION
First you look for two numbers that can be added to give 2 and multiplied to
give 24:

6 + 4 = 2 6 (+4) = 24.

How to check your answer

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 How to check your answer

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 Perfect Square

Difference of
Two Squares

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 Coefficient of

Steps
Start by multiplying the two outside numbers together
6 (12) = 72
Now look for two numbers which add to give +1 (the coefficient of
x) and multiply to give 72 (the number found above).
(+9) + (8) = +1 (+9) (8) = 72
Splitting the middle term gives

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 Solving

Quadratic Equations

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 This is a quartic equation (its highest power of x is 4)

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 Solving Equations
cannot be
Factorized

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 In the case of x2 6x + 2, for example, it is not possible to find two whole numbers
which add to give 6 and multiply to give +2.

Graphical Solution
To solve the equation x2 6x + 2 = 0 ,We draw the graph of y = x2 6x + 2
then we find the value of x at the point of graph intersection with x axis as
y = 0.

X is between 0.3 and 0.4 so approximately 0.35, or

between 5.6 and 5.7 so approximately 5.65.

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 Completing the Square

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 The Graphs
of
Quadratic Functions

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 = +
= + +
= ( ) +

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 The Quadratic

Formula

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 As you can see, the graph does not cut the x axis and so there is indeed no
real solution to this equation.

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 The discriminant, b2 4ac

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 Simultaneous

Equations

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 Simultaneous equations means you need to solve two or more equations
simultaneously.

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 This expression for d is now substituted in the other equation,
4h + 3d = 36, giving

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 This expression for d is now substituted in the other equation,
4h + 3d = 36, giving

Therefore a hen costs $6 and a duck $4

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 the graphs of the two equations, 6h + d = 40 and 4h + 3d = 36.
As you can see, they intersect at the solution, h = 6 and d = 4.

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 Non-Linear Simultaneous Equations

A linear equation in, say, x and y contains only terms in x and y and a constant
term. So 7x + 2y = 11 is linear.

7x2 + 2y = 11 is not linear, since it contains a term in x2

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 Inequalities

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 It is actually the case that multiplying or dividing by a negative number
reverses the inequality, but you may prefer to avoid the difficulty, as shown in
the examples below.

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