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Receiver
H.V. Le 1 , H.T. Duong 2 , C.M. Ta 1 , A.T. Huynh 1 , R. J. Evans 1,2 , E. Skadas 1,2
1
NICTA Victoria Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
2
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
Email: hoangviet.le@nicta.com.au
I. I NTRODUCTION
Today, automotive radar systems are widely installed in radio receiver. With the motivation to develop a low cost,
many transportation vehicles to assist driving safely and high integration radar transceiver, this paper presents a
easily. These systems provide driver information about design of LNA operating in 76-77 GHz band.
distance between the vehicle and any other vehicles as
well as obstacles present on the road. The radar systems II. C IRCUITS D ESIGN
can take a further step into automatically controlling
the accelerate/brake system of the vehicles to avoid any The LNAs circuit topology is usually based on 3 com-
crashing accidents. The transceiver for such automotive mon structures: common gate (CG), common source (CS),
radar system operates in the band of 76-77 GHz frequency. and cascode amplier. However, to achieve high gain,
There has been work developing the radar transceiver two structures (shown in Fig. 1) can be adopted in LNA
for this operating frequency [1]-[3], and many of them design: CS and cascode topology. Although the cascode
are realized in SiGe Bipolar technology due to its robust, structure has the advantages of bandwidth improvement,
well-modeled, high frequency operating in comparison input-output isolation, and high output impedance, it is
with CMOS technology. However it is expensive and not adopted in this design since it has more transistors, i.e.
challenging to integrate SiGe Bipolar analog components more noise sources than the CS structure does. And at 77
with digital parts implemented CMOS. There is a desire GHz, the gain provided by the CS transistor of the cascode
to provide cheap radar system for every single vehicle structure is not high, as a result the noise contributed by
on the road. CMOS technology is attractive due to its the cascode transistor is signicant [1], [4], and [7]. So
low cost, higher level of integrability, and technology the CS topology is chosen for this LNA design.
scaling. However, in CMOS technology, the maximum The simplied schematic of the proposed 5 stage LNA
unity current gain frequency fT is much lower than that of is shown in Fig. 2. In the rst stage, the transistor (M1 )
bipolar technology. Therefore, developing the transceiver bias is set to optimal N Fmin current density, which is
working at 77 GHz in CMOS is very challenging [4]-[6]. 0.2 mA/m in this process. The optimal nger width to
In the receiver, the low noise amplier (LNA) is typically maximize fmax is chosen and equal to 1 m. Then the
the rst block and its performance dominates the receivers number of ngers is selected to match the optimal noise
sensitivity [4], [5]. Thus, it is a key block in building a impedance, which is 20 ngers [2]. Thus, the transistors
978-1-4673-2305-5/12/$31.00 2012
c IEEE 174
S+ S+ S+ S+ S+
7S/S
S+ 7LQ/*
S+ RXW
LQ 0 0 0 0 0
P P P P P
&SDG
=,1 7V/6 7V
S+ S+
total width is 20 m with minimum channel length of T Ls in the proposed LNA (Fig. 2) is 80 Ohm except Tp .
65 nm. The degeneration and gate matching inductors LS Because Tp is also the ESD path for the input gate of
and LG are added to bring the input impedance of the CS the LNA, its width is made wider to reduce resistance, its
transistor M1 to match 50 Ohm source impedance. The characteristic impedance is 50 Ohm.
input impedance can be expressed by (1) [2], [8]:
LQ RXW
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
NICTA is funded by the Australian Government as
represented by the Department of Broadband, Communica-
tions and the Digital Economy and the Australian Research
Council through the ICT Centre of Excellence program.
R EFERENCES
Fig. 3. Simulated and measured S parameters of the proposed
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mA from 1.2 V supply. The proposed LNA can be adopted
for automotive radar receiver.