EXAMPLE 2-1

A car having a mass of 1500 kg is slowed from 50 km/h to 30 km/h.

What is the change in its kinetic energy if g =9.81 m/s2 ?
Solution
The cars initial kinetic energy is mV2/2. Therefore,

K.E = 1500kg x 50 x 1000m/h

2 3600 s/h

=144 676 J =144.68 kJ

After slowing down, we have

K.E = mV2 = 1500 kg x 30 x 1000 m/h

2 2 3600s/h
= 52 083 J = 52.08 kJ

The change in kinetic energy therefore is

K.E = 144.68 52.08 = 92.6 kJ

1
EXAMPLE 2-2
A body has a mass of 10 kg and falls freely from rest. After falling 10 m, what
will its kinetic energy be? Also, what will its velocity be just before impact?
Neglect air fraction.

Solution
Because there are no losses in the system, we conclude that the initial potential
energy plus the initial kinetic energy must equal the sum of the final potential
energy plus the kinetic energy. Therefore,

P.E1 + K.E1 = P.E2 + K.E2 .(a)

2
By selecting our reference plane as shown above, K.E.1 = 0 and
P.E.2= 0. equation (a) reduces to

P.E.1 = K.E.2.(b)

Substituting the data of the problem into equation (b) gives

10 kg x 9.81 m/s2 x 10 m = 10 kg x V2 (m/s)2

2
Solving yields,

V2 = (2 x 9.81 x 10)
and V2 = 14.0 m/s

Note that this result is independent of the mass of the body. The kinetic
energy is readily found from Equation (b) to be equal to 10 kg x
9.81 m/s2 x 10 m = 981 N.m.
3
EXAMPLE 2-3
Consider a person standing in breezy room at 200C. Determine the total rate of
heat transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the average
outer surface temperature of the person are 1.6m2 and 290C and the
convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/ m2.C.

4
Solution

Qconv hATs Tf
61.629 20
86.4W

Qrad A Ts 4 Tsurr4

0.95 5.67 10 8 1.629 2734 20 2734
81.7W

Qtotal Qconv Qrad

86.4 81.7
168.1W

5
Example 2-4

Heat can be transferred in three ways. Explain what are they?

Solution
Conduction
The transfer of energy from the energetic particles to the adjacent less
energetic ones. It can occur in solids, liquids, or gases.

Convection
Heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas in motion
and involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Radiation
Energy emitted by a matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (photons)

6
Example 2-5

A fluid contained in a piston-cylinder device receives 500 kJ of electrical work as the

gas expands against the piston and does 600 kJ of boundary work on the piston.
What is the net work done by the fluid?

Wele =500 kJ Wb=600 kJ

Wnet Wnet Wb
other

Wnet Wout Win , ele Wb

other

Wnet 0 500 kJ 600 kJ

Wnet 100 kJ

7
Example 2-6
A system receives 5 kJ of heat transfer and experiences a decrease in energy in the
amount of 5 kJ. Determine the amount of work done by the system.

E= -5 kJ
Qin =5 kJ Wout=?

System
Boundary

We apply the first law as Ein Eout Esystem

Ein Qin 5 kJ
Eout Wout
Esystem 5 kJ
Eout Ein Esystem
Wout 5 5 kJ
Wout 10 kJ

The work done by the system equals the energy input by heat plus the
8
decrease in the energy of the working fluid.
Example 2-7

A steam power plant operates on a thermodynamic cycle in which water circulates

through a boiler, turbine, condenser, pump, and back to the boiler. For each kilogram
of steam (water) flowing through the cycle, the cycle receives 2000 kJ of heat in the
boiler, rejects 1500 kJ of heat to the environment in the condenser, and receives 5 kJ
of work in the cycle pump. Determine the work done by the steam in the turbine, in
kJ/kg.
Qnet Wnet Ecycle
The first law requires for a
thermodynamic cycle Qnet Wnet
Qin Qout Wout Win
Wout Qin Qout Win
W Q
Let w and q
m m
wout qin qout win
kJ
wout 2000 1500 5
kg
kJ
wout 505 9
kg
Example 2-8

Air flows into an open system and carries energy at the rate of 300 kW. As the air
flows through the system it receives 600 kW of work and loses 100 kW of energy by
heat transfer to the surroundings. If the system experiences no energy change as
the air flows through it, how much energy does the air carry as it leaves the system,
in kW?

System sketch:
Q out

Open
E mass , in System
E mass , out

Win
Conservation of Energy:

E in E out E system
E mass ,in Win E mass , out Q out E system 0
E mass ,out E mass , in Win Q out
E mass ,out 300 600 100 kW 800 kW 10
Example 2-9

In example 2-5 the steam power plant received 2000 kJ/kg of heat, 5 kJ/kg of pump
work, and produced 505 kJ/kg of turbine work. Determine the thermal efficiency for
this cycle.

We can write the thermal efficiency on a per unit mass basis as:

wnet , out
th
qin
kJ
wout win
505 5
kg

qin kJ
2000
kg
0.25 or 25%

11
Example 2-11

A crane is used to lift a load of bricks to the top of a new office building.
Calculate the work done if the load of bricks weights 1600N and the building is
50m tall. Compare the work done with the potential energy of the bricks when
at the top of the building.

Solution:
Force required to lift the bricks, F =
W = Fx weight of the bricks, w.
= 1600 x 50
= 80 000J where W = work
x = distance
= 80 kJ
PE = potential energy
F = mg = w
PE = mgx
= (w)x Conclusion :
= 1600 x 50 The work done is equivalent to the
= 80 000J increase in the potential energy of
= 80 kJ the bricks.
13