This question paper Formula sheet attached on pages 4-7

consists of 7 printed pages,

each of which is identified
by the Code Number
PEME272001

UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

School of Chemical and Process Engineering

January 2015 Examinations

PEME272001
NANOPARTICLE AND COLLOID SCIENCE

Time allowed: 2 hours

Answer three questions

PLEASE SHOW ALL WORKINGS IN ANSWERS TO NUMERICAL QUESTIONS.

Turn over

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 PEME272001

1 (a) Suggest a route which can be used to produce nanoparticles of TWO of the
following powders and describe the prinicipal processing steps involved for
each. [10 marks]

(i) Titanium dioxide in tonnage quantities per annum;

(ii) Barium titanate for multilayer capacitors;
(iii) Zinc oxide for sunscreen lotion.

(b) Describe a characterisation protocol for nanosized powders, specifying the

advantages and disadvantages of each technique. [10 marks]

2 (a) Explain why metal oxides suspended in aqueous media develop a surface
electrical charge and why this charge is dependent on the pH of the
electrolyte solution. [6 marks]

(b) State the polarity of the surface charge when metal oxide particles with
isoelectric point pH = 4 are dispersed in nitric acid of concentration 2 x 10-6
mol dm-3. Explain your reasoning (assume a negligible change in pH occurs
on adding the particles to the acid solution). [4 marks]

(c) Sketch the expected variation in electrical potential as a function of distance

from the surface of the particles in the suspension described in part (b). Label
the key features of the diagram and explain their physical significance in the
context of the Guoy-Chapmam model of the electrical double layer.
[10 marks]

3 (a) Water when forced through a nozzle (nozzle A) during printing, is found to
form a monodisperse mist of fine droplets of radius 10 nm. When forced
through a different nozzle (nozzle B) the droplets formed are of radius 50
microns. Assume the temperature of the water is constant at 20C, and the
surface tension of water is 72.8 mN m-1.

Calculate:
(i) The difference in pressure across the interface of the droplets formed
from each nozzle. [4 marks]

(ii) The vapour pressure of the water for droplets formed from each
nozzle. [6 marks]

(b) Describe the conditions that promote emulsion stability. [10 marks]

4 (a) In relation to spreading wetting, sketch a diagram to explain the forces

(surface tension) acting upon a droplet of water in contact with a glass
substrate. Write an equation to represent the equilibrium situation (G =0).
[8 marks]

(b) Derive, with the aid of relevant diagrams, the equation for capillary rise, based
on a knowledge of the Young Laplace equation. State any assumptions
made. [6 marks]

Continued over

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 PEME272001

(c) Calculate the capillary rise of water in a glass tube of internal diameter 0.04
mm. Assume the surface tension of water is 72.7 mN m-1 and perfect wetting
occurs. [6 marks]

5 From a consideration of the total interaction energies between particles in

suspension, as derived from the theory of Deryagin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek
(DLVO), suggest TWO methods for flocculating a suspension of TiO2 nanoparticles
dispersed in an aqueous electrolyte of 1 x 10-4 mol dm-3 potassium chloride solution,
at pH = 9. The isoelectric point of the TiO2 lies at pH = 6, and the following chemicals
are available: nitric acid, ammonium hydroxide, potassium chloride in powder form.
Illustrate your answer with appropriate diagrams. [20 marks]

END

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 PEME272001

PEME2720 Equation list

2
1. k s ki

4
2. Q Q sin
2
l 0
3. l R
r2
4. l RGD l R P

5. SX N m bxi 2.8 10 15 N m z i
i i

6. SN N m bNi
i

7. dW dA

8. p" p' 2
r

9. p" p' 1 1
r1 r2

p
10. dG dn RT ln 2
p1

p 2 2M
11. ln
p1 RTr

2 cos
12. h
gR
13. lv 0

ni
14. i
A

ni
15. d d i i di
i A i

c B d
16. B
RT dc B

17. Wa xv yv xy

18. Wc 2 xv

4
 PEME272001

19. S wa ow oa

v
20. cpp
a0 lc

RT
21. G 0 ln K
m

22. G 0 RT lncmc
d lncmc
23. H 0 RT 2
dT
d ln cmc
24. S 0 RT R ln cmc
dT

ln p H ads 0
25.
T V RT 2

Vm ap
26. V
1 ap
V kp
1
27. n

28.
p

1

c 1 p
V p0 p Vm c Vm c p0

29. l v cos sl s v 0

30. Wa l v 1 cos

Gspreading / A S SG SL LG
31. Gadhesion / A Wa SG SL LG
Gimmersion / A Wa SG SL LG cos

x
kc n
1
32.
m
x x / m max ac
33.
m 1 ac
AH 1 aA
34. Gatt H
12 2 x 12 H

35.
A132 A112 A332 A222 A332
1 1
1 1

A
2
A332
1 1
36. A131 11
2

z e
37. C C0 exp
kT

5
 PEME272001

z e
38. C C 0 exp
kT
39. 0 exp x

40. 0 0
1
cz 2 1
2

41. 0.329 10 10
m
3
moldm

42. VR 2a 02 ln 1 exp D

43. VR 2a 02 ln 1 exp D

44. VR 2a 02 exp H

32ak 2T 2 2
45. VR exp D
e2 z 2
expze 0 / 2kT 1
46.
expze 0 / 2kT 1

2 a 02 exp H
AH a
47. VT
12 H
1
2e 2 N Acz 2
2

48.
kT

9.85 10 4 3 k 5T 5 4
49. c.c.c.
N A A2e 6 z 6

3.84 10 39 4
50. c.c.c.
A2 z 6
8kT
51. kr
3

kT
52. D
6R1

N0
53. NT
1 k a N 0t

1
54.
ka N0

N0
55. NT
1 t /

6
 PEME272001

kr
56. ks
W

W 2 exp s / kT
ds
57.
0 s 22
58. W exp max / kT

59. k s k r exp max / kT

exp max / kT
1
60. W
R1 R2

4a 2 RT a 2 1
61. VS H 1
2 x
H
ln
2 2 4
0
V1

1 10 H 2 H
2

62. Vdep 2a 1
V1 2 3a 6a
0