C4 - Stoichiometry

Grade 10 Chemistry
Slot 1 Important Terms:
Define the following terms.

Atom
Element
Compound
Molecule
Ion
Chemical Formula
A formula represents one molecule of a compound, or the simplest ratio of the
ions present.

The number of atoms or groups of atoms in a formula is given by putting a small

number just below and behind the symbol. As the appearance of a symbol
indicates one atom is present, a 1 isnt written (you put NaBr not Na 1Br1).

In some formulae, brackets are used to avoid ambiguity. Aluminium sulphate has
the formula Al2(SO4)3 to show that there are two Als to every three SO4s. Without
the brackets it would appear as though
there were forty three Os i.e. Al2SO43.
Write the formulae for following on the basis of relative
number of atoms present.
Ammonia; N=1 H=3
Hydrochloric acid; H=1 Cl = 1
Magnesium chloride; Mg = 1 Cl = 2
Solutions
Ammonia - NH3
Hydrochloric acid - HCl
Magnesium chloride - MgCl2
How many atoms of each type are in the following ?

H 2O H= ? O= ?
H2SO4 H= ? O= ? S = ?
(NH4)2SO4 H= ? N= ? O = ? S = ?
CuSO4.5H2O H= ? O= ? S = ? Cu = ?
2 NaOH H= ? O= ? Na = ?
3 Ca(OH)2 H= ? O= ? Ca = ?
2 Na2HPO4 H= ? O= ? Na = ? P = ?
Solutions
H 2O H= 2 O= 1
H2SO4 H= 2 O= 4 S = 1
(NH4)2SO4 H= 8 N= 2 O = 4 S = 1
CuSO4.5H2O H= 10 O= 9 S = 1 Cu = 1
2 NaOH H= 2 O= 2 Na = 2
3 Ca(OH)2 H= 6 O= 6 Ca = 3
2 Na2HPO4 H= 2 O= 8 Na = 4 P = 2
Identity the compounds and their formulae
Solutions

CO2

CH4 P 2O 5

C 2H 2
 Table of ions
POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)

hydrogen H+ chloride Cl
sodium Na+ bromide Br
potassium K+ iodide I
lithium Li+ hydroxide OH
rubidium Rb+ nitrate NO3
copper(I) Cu+ hydrogencarbonate HCO3
ammonium NH4+

calcium Ca2+
barium Ba2+ sulphate SO42-
magnesium Mg2+ sulphide S2-
zinc Zn2+ oxide O2-
iron(II) Fe2+ carbonate CO32-
copper(II) Cu2+
manganese(II) Mn2+

aluminium Al3+ phosphate PO43-

iron(III) Fe3+
Construct the formulae. [Homework]
a) sodium chloride b) magnesium sulphate

c) calcium oxide d) calcium chloride

e) copper(II) nitrate f) potassium sulphate

g) manganese(IV) oxide h) zinc carbonate

i) aluminium oxide j) aluminium sulphate

k) aluminium bromide l) calcium hydroxide

Slot 2 Solutions
a) sodium chloride - NaCl b) magnesium sulphate - MgSO4

c) calcium oxide - CaO d) calcium chloride - CaCl2

e) copper(II) nitrate - Cu(NO3)2 f) potassium sulphate - K2SO4

g) manganese(IV) oxide - MnO2 h) zinc(II) carbonate - ZnCO3

i) aluminium oxide - Al2O3 j) aluminium sulphate - Al2(SO4)3

k) aluminium bromide - AlBr3 l) calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2

Constructing word equations [FORMATIVE]
zinc + sulphuric acid
copper(II) oxide + sulphuric acid
sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid
nitrogen + hydrogen
magnesium + oxygen
Write the symbolic equations
zinc + sulphuric acid zinc(II) sulfate + hydrogen gas
copper(II) oxide + sulphuric acid copper(II) sulfate + water
sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water
+ carbon dioxide gas
nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
Solutions
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq.) ZnSO4 (aq.) + H2 (g)
CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq.) CuSO4 (aq.) + H2O (l)
Na2CO3 (s) + HCl (aq.) NaCl (aq.) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
N2 (g) + H2 (g) NH3 (g)
Mg (s) + O2 (g) MgO (s)
Are these equations balanced?
H2 + O2 2H2O
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O
Ag2CO3 + 2HNO3 2AgNO3 + CO2 + H2O
Solutions
H2 + O2 2H2O NO
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O NO
H2 + Cl2 2HCl YES
NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O NO
Ag2CO3 + 2HNO3 2AgNO3 + CO2 + H2O YES
Balance the equations
H 2 + O 2 H 2O
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O
Pb(OH)2 + HCl PbCl2 + H2O
Na + H2O NaOH + H2
CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Solutions
2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2O
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
Pb(OH)2 + 2 HCl PbCl2 + 2 H2O
2 Na + 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2
CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Solve the following worksheet as HW in your notebook -

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5GGVc3hIleWY2dYQlNHaEpUVDA/view
Slot 3 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
The average mass of all the atoms in an element compared to 1/12th the mass of
a carbon-12 atom is termed as Relative atomic mass (A r)
Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
The sum of the relative atomic masses is termed as Relative molecular mass (M r)

It is also called as Molar mass.

Eg :

H2O = (2 x 1) + (1 x 16)

= 18 g mol-1
Calculate the Mr
1. NaOH 9. Al(NO3)3
2. CaCO3 10. Al2(SO4)3
3. NH3 11. FeSO4
4. Al2O3 12. PbSO4
5. Mg(OH)2
6. CaSO4
7. BaCl2
8. AlCl3
Solutions
1. NaOH - 40 g mol-1 9. Al(NO3)3- 213 g mol-1
2. CaCO3- 100 g mol-1 10. Al2(SO4)3- 342 g mol-1
3. NH3- 17 g mol-1 11. FeSO4- 152 g mol-1
4. Al2O3- 102 g mol-1 12. PbSO4- 303 g mol-1
5. Mg(OH)2- 58 g mol-1
6. CaSO4- 136 g mol-1
7. BaCl2- 208g mol-1
8. AlCl3- 133.5 g mol-1
What is a Mole?
Watch this video - http://ed.ted.com/lessons/daniel-dulek-how-big-is-a-mole-not-the-animal-the-other-one

It is the standard unit for amount of a substance.

Atoms and molecules dont weigh much so it is easier to count large numbers of
them. In fact it is easier to weigh substances.

Using moles tells you.. how many particles you get in a certain mass or the mass of a
certain number of particles.

1 mole of a substance contains 6.022 x 1023 particles.

It is also called as AVOGADROS NUMBER.

Symbol - mol
Slot 4 Calculating the number of MOLES
Moles(n) = Mass(M)
Molar mass(Mr)

UNITS :
Mass - g
Molar mass - g/mol or g mol-1
Solve the following questions.

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g.

2. What is the mass of 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 ?
Solutions

1. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen molecules in 4g. 0.125 mol

2. What is the mass of 0.25 mol of Na2CO3 ? 26.5 g
Reacting Mass
EQUATIONS give you the ratio in which chemicals react and are formed need to be
balanced in order to do a calculation.

The ratio is called as molar ratio.

Example:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

It means that 2 moles of HCl are required to react with 1 mole of CaCO 3

OR

The molar ratio of CaCO3 : HCl = 1 : 2

Solve the following.
This worksheet is a part of your HW.
Include all the steps in your notebook.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5GGVc3hIleWa3VjRnBYNk1pRWM/view
Slot 5 Calculating moles in a solution
Moles(n) = Concentration of solution(C) x Volume (V)

UNITS :
Volume - dm3
Concentration - mol dm-3, mol dm-3 is also written as M

Important :
1 L = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
 Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide in 25cm3 of 2M NaOH.

We know, Moles = Concentration x Volume(in dm3)

Therefore, n = 2 mol dm-3 x 25/1000 dm3

= 0.05 moles

What volume of 0.1M H2SO4 contains 0.002 moles ? Ans - 0.02 dm3
Solve the following.
You are required to solve Question # 1 to 4 and Question # 7.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5GGVc3hIleWWmlJUEtiMkZoRjg/view
Slot 6 Molar Volume at RTP
One mole of any gas or vapour occupies 24 dm3 at RTP.

RTP stands for Room Temperature Pressure where, T = 250C (298 K) and P = 1 atm

Moles(n) = Volume (in dm3)

24 dm3

Eg :

1 mole of CO2 at RTP occupies 24 dm3

Therefore, 0.25 mol of CO2 will occupy a volume of 24 x 0.25 dm3 = 6 dm3
 Calculate the volume occupied by 0.08g of methane (CH4) at RTP.

Ans : moles - 0.005 mol

volume - 0.12 dm3

Solve the following.
You are required to solve Question # 5, 6 and Question # 8 to 10.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5GGVc3hIleWWmlJUEtiMkZoRjg/view
Slot 7
You are required to solve the following worksheet in this slot.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5GGVc3hIleWSEh2b1hfX3NwdEU/view