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One-sided limits
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 1 / 39
For today
2 Evaluating Limits
3 One-sided Limits
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 2 / 39
For today
2 Evaluating Limits
3 One-sided Limits
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 3 / 39
Introduction
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 4 / 39
Introduction
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 4 / 39
Introduction
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 4 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0 1
0.5
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x) x f (x)
0 1
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5
0.9 1.7
0.99 1.97
0.99999 1.99997
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5 1.5 3.5
0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3
0.99 1.97 1.001 2.003
0.99999 1.99997 1.00001 2.00003
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5 1.5 3.5
0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3
0.99 1.97 1.001 2.003
0.99999 1.99997 1.00001 2.00003
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
Consider f ( x ) = 3x 1.
What can we say about values of f ( x ) for values of x near 1 but not equal to 1?
x f (x) x f (x)
0 1 2 5
0.5 0.5 1.5 3.5
0.9 1.7 1.1 2.3
0.99 1.97 1.001 2.003
0.99999 1.99997 1.00001 2.00003
Based on the table, as x gets closer and closer to 1, f ( x ) gets closer and closer
to 2.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 5 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
0 1 4
0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
0 1 4
0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
0 1 4
0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
0 1 4
0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
0 1 4
0.5 0.5 3
0.9 1.7
2
0.99 1.97
1
0.99999 1.99997
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 6 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
2 5 4
1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
2 5 4
1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
2 5 4
1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
2 5 4
1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
2 5 4
1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 1
x f (x)
2 5 4
1.5 3.5 3
1.1 2.3
2
1.001 2.003
1
1.00001 2.00003
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 7 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1
(3x 1)( x 1)
=
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 2
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) =
x1 4
(3x 1)( x 1)
= 3
x1
= 3x 1, x 6= 1 2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 8 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) =
0, x=1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Illustration 3
3x 1, x 6= 1
Consider: h( x ) = 4
0, x=1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 9 / 39
Limit
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer
and closer to a but not reaching a.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Limit
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as x assumes values getting closer
and closer to a but not reaching a.
Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 10 / 39
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4
lim (3x 1)
x 1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4
lim (3x 1) = 2
x 1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4
lim (3x 1) = 2
x 1
3
Note: In this case, lim f ( x )
x 1
2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples
f ( x ) = 3x 1
4
lim (3x 1) = 2
x 1
3
Note: In this case, lim f ( x ) = f (1).
x 1
2
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 11 / 39
Examples
3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples
3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1
3x2 4x + 1
4 lim
x 1 x1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples
3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1
3x2 4x + 1
4 lim =2
x 1 x1
3
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples
3x2 4x + 1
g( x ) =
x1
3x2 4x + 1
4 lim =2
x 1 x1
3
Note: Though g(1) is undefined,
2 lim g( x ) exists.
x 1
1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 12 / 39
Examples
3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Examples
3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1
lim h( x )
4 x 1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Examples
3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1
lim h( x ) = 2
4 x 1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Examples
3x 1, x 6= 1
h( x ) =
0, x=1
lim h( x ) = 2
4 x 1
1 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 13 / 39
Some Remarks
Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks
Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks
Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks
Remark
In finding lim f ( x ):
xa
We only need to consider values of x very close to a but not exactly at a.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 14 / 39
Some Remarks
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
e.g.
1, x 0
H (x) =
0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
1, x 0
H (x) =
0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0?
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) =
0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) =
0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) = lim H ( x ) = 1?
x 0
0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) = lim H ( x ) = 1? No.
x 0
0, x < 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
Some Remarks
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
e.g.
lim H ( x ) = 0? No.
1, x 0
x 0
H (x) = lim H ( x ) = 1? No.
x 0
0, x < 0
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
(Heaviside Function)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 15 / 39
For today
2 Evaluating Limits
3 One-sided Limits
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 16 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c = c.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c = c.
lim x
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f ( x ) exists, then it is unique.
xa
If c R, then xlim
a
c = c.
lim x = a
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 17 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x )
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x )
xa xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )]
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x )
xa xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] =
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x )
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x)
lim
xa g( x )
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x) lim f ( x )
lim = xa
xa g( x ) lim g( x )
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
n
lim ( f ( x ))
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
n
lim ( f ( x ))n = lim f ( x )
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . Let c
xa xa
R, n N.
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2
xa xa xa
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1
xa xa
f (x) lim f ( x )
L
lim = xa = 1 , provided L2 6= 0
xa g( x ) lim g( x ) L2
xa
n
lim ( f ( x ))n = lim f ( x ) = ( L1 ) n
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 18 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
=2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
In general:
Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x )
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
Evaluate: lim (2x2 + 3x 4)
x 1
In general:
Remark
If f is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 19 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is defined,
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
4x3 + 3x2 x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 + 2
Remark
If f is a rational function and f ( a) is defined, then lim f ( x ) = f ( a).
xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 20 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
lim 3x 1
x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1)
x 3 x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8
x 3 x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8=2 2
x 3 x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8=2 2
x 3 x 3
r
x+4
lim 3
x 1 x2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4
lim 3 = 3
x 1 x2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3
x 1 x2 1 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2
lim 4 3 2x
x 7/2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2
lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2
lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
p
lim x2 4
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2
lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
p
lim x2 4 =??
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) exists and n
xa
N. Then,
q q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f ( x ),
xa xa
q
lim 3x 1 = lim (3x 1) = 8 = 2 2
x 3 x 3
r r
x+4 1 + 4
lim 3 = 3 = 1
x 1 x2 1 2
lim 4 3 2x dne
x 7/2
p
lim x2 4 =?? (for now)
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 21 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3
2x2 5x + 1
lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
lim 2x2
= 3
x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q
lim 2x2
= x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
= x 3 x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
18
=
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
18 4
=
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
3
18 4
=
28
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
!3
2x2 5x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 3 x3 x + 4
!3 !3
2x2 5x + 1 2x2 5x + 1
lim = lim
x 3 x3 x + 4 x 3 x3 x + 4
q 3
lim 2x2 lim (5x + 1)
= x 3 x 3
lim ( x3 x + 4)
x 3
3
18 4
=
28
1
=
8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 22 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 =0
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1)
x 1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1
3x2 4x + 1
lim
x 1 x1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1
3x2 4x + 1
lim = lim (3x 1)
x 1 x1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
3x2 4x + 1
Consider: g( x ) = . From earlier, lim g( x ) = 2.
x1 x 1
Note that lim 3x2 4x + 1 = 0 and lim ( x 1) = 0.
x 1 x 1
3x2 4x + 1
lim = lim (3x 1) = 2.
x 1 x1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 23 / 39
Definition
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0
xa xa
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa
f (x)
lim
xa g( x )
0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa
f (x)
lim
xa g( x )
0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0
Remarks:
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa
f (x)
lim
xa g( x )
0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0
Remarks:
1 The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa
f (x)
lim
xa g( x )
0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0
Remarks:
1 The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.
2 Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Definition
If lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g( x ) = 0 then
xa xa
f (x)
lim
xa g( x )
0
is called an indeterminate form of type .
0
Remarks:
1 The limit above MAY or MAY NOT exist.
2 Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are:
Factoring
Rationalization
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 24 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1
lim
x 1 x+1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1
= lim ( x + 1)
x 1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1
= lim ( x + 1)
x 1
= (1 + 1)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x2 + 2x + 1
0
Evaluate: lim
x 1 x+1 0
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)2
lim = lim
x 1 x+1 x 1 x + 1
= lim ( x + 1)
x 1
= (1 + 1)
= 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 25 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
Evaluate: lim
x 2 x2 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8
lim
x 2 x2 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
= lim
x 2 x2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
= lim
x 2 x2
4+4+4
=
2 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x3 + 8
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 2 x 4 0
x3 + 8 ( x + 2)( x2 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 x2 4 x 2 ( x + 2)( x 2)
x2 2x + 4
= lim
x 2 x2
4+4+4
=
2 2
= 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 26 / 39
Examples
x2 16
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16
lim
x 4 2 x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x)
= lim
x 4 4x
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4
= (8)(4)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
x2 16
0
Evaluate: lim
x 4 2 x 0
x2 16 x2 16 2 + x
lim = lim
x 4 2 x x 4 2 x 2 + x
( x2 16)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
( x 4)( x + 4)(2 + x )
= lim
x 4 4x
= lim [( x + 4)(2 + x )]
x 4
= (8)(4)
= 32
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 27 / 39
Examples
3
x2
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3
x2
lim
x 8 x2 7x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3
3
x2 x2
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3
x2 3
x2 3
x2
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3
x2 3
x2 3
x2 + 2 3 x
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3
x2 3
x2 3
x2 + 2 3 x + 4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
= lim
x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
= lim
x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
=
9(4 + 4 + 4)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
Examples
3
x2
0
Evaluate: lim 2
x 8 x 7x 8 0
3 2
3 3
x2 x2 x +2 3 x+4
lim = lim
x 8 x2 7x 8 x 8 x2 7x 8 3 2
x +2 3 x+4
x8
= lim
x 8 ( x 8)( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
= lim
x 8 ( x + 1)( 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 4)
1
=
9(4 + 4 + 4)
1
=
108
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 28 / 39
For today
2 Evaluating Limits
3 One-sided Limits
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 29 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1 3
1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1 3
1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1 3
1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1 3
1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 4
3 5x2 , x < 1
4
Consider: f ( x ) =
4x 3,
x1 3
1
As x 1, the value of f ( x ) depends
on whether x < 1 or x > 1. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
0
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 30 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
( )
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
( )
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
( )
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
Illustration 5
Consider: g( x ) = x
()
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
But we can say something about the values of g( x ) as x gets closer and closer to
0 from the right of 0.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 31 / 39
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Definition
The
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 32 / 39
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Definition
The
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less than a.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 32 / 39
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Definition
The
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are less than a.
Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L
x a
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 32 / 39
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Definition
The
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 33 / 39
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Definition
The
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are greater than a
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 33 / 39
One-sided Limits
Intuitive Definition
The
if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but are greater than a
Notation:
lim f ( x ) = L
x a+
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 33 / 39
Theorem
lim f ( x ) = L if and only if lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = L
xa x a x a+
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 34 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x )
x 1
3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 )
x 1 x 1
3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x )
x 1+
2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3)
x 1+ x 1+
2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1
x 1+ x 1+
2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
3 5x2 , x < 1
f (x) =
4x 3,
x1
4
lim f ( x ) = lim (3 5x2 ) = 2
x 1 x 1
3 lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 1
x 1+ x 1+
2 lim f ( x ) dne
x 1
1
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 35 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
g( x ) = x
2 1 0 1 2 3
1
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 36 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x )
x 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0
x 0 x 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x )
x 0+
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1
x 0+ x 0+
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x )
x 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
lim H ( x )
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1
x 2 x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
3
1, x 0
Let H ( x ) = 2
0, x < 0
1
(The Heaviside Function)
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
lim H ( x ) = lim 0 = 0
x 0 x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 0+ x 0+
lim H ( x ) dne
x 0
lim H ( x ) = lim 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 37 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x )
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x
x 2 x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
lim p( x )
x 2+
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x
lim p( x ) = lim
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2)
lim p( x ) = lim = lim
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 )
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x )
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
lim p( x )
x 3
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
x2 2x
lim p( x ) = lim
x 3 x 3 2x 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
x2 2x 96
lim p( x ) = lim =
x 3 x 3 2x 4 64
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Examples
5 2x, x2
Let p( x ) =
x2 2x
, x>2
2x 4
lim p( x ) = lim 5 2x = 1 = 1
x 2 x 2
x2 2x x ( x 2) x
lim p( x ) = lim = lim = lim =1
x 2+ x 2+ 2x 4 x 2+ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2+ 2
lim p( x ) = 1
x 2
x2 2x 96 3
lim p( x ) = lim = =
x 3 x 3 2x 4 64 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 38 / 39
Exercises
3x 12
1 Evaluate: lim
x 4 3 2x + 1
x2 + 1
, if x < 1
2 Find lim f ( x ) given: f ( x ) = x1
x 1
1 x + 5, if x 1
6x 4
1
3 Evaluate: lim +
x 2/3 3x2 + 4x 4 3x + 2
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limit of a Function and One-sided limits Mathematics 53 39 / 39