Absolute Extrema and Optimization

Mathematics 53

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Lecture 3.4
For today
For today
Absolute Extrema

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an
interval I at x0
Absolute Extrema

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an
interval I at x0 if f (x0 ) f (x) x I .
Absolute Extrema

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an
interval I at x0 if f (x0 ) f (x) x I .

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute minimum value on an
interval I at x0
Absolute Extrema

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an
interval I at x0 if f (x0 ) f (x) x I .

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute minimum value on an
interval I at x0 if f (x0 ) f (x) x I .
Absolute Extrema

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an
interval I at x0 if f (x0 ) f (x) x I .

Definition
A function f is said to have an absolute minimum value on an
interval I at x0 if f (x0 ) f (x) x I .

Definition
If f has either an absolute maximum or absolute minimum value on
I at x0 , then we say f has an absolute extrema on I at x0 .
Illustrations

(0, 3) f (x) = 2x + 3
(1, 1)

1 0
Illustrations

(0, 3) f (x) = 2x + 3
(1, 1)

1 0

The function f (x) = 2x + 3 has an absolute maximum value of 3 on

the interval [1, 0] at x = 0.
Illustrations

(0, 3) f (x) = 2x + 3
(1, 1)

1 0

The function f (x) = 2x + 3 has an absolute maximum value of 3 on

the interval [1, 0] at x = 0.

On the interval [1, 0], the minimum value of f is 1 attained when

x = 1.
Illustrations

(0, 3) f (x) = 2x + 3
(1, 1)

1 0
Illustrations

(0, 3) f (x) = 2x + 3
(1, 1)

1 0

On the interval [1, ), f attains an absolute minimum value but

does not attain an absolute maximum value.
Illustrations

f (x) = cot x

2
2
Illustrations

f (x) = cot x

2
2

f (x) = cot x has no absolute extrema on the interval [ 2 , 2 ].

Illustrations

(2, 4)
f (x) = x2

(1, 1)

2 0 1
Illustrations

(2, 4)
f (x) = x2

(1, 1)

2 0 1

f (x) = x2 has an absolute minimum on the interval (2, 1) at x = 0.

Illustrations

(2, 4)
f (x) = x2

(1, 1)

2 0 1

f (x) = x2 has an absolute minimum on the interval (2, 1) at x = 0.

But f has no absolute maximum on (2, 1).

For today
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Theorem (Extreme Value Theorem)

If f is continuous on [a, b],
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Theorem (Extreme Value Theorem)

If f is continuous on [a, b], then f has both an absolute maximum
and an absolute minimum on [a, b].
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Theorem (Extreme Value Theorem)

If f is continuous on [a, b], then f has both an absolute maximum
and an absolute minimum on [a, b].

Remark
If you replace [a, b] by one of the following intervals (a, b), [a, b),
(a, b], (a, ), (, b), [a, ), (, b], then the conclusion of EVT
does not follow.
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the abs. max./min. of f on the

interval [a, b] may occur at
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the abs. max./min. of f on the

interval [a, b] may occur at
x=a
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the abs. max./min. of f on the

interval [a, b] may occur at
x=a
x=b
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the abs. max./min. of f on the

interval [a, b] may occur at
x=a
x=b
some x (a, b)
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the abs. max./min. of f on the

interval [a, b] may occur at
x=a
x=b
some x (a, b)

Theorem
If f has an absolute extrema on (a, b) at x = c, then c is a critical
number of f .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the abs. max./min. of f on the

interval [a, b] may occur at
x=a
x=b
some x (a, b) such that f 0 (x) = 0 or f 0 (x) is undefined.

Theorem
If f has an absolute extrema on (a, b) at x = c, then c is a critical
number of f .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

To find the absolute extrema of f on [a, b]:

On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

To find the absolute extrema of f on [a, b]:

1 find critical numbers of f , say c1 , . . . , cm

On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

To find the absolute extrema of f on [a, b]:

1 find critical numbers of f , say c1 , . . . , cm

2 evaluate f at each critical number and at the endpoints a, b

On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

To find the absolute extrema of f on [a, b]:

1 find critical numbers of f , say c1 , . . . , cm

2 evaluate f at each critical number and at the endpoints a, b

3 compare f (c1 ), . . . , f (cm ), f (a) and f (b)

On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

To find the absolute extrema of f on [a, b]:

1 find critical numbers of f , say c1 , . . . , cm

2 evaluate f at each critical number and at the endpoints a, b

3 compare f (c1 ), . . . , f (cm ), f (a) and f (b)

4 the number that gives the highest (lowest) value of f gives the
absolute maximum (minimum).
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

To find the absolute extrema of f on [a, b]:

1 find critical numbers of f , say c1 , . . . , cm

2 evaluate f at each critical number and at the endpoints a, b

3 compare f (c1 ), . . . , f (cm ), f (a) and f (b)

4 the number that gives the highest (lowest) value of f gives the
absolute maximum (minimum).

Note: Always check if the function is continuous on I .

On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x C.N. on I :
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x= 3x(x 2) C.N. on I :
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x= 3x(x 2) C.N. on I : 0, 2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x= 3x(x 2) C.N. on I : 0, 2

f ( 12 ) = 1
8

f (0) = 1

f (2) = 3

f (4) = 17
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x= 3x(x 2) C.N. on I : 0, 2

f ( 12 ) = 1
8

f (0) = 1

f (2) = 3

f (4) = 17
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x3 3x2 + 1 on the interval
I = [ 21 , 4].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x= 3x(x 2) C.N. on I : 0, 2

f ( 12 ) = 1
8

f (0) = 1

f (2) = 3

f (4) = 17

Therefore f has an absolute minimum at x = 2 and an absolute

maximum at x = 4.
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .

f 0 (x)
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2x
f 0 (x)=
(x2 + 1)2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2x
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I :
(x2 + 1)2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2x
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
(x2 + 1)2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2x
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
(x2 + 1)2

1
f (2) = 5

f (0) = 1
1
f (1) = 2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2x
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
(x2 + 1)2

1
f (2) = 5

f (0) = 1
1
f (1) = 2
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval I = [2, 1].
1 + x2

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2x
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
(x2 + 1)2

1
f (2) = 5

f (0) = 1
1
f (1) = 2

Therefore f has an absolute minimum at x = 2 and an absolute

maximum at x = 0.
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

f 0 (x)
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2
f 0 (x)=
3x1/3
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I :
3x1/3
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
3x1/3
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
3x1/3

f (8) = 4

f (0) = 0

f (1) = 1
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
3x1/3

f (8) = 4

f (0) = 0

f (1) = 1
On Closed and Bounded Intervals

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x2/3 on the interval I = [8, 1].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
2
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I : 0
3x1/3

f (8) = 4

f (0) = 0

f (1) = 1

Therefore f has an absolute minimum at x = 0 and an absolute

maximum at x = 8.
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)= 1 sec2 x
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)= 1 sec2 x C.N. on I :
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)= 1 sec2 x C.N. on I : 0
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)= 1 sec2 x C.N. on I : 0

f ( 4 ) = 4 + 1

f (0) = 0

f ( 4 ) =
4 1
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)= 1 sec2 x C.N. on I : 0

f ( 4 ) = 4 + 1

f (0) = 0

f ( 4 ) =
4 1
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]

Example
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = x tan x on the interval
I = [ 4 , 4 ].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
f 0 (x)= 1 sec2 x C.N. on I : 0

f ( 4 ) = 4 + 1

f (0) = 0

f ( 4 ) =
4 1

Therefore f has an absolute minimum at x = 4 and an absolute

maximum at x = 4 .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

f 0 (x)
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

2x x < 3
f 0 (x)=
1 x > 3
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

2x x < 3
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I:
1 x > 3
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

2x x < 3
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I: 0, 3
1 x > 3
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

2x x < 3
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I: 0, 3
1 x > 3

f (0) = 4

f (3) = 5

f (5) = 3
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

2x x < 3
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I: 0, 3
1 x > 3

f (0) = 4

f (3) = 5

f (5) = 3
On Finite Closed Intervals [a, b]
Example
x2 4 x < 3

Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = on the interval
8x x 3
I = [0, 5].

Solution: f is continuous on I .

2x x < 3
f 0 (x)= C.N. on I: 0, 3
1 x > 3

f (0) = 4

f (3) = 5

f (5) = 3

Therefore f has an absolute minimum at x = 0 and an absolute

maximum at x = 3.
For today
One Relative Extremum

Theorem
Suppose the function f is continuous on an interval I containing x0
and
One Relative Extremum

Theorem
Suppose the function f is continuous on an interval I containing x0
and
x0 is the only number in I for which f has a relative extremum.
One Relative Extremum

Theorem
Suppose the function f is continuous on an interval I containing x0
and
x0 is the only number in I for which f has a relative extremum.

1 if f has a relative maximum at x0 , then f has an absolute

maximum at x0 .
One Relative Extremum

Theorem
Suppose the function f is continuous on an interval I containing x0
and
x0 is the only number in I for which f has a relative extremum.

1 if f has a relative maximum at x0 , then f has an absolute

maximum at x0 .
2 if f has a relative minimum at x0 , then f has an absolute
minimum at x0 .
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
f 0 (x) C.N.:
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
Theres only one possible relative extrema of f on I !
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
Theres only one possible relative extrema of f on I ! Is it really a
relative extrema?
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
Theres only one possible relative extrema of f on I ! Is it really a
relative extrema?
6x2 2
f 00 (x) =
(x2 + 1)3
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
Theres only one possible relative extrema of f on I ! Is it really a
relative extrema?
6x2 2
f 00 (x) = f 00 (0) = 2 < 0.
(x2 + 1)3
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
Theres only one possible relative extrema of f on I ! Is it really a
relative extrema?
6x2 2
f 00 (x) = f 00 (0) = 2 < 0.
(x2 + 1)3
By the SDT, f has a relative maximum point at (0, f (0)) = (0, 1).
One Relative Extremum

Example
1
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = on the
1 + x2
interval I = (2, 1).

Solution:
2x
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 0
(x2 + 1)2
Theres only one possible relative extrema of f on I ! Is it really a
relative extrema?
6x2 2
f 00 (x) = f 00 (0) = 2 < 0.
(x2 + 1)3
By the SDT, f has a relative maximum point at (0, f (0)) = (0, 1).
Since the point (0, 1) is the only relative extremum of f on I , then f
has an absolute maximum at x = 0.
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4 C.N. on R:
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4 C.N. on R: 1
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4 C.N. on R: 1

f 00 (x) = 12x2
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4 C.N. on R: 1

f 00 (x) = 12x2 f 00 (1) = 12 > 0.

One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4 C.N. on R: 1

f 00 (x) = 12x2 f 00 (1) = 12 > 0.

By the SDT, f has a rel. min. at x = 1.

One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 4x on R.

Solution: f is continuous on R.
f 0 (x)= 4x3 4 C.N. on R: 1

f 00 (x) = 12x2 f 00 (1) = 12 > 0.

By the SDT, f has a rel. min. at x = 1.

Then f has an absolute minimum at x = 1.

One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).

Solution: f is continuous on I = (1, ).

One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).

Solution: f is continuous on I = (1, ).

2(x3 8)
f 0 (x) = 2x 16
x2
=
x2
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).

Solution: f is continuous on I = (1, ).

2(x3 8)
f 0 (x) = 2x 16
x2
= C.N.: 2
x2
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).

Solution: f is continuous on I = (1, ).

2(x3 8)
f 0 (x) = 2x 16
x2
= C.N.: 2
x2
f 00 (x) = 2 + 32
x3
One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).

Solution: f is continuous on I = (1, ).

2(x3 8)
f 0 (x) = 2x 16
x2
= C.N.: 2
x2
f 00 (x) = 2 + 32
x3
f 00 (2) = 6 > 0

By the SDT, f has a rel. min. at x = 2.

One Relative Extremum

Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x2 + 16
x on (1, ).

Solution: f is continuous on I = (1, ).

2(x3 8)
f 0 (x) = 2x 16
x2
= C.N.: 2
x2
f 00 (x) = 2 + 32
x3
f 00 (2) = 6 > 0

By the SDT, f has a rel. min. at x = 2.

Then f has an absolute minimum at x = 2.

For today
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then

x
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min.
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min. Furthermore, the absolute
minimum point will be the lowest relative minimum point.
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min. Furthermore, the absolute
minimum point will be the lowest relative minimum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then

x
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min. Furthermore, the absolute
minimum point will be the lowest relative minimum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. min but has an abs. max. Furthermore, the absolute
maximum point will be the highest relative maximum point.
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min. Furthermore, the absolute
minimum point will be the lowest relative minimum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. min but has an abs. max. Furthermore, the absolute
maximum point will be the highest relative maximum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = or , then

x
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min. Furthermore, the absolute
minimum point will be the lowest relative minimum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. min but has an abs. max. Furthermore, the absolute
maximum point will be the highest relative maximum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = or , then f

x
has no abs. min nor an abs. max.
Suppose we wish to determine if f has an abs max/min on
(, ).

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. max but has an abs. min. Furthermore, the absolute
minimum point will be the lowest relative minimum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = , then f has no

x
abs. min but has an abs. max. Furthermore, the absolute
maximum point will be the highest relative maximum point.

If f is cont. on (, ) and lim f (x) = or , then f

x
has no abs. min nor an abs. max.

Similar observations can be done to find the relative extrema of f

on an interval (a, ) or on (, b).
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).

Solution:
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).

Solution:
p p
5 5
f 0 (x) = 4x3 10x = 2x(2x2 5) C.N. on I : 0, 2 , 2 )
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).

Solution:
p p
5 5
f 0 (x) = 4x3 10x = 2x(2x2 5) C.N. on I : 0, 2 , 2 )

f 00 (x) = 12x2 10
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).

Solution:
p p
5 5
f 0 (x) = 4x3 10x = 2x(2x2 5) C.N. on I : 0, 2 , 2 )

f 00 (x) = 12x2 10
p p
5 5
f 00 (0) < 0 f 00 ( 2 )>0 f 00 ( 2 )>0
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).

Solution:
p p
5 5
f 0 (x) = 4x3 10x = 2x(2x2 5) C.N. on I : 0, 2 , 2 )

f 00 (x) = 12x2 10
p p
5 5
f 00 (0) < 0 f 00 ( 2 )>0 f 00 ( 2 )>0

By SDT, f has a relative

p
maximum
p
at x = 0 and relative
minimum at x = 25 and x = 25 .
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).

Solution:
p p
5 5
f 0 (x) = 4x3 10x = 2x(2x2 5) C.N. on I : 0, 2 , 2 )

f 00 (x) = 12x2 10
p p
5 5
f 00 (0) < 0 f 00 ( 2 )>0 f 00 ( 2 )>0

By SDT, f has a relative

p
maximum
p
at x = 0 and relative
minimum at x = 25 and x = 25 .
p p
5 31 5
f (0) = 4 f ( 2 )= 4 =f( 2 )
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
p p
5 31 5 31
REL MAX:(0, 4) REL MIN: ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 4 )
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
p p
5 31 5 31
REL MAX:(0, 4) REL MIN: ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 4 )

lim f (x) = +
x+
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
p p
5 31 5 31
REL MAX:(0, 4) REL MIN: ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 4 )

lim f (x) = + (Hence no abs max!)

x+
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
p p
5 31 5 31
REL MAX:(0, 4) REL MIN: ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 4 )

lim f (x) = + (Hence no abs max!)

x+

lim f (x) = 40
x3+
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
p p
5 31 5 31
REL MAX:(0, 4) REL MIN: ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 4 )

lim f (x) = + (Hence no abs max!)

x+

lim f (x) = 40> 31

4
x3+
Example
Find the absolute extrema, if they exist, of f (x) = x4 5x2 + 4 on
I = [3, ).
p p
5 31 5 31
REL MAX:(0, 4) REL MIN: ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 4 )

lim f (x) = + (Hence no abs max!)

x+

lim f (x) = 40> 31

4
x3+

The absolute minimum value of pf on I is the lowest relative

5
minimum 31
4 attained at x = 2 .
Example
x
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = 2 on (1, 1), if there are
x 1
any.
Example
x
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = 2 on (1, 1), if there are
x 1
any.

Solution:
f is continuous on (1, 1)
Example
x
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = 2 on (1, 1), if there are
x 1
any.

Solution:
f is continuous on (1, 1)

lim f (x) =
x1+
Example
x
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = 2 on (1, 1), if there are
x 1
any.

Solution:
f is continuous on (1, 1)

lim f (x) =
x1+

lim f (x) =
x1
Example
x
Find the absolute extrema of f (x) = 2 on (1, 1), if there are
x 1
any.

Solution:
f is continuous on (1, 1)

lim f (x) =
x1+

lim f (x) =
x1

f has no absolute extrema on the interval (1, 1).

For today
Optimization Problems
Optimization Problems

maximizing/minimizing a function f on a closed and finite

interval
Optimization Problems

maximizing/minimizing a function f on a closed and finite

interval

maximizing/minimizing a function on an infinite interval or a

finite interval that is not closed
Solving Optimization Problems

1 If possible, draw a diagram of the problem corresponding to a

general situation.
Solving Optimization Problems

1 If possible, draw a diagram of the problem corresponding to a

general situation.
2 Assign variables to all quantities involved.
Solving Optimization Problems

1 If possible, draw a diagram of the problem corresponding to a

general situation.
2 Assign variables to all quantities involved.
3 Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized or minimized.
Solving Optimization Problems

1 If possible, draw a diagram of the problem corresponding to a

general situation.
2 Assign variables to all quantities involved.
3 Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized or minimized.
4 Formulate an equation involving q and other quantities.
Express q in terms of a single variable, say x. If necessary, use
the information given/relationships between quantities to
eliminate some variables.
Solving Optimization Problems

1 If possible, draw a diagram of the problem corresponding to a

general situation.
2 Assign variables to all quantities involved.
3 Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized or minimized.
4 Formulate an equation involving q and other quantities.
Express q in terms of a single variable, say x. If necessary, use
the information given/relationships between quantities to
eliminate some variables.
5 Determine the domain of q from the physical restrictions of
the problem, i.e. constraints of x.
Solving Optimization Problems

1 If possible, draw a diagram of the problem corresponding to a

general situation.
2 Assign variables to all quantities involved.
3 Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized or minimized.
4 Formulate an equation involving q and other quantities.
Express q in terms of a single variable, say x. If necessary, use
the information given/relationships between quantities to
eliminate some variables.
5 Determine the domain of q from the physical restrictions of
the problem, i.e. constraints of x.
6 Use appropriate theorems involving absolute extrema to solve
the problem. Make sure to give the exact answer to the
question (provide units).
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s)

(Objective Function)

(Constraint)
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function)

(Constraint)
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function) maximize f (x) = x2 x

(Constraint)
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function) maximize f (x) = x2 x

(Constraint) x [2, 2] I closed interval!

Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function) maximize f (x) = x2 x

(Constraint) x [2, 2] I closed interval!

1
f 0 (x) = 2x 1 C.N.: 2
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function) maximize f (x) = x2 x

(Constraint) x [2, 2] I closed interval!

1
f 0 (x) = 2x 1 C.N.: 2

f (2) = 6, f (2) = 2, f ( 21 ) = 14
Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function) maximize f (x) = x2 x

(Constraint) x [2, 2] I closed interval!

1
f 0 (x) = 2x 1 C.N.: 2

f (2) = 6, f (2) = 2, f ( 21 ) = 14

Thus f attains an absolute maximum on I at x = 2.

Example
Find the number in the interval [2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.

Solution:
(Define variable/s) Let x be the desired number.

(Objective Function) maximize f (x) = x2 x

(Constraint) x [2, 2] I closed interval!

1
f 0 (x) = 2x 1 C.N.: 2

f (2) = 6, f (2) = 2, f ( 21 ) = 14

Thus f attains an absolute maximum on I at x = 2.

The desired number is -2.

Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution:

s s
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize Volume = length width height
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize Volume = (24 2s) width height
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize Volume = (24 2s) (9 2s) height
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize Volume = (24 2s) (9 2s) s
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = (24 2s) (9 2s) s
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint:
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 216 132s + 12s2

s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(54 33s + 3s2 )

s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9)

s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9) C.N. in (0, 4.5): 2
s s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9) C.N. in (0, 4.5): 2
s s V 00 (s) = 132 + 24s

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9) C.N. in (0, 4.5): 2
s s V 00 (s) = 132 + 24s V 00 (2) < 0

24 in
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9) C.N. in (0, 4.5): 2
s s V 00 (s) = 132 + 24s V 00 (2) < 0

24 in
V has a relative maximum at s = 2
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9) C.N. in (0, 4.5): 2
s s V 00 (s) = 132 + 24s V 00 (2) < 0

24 in
V has a relative maximum at s = 2 (the only relative extrema on (0, 4.5))
 Example
A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 inches long and
9 inches wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can be
formed.

Solution: s = length of side of squares to be cut out

V = Volume of the box formed
s s maximize V (s) = 2(108s 33s2 + 2s3 )
s s constraint: s (0, 4.5)
9 in
s s V 0 (s) = 4(3s 6)(s 9) C.N. in (0, 4.5): 2
s s V 00 (s) = 132 + 24s V 00 (2) < 0

24 in
V has a relative maximum at s = 2 (the only relative extrema on (0, 4.5))

The volume of the largest box formed is V (2) = 200 in3 .

Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution:
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side
C = cost of fencing the lot
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side
C = cost of fencing the lot
minimize C = 100s1 + 40s2
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side Area: 1000
C = cost of fencing the lot
minimize C = 100s1 + 40s2
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side Area: 1000= s1 s2
C = cost of fencing the lot
minimize C = 100s1 + 40s2
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side Area: 1000= s1 s2
C = cost of fencing the lot 1000
s2 =
minimize C = 100s1 + 40s2 s1
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side Area: 1000= s1 s2
C = cost of fencing the lot 1000
s2 =
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000
s1
s1
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side Area: 1000= s1 s2
C = cost of fencing the lot 1000
s2 =
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000
s1
s1

constraint:
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side Area: 1000= s1 s2
C = cost of fencing the lot 1000
s2 =
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000
s1
s1

constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side C 0 (s1 ) = 100 40,000
2
s1
C = cost of fencing the lot
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000
s1
constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side C 0 (s1 ) = 100 40,000
2
s1
C = cost of fencing the lot
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000
s1
constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
C.N. on I: 20
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side C 0 (s1 ) = 100 40,000
2 s1
C = cost of fencing the lot
C 00 (s1 ) = 2(40,000)
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000 s13
s1
constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
C.N. on I: 20
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side C 0 (s1 ) = 100 40,000
2 s1
C = cost of fencing the lot
C 00 (s1 ) = 2(40,000)
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000 s13
s1
C 00 (20) > 0
constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
C.N. on I: 20
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side C 0 (s1 ) = 100 40,000
2 s1
C = cost of fencing the lot
C 00 (s1 ) = 2(40,000)
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000 s13
s1
C 00 (20) > 0
constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
C.N. on I: 20 REL. MIN. (only rel EXT. on I)
 Example
A 1000 square yard rectangular lot along a highway is
to be fenced off such that one side of the fence is on
s2
the highway. The fencing on the highway costs Php80 s1
per yard and the fencing on the other sides costs Php20
per yard. Determine the dimensions of the lot that will highway
minimize the total cost of the fencing.

Solution: s1 = length of side facing the highway

s2 = length of other side C 0 (s1 ) = 100 40,000
2 s1
C = cost of fencing the lot
C 00 (s1 ) = 2(40,000)
minimize C(s1 ) = 100s1 + 40,000 s13
s1
C 00 (20) > 0
constraint: s1 (0, ) := I
C.N. on I: 20 REL. MIN. (only rel EXT. on I)

The side facing the hwy. must be 20 yds and the other side 50 yds.
Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1:

x = 2y 2

(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

x = 2y 2

(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y)

(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) q
minimize d = (2y 2 10)2 + y 2
(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) q
minimize d(y) = 4y 4 39y 2 + 100

(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100

(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0)
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0)
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
D00 (y) = 48y 2 78
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
D00 (y) = 48y 2 78
r r
39 39
D00 (0) < 0 and D00 ( ) = D00 ( )>0
8 8
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
D00 (y) = 48y 2 78
r r
39 39
D00 (0) < 0 and D00 ( ) = D00 ( )>0
8 8
q
39
Hence D has a relative maximum at y = 0 and relative minima at y = 8 .
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
D00 (y) = 48y 2 78
r r
39 39
D00 (0) < 0 and D00 ( ) = D00 ( )>0
8 8
q
39
Hence D has a relative maximum at y = 0 and relative minima at y = 8 .
lim D(y) = + and lim D(y) = +
y y+
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
D00 (y) = 48y 2 78
r r
39 39
D00 (0) < 0 and D00 ( ) = D00 ( )>0
8 8
q
39
Hence D has a relative maximum at y = 0 and relative minima at y = 8 .
lim D(y) = + and lim D(y) = +
y y+
q
39
D has no abs. max. value but has an abs. min. at y = 8 .
 Example
Find all points on the parabola with equation x = 2y 2 that are closest to the
point (10, 0).

Solution 1: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s

(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
(2y 2 , y) minimize D(y) := 4y 4 39y 2 + 100
constraint: y R
(10, 0) q
39
D0 (y) = 16y 3 78y C.N.: 0, 8 .
D00 (y) = 48y 2 78
r r
39 39
D00 (0) < 0 and D00 ( ) = D00 ( )>0
8 8
q
39
Hence D has a relative maximum at y = 0 and relative minima at y = 8 .
lim D(y) = + and lim D(y) = +
y y+
q
D has no abs. max. value but has an abs. min. at y = 39 .
q q 8
39 39 39 39
The points nearest (10, 0) are 4 , 8 and 4 , 8 .
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)

(10, 0)
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y) q
minimize d = (x 10)2 + y 2
(10, 0)
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y) q
minimize d(x) = (x 10)2 + x2
(10, 0)
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0)
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2 C.N.: 39
4 .
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2 C.N.: 39
4 .

D00 (x) = 2 D00 39
4 >0
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2 C.N.: 39
4 .

D00 (x) = 2 D00 39
4 >0

D has only one relative extremum a relative minimum at x = 39

4 .
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2 C.N.: 39
4 .

D00 (x) = 2 D00 39
4 >0

D has only one relative extremum a relative minimum at x = 39

4 .
39
Thus D has an absolute minimum at x = 4 .
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2 C.N.: 39
4 .

D00 (x) = 2 D00 39
4 >0

D has only one relative extremum a relative minimum at x = 39

4 .
39
Thus D has an absolute minimum at x = 4 .
r
2 39
x = 2y y=
8
Solution 2: (x, y) = coordinates of desired point/s
(x, y) = (2y 2 , y).
x = 2y 2 (2y 2 , y)
minimize D(x) := x2 39
2 x + 100

(10, 0) constraint: x (0, )

D0 (x) = 2x 39
2 C.N.: 39
4 .

D00 (x) = 2 D00 39
4 >0

D has only one relative extremum a relative minimum at x = 39

4 .
39
Thus D has an absolute minimum at x = 4 .
r
2 39
x = 2y y=
8
q q
39 39 39 39
The points nearest (10, 0) are 4 , 8 and 4 , 8 .
Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution:

6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

r
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V = r 2 h

r
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V = r 2 h
6
By similar triangles
r 9
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V = r 2 h
6 6r
By similar triangles =
r 9 h
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = r 2 (9 32 r)

6 6r
By similar triangles =
r 9 h
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

6 6r
By similar triangles =
r 9 h
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint:
r
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in V 0 (r) = 18r 92 r 2

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in V 0 (r) = 18r 92 r 2 C.N.: 4

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in V 0 (r) = 18r 92 r 2 C.N.: 4
V 00 (r) = 6
h

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in V 0 (r) = 18r 92 r 2 C.N.: 4
V 00 (r) = 6 V 00 (4) < 0
h

9 in
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in V 0 (r) = 18r 92 r 2 C.N.: 4
V 00 (r) = 6 V 00 (4) < 0
h
Since V has only one relative extrema on I and
9 in it is a relative maximum. Hence, it is also an
absolute maximum.
 Example
Determine the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume that
can be inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 inches and height 9 inches.

Solution: V , h, r = volume, height,radius of inscribed cylinder resp.

maximize V (r) = 9r 2 32 r 3

constraint: r (0, 6)
r
6 in V 0 (r) = 18r 92 r 2 C.N.: 4
V 00 (r) = 6 V 00 (4) < 0
h
Since V has only one relative extrema on I and
9 in it is a relative maximum. Hence, it is also an
absolute maximum.

The inscribed right circular cylinder will

have the greatest volume if its dimensions are
r = 4 and h = 3.
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

shoreline
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

Angelos house
shoreline
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
shoreline
6.5 mi
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
shoreline
6.5 mi
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
c
shoreline
6.5 mi

c = distance bet. house and pt. on the shore from w/c Angelo will start to run
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
c
shoreline
6.5 mi

c = distance bet. house and pt. on the shore from w/c Angelo will start to run
minimize
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
c
shoreline
6.5 mi

c = distance bet. house and pt. on the shore from w/c Angelo will start to run
minimize (time of travel) (Note: speed= distance )
time
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
c
shoreline
6.5 mi

c = distance bet. house and pt. on the shore from w/c Angelo will start to run
p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = +
6 10
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
c
shoreline
6.5 mi

c = distance bet. house and pt. on the shore from w/c Angelo will start to run
p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + constraint:
6 10
Example
Angelo, who is in a rowboat 2 miles from a straight shoreline notices smoke
billowing from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6 miles from the point
on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6 miles per hour and run at
10 miles per hour, how should he proceed in order to get to his house at the
least amount of time?

Solution:

Starting Point

2 mi
Angelos house
c
shoreline
6.5 mi

c = distance bet. house and pt. on the shore from w/c Angelo will start to run
p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + constraint: c [0, 6]
6 10
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
T 0 (c) = p +
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
T 0 (c) = p +
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10

1 (c 6) 1
= p +
6 4 (6 c)2 10
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
T 0 (c) = p +
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10

1 (c 6) 1
= p +
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
= p
30 4 + (6 c)2
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1
= p +
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
= p
30 4 + (6 c)2
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
= p
30 4 + (6 c)2
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
= p
30 4 + (6 c)2
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2

25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2

 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2

25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2

16c2 192c + 540 = 0

 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2

25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2

16c2 192c + 540 = 0

4c2 48c + 135 = 0

 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2

25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2

16c2 192c + 540 = 0

4c2 48c + 135 = 0

(2c 9)(2c 15) = 0

 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2
9
C.N.: 2 25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2

16c2 192c + 540 = 0

4c2 48c + 135 = 0

(2c 9)(2c 15) = 0

 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2
9
C.N.: 2 25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2
p
T (0) = 640 16c2 192c + 540 = 0

T 92 = 5260 4c2 48c + 135 = 0
T (6) = 14
15
(2c 9)(2c 15) = 0
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2
9
C.N.: 2 25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2
p
T (0) = 640 16c2 192c + 540 = 0

T 92 = 5260 absolute minimum
4c2 48c + 135 = 0
T (6) = 14
15
(2c 9)(2c 15) = 0
 p
4 + (6 c)2 c
minimize T (c) = + on [0, 6]
6 10

1 2(6 c)(1) 1
p
T 0 (c) = p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
6 2 4 + (6 c)2 10 p =0
30 4 + (6 c)2
1 (c 6) 1 p
= p + 5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2 = 0
6 4 (6 c)2 10
p
p 5c 30 = 3 4 + (6 c)2
5c 30 + 3 4 + (6 c)2
=
25c2 300c + 900 = 9(4 + (6 c)2 )
p
30 4 + (6 c)2
9
C.N.: 2 25c2 300c + 900 = 360 108c + 9c2
p
T (0) = 640 16c2 192c + 540 = 0

T 92 = 5260 absolute minimum
4c2 48c + 135 = 0
T (6) = 14
15
(2c 9)(2c 15) = 0
9
Angelo must row up to the point on the shore 2 mi from his house and
then run straight to his house.
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light?
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
maximize surface area
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
maximize A = Arectangle + Asemicircle
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
maximize A = 2rh + 21 r 2
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
maximize A = 2rh + 21 r 2

Perimeter: 20
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
maximize A = 2rh + 21 r 2

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
maximize A = 2rh + 21 r 2

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
r 2

1
maximize A(r) = 2 + 2r 10 2 (2 + )r

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
constraint:

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
constraint:

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+

h, r > 0
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
constraint:

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+
20
h, r > 0 h < 10 and r < 2+
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

Perimeter: 20= 2h + 2r + r h = 10 12 (2 + )r and r = 202h

2+
20
h, r > 0 h < 10 and r < 2+
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

A0 (r) = r 4r + 20
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

20
A0 (r) = r 4r + 20 C.N. +4
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

20
A0 (r) = r 4r + 20 C.N. +4

A00 (r) = 4
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

20
A0 (r) = r 4r + 20 C.N. +4
20
A00 (r) = 4 A00 ( +4 )<0
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

20
A0 (r) = r 4r + 20 C.N. +4
20
A00 (r) = 4 A00 ( +4 )<0
20
Thus A has only one relative extrema on I attained when r = +4 (rel. max.)
Example
A Norman window consists of a rectangle
surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of
a Norman window is to be 20ft., what should
the radius of the semicircle and the height of
r
the rectangle be so that the window will admit
the most light? h

Solution:
2
maximize A(r) = r2 2r 2 + 20r
20
constraint: r (0, 2+ ) := I

20
A0 (r) = r 4r + 20 C.N. +4
20
A00 (r) = 4 A00 ( +4 )<0
20
Thus A has only one relative extrema on I attained when r = +4 (rel. max.)
20 20
To admit most light, r must be +4 ft and h must be +4 ft.
Exercises

Find the absolute extrema, if any, of the following functions on the given
interval.

x
1 f (x) = 2 on [1, 4]
x +2

2 f (x) = x4 + 4x on (, )

3 f (x) = (x2 1)2 on (, )

*** END ***