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Article history: When the turbine extracts power from the wind, a wake evolves downstream of the turbine. The turbines
Received 29 January 2014 operating in the wake are not only subjected to a decreased wind speed but also increased dynamic loading
Received in revised form arising from the increased turbulence induced by the upstream turbines. This increased turbulence must be
8 April 2014
accounted, when selecting a turbine. This increase in turbulence intensity can imply a signicant reduction
Accepted 27 April 2014
in the fatigue lifetime of wind turbines placed in wakes. For this reason, a large number of studies have been
Available online 20 May 2014
established concerning the calculation of wake added turbulence. Even though a number of mathematical
Keywords: functions have been proposed for modeling the wake added turbulence, there are still disadvantages of the
Wind energy models like very demanding in terms of calculation time. Articial neural networks (ANN) can be used as
Wake wind speed
alternative to analytical approach as ANN offers advantages such as no required knowledge of internal
Turbulence model
system parameters, compact solution for multi-variable problems and fast calculation. In this investigation
Wake added turbulence
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy system (ANFIS) adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which is a specic type of the ANN family, was used to
predict the wake added turbulence. Neural network in ANFIS adjusts parameters of membership function in
the fuzzy logic of the fuzzy inference system (FIS). This intelligent algorithm is implemented using Matlab/
Simulink and the performances are investigated. The simulation results presented in this paper show the
effectiveness of the developed method.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
2. The turbulence calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
2.1. Turbulence from wind turbine wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
2.1.1. Partial wakesTurbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
2.2. Turbulence models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
2.2.1. Danish Recommendation (DR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
2.2.2. Frandsen and DIBt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
2.2.3. D.C. Quarton and TNO laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
2.2.4. Alternative empirical approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
2.2.5. G.C. Larsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
2.3. Validation of the turbulence models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
3. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
4. ANFIS results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: 98 911 155 0790.
E-mail address: shamshirband1396@gmail.com (S. Shamshirband).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.064
1364-0321/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S. Shamshirband et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 36 (2014) 270276 271
relate the 10-min mean wind speed to the free wind speed, i.e. the Models (1) and (2) give the wake added turbulence contribu-
wind speed outside the wake. tion. This should be added to the ambient turbulence level. The
sU model type (3) gives the total turbulence level for a given wake at
IT 1 a given position (ambient and wake added), and this must be
U 10
summed into a combined effect considering all upstream turbines.
The model type (4) gives the total turbulence level in an integrated
Assuming that the wind ow is a horizontally homogeneous,
manner, thus no single wake adding is needed.
then the standard deviation of the wind speed process is only
depended of the height above the terrain, x. The turbulence
intensity in the height x meters is dened as: 2.1.1. Partial wakesTurbulence
When the turbine operates in a partial wake, we use Eq. (8) to
sU x sU
I T x 2 calculate the added turbulence level considering the rotor area
U 10 x U 10
with ambient turbulence only. A linear weighting with rotor areas
where I T x is the turbulence intensity, sU x is the standard is assumed. The total turbulence intensity is calculated from
deviation of the wind speed, U 10 x is the mean wind speed q
averaged over 10 min. I total I ambient 2 I park 2 8
Experimental data has shown that the standard deviation of
the wind speed only decreases very slowly. In [58,59], it is said,
that it is reasonable to use constant standard deviations up to 2.2. Turbulence models
about the half-height of the internal boundary layer. Using this
assumption, the vertical scaling of turbulence intensity between 2.2.1. Danish Recommendation (DR)
two heights is simply calculated by assuming the same standard The Danish Recommendation [30] from 1992 species a quite
deviations in the two heights (x and y meters). simple wake added turbulence model. If the turbines are erected
in a cluster with a minimum distance between the turbines of
sU
sU x sU y 3 5 times the rotor diameter or in a row with the distance 3 times
U 10
the rotor diameter then a added turbulence intensity of Ipark 0.15
sU can be used. An alternative is to use the mean-contribution, which
I T xU 10 x I T yU 10 y 4 varies by the mean wind speed and the distance between the
U 10
turbines:
U 10 x sU sU
I T y I T x 5 I park l 0:15 9
U 10 y U 10 U 10
where v is a parameter taking the mean wind speed into account,
So now the problem is reduced into calculating the mean wind l is a parameter taking the distance between the turbines into
speed in the new height. The vertical scaling of wind speeds may account. The l parameters are dependent on the geometrical
be done using the power law vertical wind prole: conguration of the wind farm.
x sU
U 10 y U 10 x 6
y U 10 2.2.2. Frandsen and DIBt
where is the wind gradient exponent. Frandsen and Thgersen [31] report an empirical turbulence
The wind gradient exponent is known to be very depended on model for calculating the integrated wake effect of turbines. This
the roughness length or the roughness class. Table 1 below gives model takes into account the different structural fatigue responses
guidelines for selecting the wind gradient exponent if no mea- of the structural materials considered, e.g. steel in the towers and
sured data is available. hub extenders and glass bre reinforced polyester (GRP) or glass
Inserting Eq. (6) into (5) we obtain the turbulence scaling law, bre reinforced epoxy (GRE) in the blades. The equations below
valid for homogeneous terrain: assume that the wind direction is approximately uniform distrib-
uted. Reference is made to Frandsen and Thgersen [31] and
U 10 x x sU Guidelines for the Design of Wind Turbines [32]. This model is
I T y I T x U 10 xI T x 7
U 10 y y U 10 included as a recommended model in the German DIBt Richtlinie
[33]. The total turbulence intensity is determined from:
" #1=m
N sU
2.1. Turbulence from wind turbine wakes I T;total 1 N pw I m m
T pw I T;w si 10
i1 U 10
The wake added turbulence is either derived from the wake s
models that include turbulence modelling or from dedicated 1 2 sU
I T;w p I T 11
turbulence models. The turbulence calculated from the different 1:5 0:3 si v2 U 10
models may be parameterized in numerous ways. The turbulence
model must be used in connection with a wake model to take the where pw 0.06 (probability of wake condition), si xi/RD, N is the
reduced wind speeds in the wind farm into account. The results number of closest neighboring wind turbines, m is the Wo hler
from the turbulence models may be classied in four categories: curve exponent of the considered material, v is the free ow mean
Table 2
1. Added turbulence modelcalculated for the wake after a single
Parameters for the Quarton and TNO turbulence models.
turbulence
2. Added turbulence modelcalculated for all surrounding Turbulence models K1 1 2 3
turbines
3. Total turbulence modelcalculated for the wake after a single Quarton and Ainslie (original) 4.800 0.700 0.680 0.570
Quarton and Ainslie (modied) 5.700 0.700 0.680 0.960
turbulence Dutch TNO laboratory 1.310 0.700 0.680 0.960
4. Total turbulence modelcalculated for all surrounding turbines.
S. Shamshirband et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 36 (2014) 270276 273
wind speed at hub height, xi is the distance to the ith turbine, RD is where Iadd is the added turbulence intensity from the wind turbine
the rotor diameter, IT is the ambient turbulence intensity (free wake, Iamb is the ambient wind speed, X is the downstream
ow), IT,w is the maximum turbulence intensity at hub height in distance, Xn is the near wake length.
the center of the wake.
2.2.5. G.C. Larsen
2.2.3. D.C. Quarton and TNO laboratory The Larsen [37,38] is a simple empirical equation to determine
A simple equation to determine the wake added turbulence has the turbulence level within the wake. At positions downstream of
been proposed by Quarton and Ainslie [34]. The parameters in the the turbine, the wake added turbulence intensity can be deter-
equation have been re-calibrated by Quarton and Ainslie (the mined from the equation:
q
p sU
modied values) and also the Dutch TNO laboratory [35]. The main
I w 0:29 S 1=3 1 1 C T 14
form of the equation is U 10
sU
I add K 1 C T1 I amb
2
X=X n 3 12 where S is spacing expressed in rotor diameters, CT is the thrust
U 10 coefcient.
where K1 is a proportionality constant, 1, 2, 3 are exponents, X is The expression for turbulence intensity is only valid for
the downstream distance (in meters), Xn is the length of the near distances larger than two rotor diameters downstream.
wake (see the chapter on the eddy viscosity wake model), Iamb is
the ambient turbulence. 2.3. Validation of the turbulence models
The proportionally constant and exponents are determined
from the table below. Based on wind tunnel test, Quarton As can be seen in Fig. 1, the Frandsen/DIBt model, Larsen model
proposed an alternative to his original model. The values of the and Danish Recommendation model yield high values for the
parameters are given for the different models in Table 2. generated turbulence for downstream distances larger than 5D.
The line corresponding to the alternative Quarton model cannot be
seen, as the values are almost identical to the values of the TNO
2.2.4. Alternative empirical approach
model; both yield very high values for the generated turbulence
Another alternative empirical characterization of the wake
for distances smaller than 3D. All these models for the added
turbulence was proposed by Quarton and Ainslie [36]. Their
turbulence have in common that they result in a constant
equation is based on a parameterization on the near wake length
turbulence intensity throughout the wake at a certain distance
which is primarily used in relation with the Eddy Viscosity model.
downstream of the turbine. However, in reality most turbulence is
They report, that the empirical turbulence decay is somewhat
generated near the hub region and at the blade tips.
higher than other model predictions. The equation is:
0:57 sU
I add 4:8 C 0:7 0:68
T I amb X=X n 13
U 10 3. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy application
i 1; 2:
The outputs of this layer are called normalized ring strenghts
or normalized weights.
The fourth layer is called the defuzzication layer and it
provides the output values resulting from the inference of rules.
Every node in the fourth layer is an adaptive node with node
function
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a ground-coupled heat pump performance using neural networks with
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The results show that the ANFIS can be an alternative to the prediction of a ground-coupled heat pump system using articial neural
turbulence models. The ANFIS approach predicts the wake added networks. Expert Syst Appl 2008;35(4):19408.
[16] Esen Hikmet, Ozgen Filiz, Esen Mehmet, Sengur Abdulkadir. Articial neural
turbulence distribution faster than the analytical methods. network and wavelet neural network approaches for modelling of a solar air
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new solar air heater through least-squares support vector machines. Expert
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ANFIS method is very suitable and efcient in order to estimate Wind turbine power coefcient estimation by soft computing methodologies:
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[20] Shamshirband S, Petkovi D, Amini A, Anuar Nor B, Nikoli V, ojbai , et al.
on the corresponding output blocks. The main advantages of the Support vector regression methodology for wind turbine reaction torque
ANFIS scheme are: computationally efcient, well-adaptable with prediction with power-split hydrostatic continuous variable transmission.
optimization and adaptive techniques. The developed strategy is Energy 2014;67:62330, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.111.
[21] Shiraz Muhammad, Gani Abdullah, Hafeez Khokhar Rashid, Buyya Rajkumar. A
not only simple, but also reliable and may be easy to implement in
review on distributed application processing frameworks in smart mobile
real time applications using some interfacing cards like the devices for mobile cloud computing. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 2012;15
dSPACE, data acquisition cards, NI cards, etc. for control of various (3):1294313, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2012.111412.00045.
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channel assignment in cognitive radio wireless mesh networks. Malays J
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ANFIS is its speed of operation; the tedious task of training intrusion detection system using hybrid data mining and decision tree. Malays
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[25] Basser H, Shamshirband S, Petkovic D, Karami H, Akib S, Jahangirzadeh A.
Acknowledgments Adaptive neuro-fuzzy prediction of the optimum parameters of protective
spur dike. Nat Hazard 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1145-0
(online rst.).
This paper is supported by Project Grant 35005 Research
[26] Basser H, Shamshirband S, Karami H, Petkovic D, Akib S, Jahangirzadeh A.
and development of new generation wind turbines of high-energy Adaptive neuro-fuzzy selection of the optimal parameters of protective spur
efciency (20112014) nanced by Ministry of Education, Science dike. Nat Hazard 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1140-5 (online
and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia. This work is rst.).
[27] Shamshirband S, Petkovi D, ojbai , Nikoli V, Anuar Nor B, Mohd Shuib
also funded by the Malaysian Ministry of Education under the Nor L, et al. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy optimization of wind farm project net
University of Malaya High Impact Research Grant UM.C/625/1/HIR/ prot. Energy Convers Manage 2014;80:22937, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
MoE/FCSIT/03. enconman.2014.01.038.
[28] Petkovi D, ojbai , Nikoli V, Shamshirband S, Mat Kiah ML, Anuar Nor B,
et al. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy maximal power extraction of wind turbine with
continuously variable transmission. Energy 2014;64:86874, http://dx.doi.
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