Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design

Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties

In this chapter, we introduce material and energy balance equations for cogeneration systems. These material
and energy balances or performance calculations allow determination of system temperatures, pressures, and
flow rates, which in turn can be used for design, sizing, and costing. These performance calculations also help
identify any discrepancies that might indicate problems or degradation in system operation. The material
developed in this chapter provides the basis for heat and power calculations throughout the remainder of the
text.

To understand what we need to accomplish, it is instructive to reexamine the cogeneration system

introduced in Chapter 1. The system is shown in Figure 7.1.

For cogeneration turbine system performance calculations, given air feed conditions (T1, P1,Fair), air
compressor efficiency, and known P2, we will want to determine the conditions at 2 (T2,P2,Fair) in Figure 7.1.
With known fuel flow rate and combustion efficiency, we want to determine
the conditions at 3. From 3 and with known turbine efficiency and known P4, we want to determine the
conditions at 4 and the net power generated from the turbine.

We will utilize these performance calculations to determine turbine system performance in design and
off-design operation. Design or benchmark turbine performance is established using standard design conditions
of air feed at 59F/15C, 14.7 psia/1.013 bar, and 60% relative humidity these conditions are commonly
referred to as the International Standards Organization (ISO) conditions. Turbine performance at nondesign
conditions (e.g., air compressor efficiency at T1 > 59F) will often be given as a percent of design values in
manufacturer-provided performance curves. Here, we develop general equations that can be used to predict
turbine performance in off-design cases when the design case data are available. In order to use these equations,
we will need to understand how the turbine system control system operates. We will also need a more detailed
understanding of the components and flows within the turbine system.

Using the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) design and off-design performance calculations, we
want to determine the steam that could be raised from the waste heat boiler or HRSG. The HRSG design
performance is based on expected conditions at 4 (T4,P4, Fexhaust), values selected for the pinch and approach
emperatures (defined below) and the condensate return/steam conditions. Off-design HRSG performance (e.g.,
when T4 is increased by supplemental firing of the exhaust gas) requires an understanding of overall heat transfer
coefficients.

In this chapter, performance, design, and off-design calculations are developed in general form to allow
application to either ideal gas (constant heat capacity) or real fluid cogeneration systems.

In this chapter, the performance, design, and off-design equations are particularized to an ideal gas
working fluid (as hout hin = CpT) for the power side of the combined heat and power cycle. We also introduce
the use of callable Excel functions from our rigorous thermodynamics program (Chapter 8) to allow accurate
steam property calculations in the HRSG. In Chapter 9, the developed equations are particularized to real fluid
cogeneration systems; hout and hin are calculated from rigorous equations of state (EOSs) with ideal mixing rules
(Chapter 8).

We begin this chapter with a general discussion of thermodynamics and the equilibrium state of a simple
compressible fluid. The equilibrium state of a simple compressible fluid or system is completely specified by
fixing two independent properties. This equilibrium state is independent of either the path used to obtain the
state or the system (open or closed). The assumption of a simple compressible system allows development of T
ds equations, which ultimately allow entropy calculations in terms of easily determined
variables. The Tds equations are applicable to systems of ideal gas, real fluid, or mixtures of real fluids.
 Power generating systems are generally open systems where mass flows in and out of the system. Once
the general energy balance for an open system is developed, it can be applied to systems of real gases or liquids,
simple compressible systems, or ideal gas systems. The general energy balance equation is coupled with
thermodynamic equilibrium equations to allow gas turbine-based cogeneration
system material and energy balance calculations.

7.1 EQUILIBRIUM STATE OF A SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE FLUID: DEVELOPMENT OF

THE T dS EQUATIONS

The equilibrium state of a simple compressible fluid can be specified by two independent properties (often the
intensive properties T, P, or are used). For properties of ulti mate interest to heat and power system, h and
s , we begin with

where u , h , and s are the specific internal energy (joule per kilogram), specific enthalpy (joule per
kilogram), and specific entropy (joule per kilogram-kelvin) of the fluid; is the specific volume (cubic meter
per kilogram). Using the fundamental theorem of partial differentiation, we can write, for Equation (7.1),

Since the thermodynamic temperature of a substance can be defined as - and the thermodynamic pressure
can be defined as