ChE 122

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I

Thermodynamics- thermos hot, therme-heat, dynamis-strength/power

-it is a science which deals with the transformations of energy of all kinds from one form to another.

Limitation of Thermodynamics:
It does not establish the rates of chemical or physical processes
It is concerned with the macroscopic quantities; not the microscopic variables that characterize
individual molecules.
Dimension- a measure of a physical variable but it does not have numerical value.
7 primary dimensions:
1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time
4. Temperature
5. Electric current
6. Amount of matter
7. Amount of light
Secondary dimensions:
1. Force
2. Acceleration
3. Power
4. Energy

Unit- is a way to assign a number or measurement to that dimension. (SI/metric units, English units,
British units)
Definition of SI Base Units:
1. Meter (m)- length of the path travelled by the light in the vacuum during a time interval
1/299,792,458 of a second
2. Kilogram (kg)- mass of international prototype kilogram (cylinder of platinum and platinum-
indium alloy)
3. Second (s)- duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of periods of the radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two-hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cesium 133 atom.

Measures of amount or size

Mass, m
Number of moles, n
Total Volume, Vt

Number of Moles n=m/M where M=molar mass

Specific Volume V=Vt/m
Molar Volume V=Vt/n

Exercise:
Mark and his friends are having a bonding session. His friend dared him to calculate the no. of
moles of ethyl alcohol in a 500-ml, 6.9% ABV liquor. (density of ethyl alcohol=0.79 g/ml)
Ans. (n=0.59 moles of C2H5OH)
Force
SI unit - Newton (N)
English - Pound Force (lbf)
F=ma ,where m=kg , a=acceleration (m/s2)
F=ma(1/gc) ,where m=lbm , a=acceleration (ft/s2) , gc=32.1740 (lbm ft)/(lbf s2)

Exercise:
So as to post something #YOLO-worthy picture on Facebook, Jay tried skydiving. Just before
opening his parachute, Jay with a mass of 50 kg reaches its terminal velocity. Calculate the force of air
resistance.
Ans. (F=490.50 N)

Temperature
Celsius: Fahrenheit: Kelvin: Rankine
t(oC) = t(K) - 273.15 t(R) = 1.8 t(K)
o
t( F)= t(R) 495.67 t(oF)= 1.8 t(oC) +32

Pressure
Pascal (Pa) = N/m2 P=Force/Area

Exercise:
At what certain temperature of the oC and oF where they have the same numerical values?
Ans. (-40 oC = -40 oF)

Work
Joules=Newton-m (N-m); foot-pound force (ft-lbf)
dW=Fdl
P=F/A ; F=PA ; L=Vt/A
t
dW=PA d(V /A)
dW=PdVt at constant Pressure
Energy
Kinetic Energy
dW=Fdl ; F=ma
dW=ma dl ; a=du/dt
dW=m(du/dt) dl ; u=dl/dt ; dl=u dt
dW=mu du ; u-velocity
dw=m u du
m 2
W= (u u12 )
2 2
m 2 2
Ek = (u2 u1 )
2
Potential Energy
W=Fdl
E p=mzg m=mass; z=height; g=gravitational constant

Heat
Calories; Btu
 Calories- amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of H 2O to 1oCelsius
Q=mC p T where Cp- specific heat capacity (J/gram oC)
Seatwork:
1. Pressures up to 2,000 bar are measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston diameter is 3.5
mm. What is the approximate mass in kg of the weights required?
2. An automobile having a mass of 1,250 kg is travelling at 40 m/s. what is its kinetic energy in KJ?
How much work must be done to bring it to a stop?

Assignment:
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Give one example of the application of this law.