Lect 1 Sensor Technology

Faculty of Engineering and
Materials Science
Sensor Technology
ELCT 903
Lecture # 1
Introduction to Sensor Design
Sept. 9th, 2017
Dr. Amir R. Ali

Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering
amir.ali@guc.edu.eg
C7.108
Sensor Technology II. Course Assessment
Course assessment
Office hours: By appointment
Teaching Assistant:
Eng. Mohamed Ashraf & Eng. Abdelkreem(C7.116B)
Eng. Omar Khaled & Eng. Ahmed Hmam & Eng. Abdelrahman Hatem (C1.202)
Text Book:
Jon Wilson,SENSOR TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK,
Newnes Elsevier Publishing, 1st Edition, ISBN :978-0-7506-7729-5
Eugene Hecht,OPTICS,
Addison Wesley Publishing 4th Edition, , ISBN :0-321-18878-0
Course Assessment:
5%..... 3 Assignments (no best) (Theoretical) 10%.....Project (Practical)
10%..... 3 Quizzes (best two) (Theoretical) 5%......Quiz (Practical)
20%..... Mid-Term exam (Theoretical) 25%.....Project(Practical)
40%..... Final-Term exam (Theoretical)
Attendance: 75% of the course must be attended
Important: The student has to attend in his/her scheduled group (No
group change)
Dropping the course:
not later than 2 weeks after the start by notice to the adm. office.
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (2)
Sensor Technology III. Course contents
Course Contents
Introduction to sensor design
General introduction for sensing design
Explore possibility of micro-optical sensors and the industrial
sensors for deferent sensing applications
Static characteristics for sensor design

Mathematical Modeling Representations
Static Characteristics of Sensor
Classifications of sensors
Dynamic characteristics for sensor design

Zero Order Sensing System
First Order Sensing System
Second Order Sensing System

Resonators, Cavities and Interferometers

Mechanical Resonators
Electrical Resonators
Optical Resonators (Fabry-Perot interferometer)
Capacitance transducers
Capacitance transducers
Displacement transducers
Level gauge
Differential pressure transducers
Inductance transducers
Sensor construction
Signal conditioning circuit
Lead network
Lag network
Design equations
Resonance frequency shifts (Theory of sensing Design)
Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM) or Morphology Dependent
Resonances (MDR)
Opto-electronics Setups
Opto-electronics arrangement
Laser tuning
Lumped-heat capacity thermal model
Opto-electronics tracking system for sensing applications
Auto-Correlation Method
Cross-Correlation Method
Sensing Modeling and Applications
Multi-degree of Freedom MDOF, General Structure for EOM
Sensor characteristics (Natural frequencies and mode shapes)
Sensors response of MDOF

Sensor Technology Lecture # 1
Lecture # 1
Introduction to Sensor Design
Contents
Introduction to the Mechanical, Electrical and Optical
sensing system.
Explore possibility of micro-optical sensors for sensing

applications.
At the end of this lecture the student will know
The difference between all types of sensors in general.
The concept of sensing design.
General ideas about using micro-optical sensors.

Sensor Technology (Part 1 of 2) Introduction for Sensing system
Smart vehicles
Sensor Technology
can help!
Smart computer
Prosthetics

German University in Cairo

Procedure of sensing design analysis
Actual
Design sensing Equation of motion
sensing
element (Mathematical model)
problem
Mechanical Differential equations
Sensing phenomena:
Electrical Transfer function
Force Check the
Electromechanical State space
Temperature
Optical
Sensitivity static
Electric field
Q-factor characteristics
Magnetic field Opto-mechanical
Resolution
... etc
(Do not model ... etc
Modeling more than you Check the
need) dynamic
Main objective characteristics
Design sensor for Zero order system
First order system
feedback control system
Second order system

The Sensing element could be based on
Mechanical Electrical Optical

System System System
Strain Gauge Digital Capacitive Sensor Micro-Optical Resonators
Theory of Strain Digital Inductive Sensor Whispering gallery modes
Gauge - Wheatstone Analog Inductive Sensor based sensors
Bridge circuit ... etc
Accelerometer
Opto-mechanical Opto-electrical
Optical Accelerometer Optical-Inductive Switching
Optical Wall shear Stress Frequency Comparison
sensors Optical Electric field Sensors
... etc ... etc
Working principle: Resonance frequency shift

mx cx kx 0 I. Mechanical Resonator

= n1 n2
k

k

k
n1 m mM
m
n
? Q

n 2 n1
n 2
k (m M ) x cx kx 0
mM
If M extremely small
I. Mechanical Resonator
~ 0 But M 0

n
Q

k
n1 n 2
n1 m

I. Mechanical Resonator
If M extremely small
M 0 k
n1 n 2
~ 0 m
DNA in a typical human cell ~ 61015kg

Human sperm cell ~ 2.21014kg
HIV virus ~ 11018kg

Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Introduction to optical sensors
Quality factor (Q-factor)
fc fc
Q
f 2 f1 f
The higher the Q, the
narrower and 'sharper'
the peak is.
Resonance Line-width


Energy stored fc
Q 2
Energy dissipated per cycle f
Pendulum Pendulum
oscillating in air oscillating in oil
Pendulums with high quality factors have low damping so that they
oscillate longer

Energy stored fc
Q 2
Energy dissipated per cycle f
Pendulum Pendulum
Q1 Q2 oscillating in oil
oscillating in air
Q1 Q2
Amplitude
Frequency
Pendulums with high quality factors have low damping so that they
oscillate longer

Resistance can change the Q- II. Electrical Resonator
factor
Any perturbation for the L or
C it could be used as a sensor
1
n1
LC
n 2 n1

Why optical sensors (Resonator)?
Extreme sensitivity to measured property

Large dynamic range (bandwidth) ?
High spatial resolution Static
characteristics
Integrated opto-mechanical and opto-
electronics device
Compact and light (micro-sensor)
Relatively inexpensive to fabricate

Optical sensor measurands

Optical sensors have been used to measure the
following:
Temperature
Force Radiation
Pressure Ph
Wall shear stress
Humidity
Chemical concentration
Rotation
Electric field
Magnetic field Vibration
Angular velocity

Types of resonators (oscillators)

I. Mechanical II. Electrical III. Optical
Resonator Resonator Resonator
Q factor 10 2
Q factor 102 Q factor 109
Transmission intensity, [arb. units]

Wavelength, [m]
Mass-spring-damper Fabry-Perot cavities

system

Types of micro-optical resonant cavities

used in optical based-sensors
Micro-sphere Micro-toroid Micro-ring

resonant cavity resonant cavity resonant cavity
Range between ~100 and 1000 m in

diameter

Types of optical sensor
Whispering Gallery Modes based-sensors

(WGM) or Morphology Dependent Resonances
based-sensor (MDR)
Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)
Fabry-Perot interferometer
The WGM phenomenon

The sensing approach is based on the
optical whispering gallery mode (WGM)
shifts of the dielectric microspheres.
The WGM are also called morphology

dependent resonances (MDR).
b a
Dome of St. Pauls Cathedral below
First discovered by Lord Raleigh c

Sound propagation in St. Pauls Cathedral
whispers at (a):
-observer (b) hears whisper
-observer (c) cannot

Total internal reflection

Angel of
refraction
2 1 2
Fast medium (road) Fast medium
Slow medium (mud) Slow medium
2 1 1
Incident angle
Fast medium Low resistivity Low index of refraction nAir 1

Slow medium High resistivity High index of refraction nWater 1.33


Angel of Angel of
refraction refraction
nAir 1 2 nAir 1
90o
nWater 1.33 nWater 1.33

C
1
Incident angle Incident angle
1 n fast
nWater Sin C nAir Sin 90 o
Sin C
1.33 n slow
1.33 Sin C 1 Sin 90o
1
1.33 Sin C 1 C Sin 1
48.8
o
1.33

Angel of Angel of
refraction refraction
nAir 1 o nAir 1
90 90o
C C
nWater 1.33 nWater 1.33
Incident angle Incident angle
1 n fast
Sin C
Total internal 1.33 n slow
reflection 1
C Sin 1
48.8
o
1.33

Angel of
refraction
nAir 1
90o
nWater 1.33
C
Incident angle
Total internal
reflection

Angel of
n2
refraction
nAir 1
90o a n1
nWater 1.33
C
Micro-optical
Incident angle resonator
Total internal n1 n2
reflection
Optical resonances of a dielectric cavity

D 10mplastic cladding D 230m
Silica
Optical fiber
Micro-Torch
0.2 mm Tapered Fiber: Diameter vs. length
150
125 1 mm
Fiber diameter,
micrometers
100
75
50
25
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Position along fiber, mm

intensity, [arb. units]

Transmission
Optical fiber
Tunable Photo
laser diode Wavelength, [m]

Micro-sphere
Transmission
Optical fiber
?
Tunable Photo
laser diode
Wavelength, [m]


Micro-sphere
From laser To photodiode
Tapered section

Micro-sphere
Tunable
Optical fiber
Photo Transmission
laser diode
Wavelength, [m]
Whispering Gallery Mode:

When the resonance condition is met, dips in the transmission spectrum occur
Optical quality factor, Q ~ /

- Ratio of energy stored by energy lost in 1 cycle (oscillation)

Whispering Gallery Mode:

Micro-sphere
Tunable laser From laser To photodiode
Optical fiber
Tapered section
Transmission intensity, [arb. units]
2an0 ; ( = integer)

Q

106 ~ 109 n0 a

n0 a
Photodiode
Wavelength, [m]

Optical resonance inside a micro-sphere
a n0 a n1
Light orbit in the Light orbit as a wave

geometrical optics limit optics illustration

Optical resonance inside a micro-sphere

1
2an0 ;
( = integer) 2 a1
a2
Transmission Intensity
a1 a2 2
1
a 1
amin a1 a1
1 a1 1 Q
1 2
so for a1 = 100 m and Q =108, amin= 1-12 m =1 pm
Opto-electronic setup
Schematic and photograph

of the opto-electric setup

Opto-Mechanical Application

Tracking of WGM shifts

Procedure of sensing design analysis
Actual
Design sensing Equation of motion
sensing
element (Mathematical model)
problem
Mechanical Differential equations
Sensing phenomena:
Electrical Transfer function
Force Check the
Electromechanical State space
Temperature
Optical
Sensitivity static
Electric field
Q-factor characteristics
Magnetic field Opto-mechanical
Resolution
... etc
(Do not model ... etc
Modeling more than you Check the
need) dynamic
Main objective characteristics
Design sensor for Zero order system
First order system
feedback control system
Second order system

Sensor Technology Next Lecture
Next Lecture
Static characteristics for sensor design

Mathematical Modeling Representations
Static Characteristics of Sensor
Classifications of sensors
Thank you!

Lect 1 Sensor Technology

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Faculty of Engineering and

Dr. Amir R. Ali

Static characteristics for sensor design

Dynamic characteristics for sensor design

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (5)

Resonators, Cavities and Interferometers

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (7)

Explore possibility of micro-optical sensors for sensing

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (6)

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (7)

German University in Cairo

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (8)

The Sensing element could be based on

Mechanical Electrical Optical

Working principle: Resonance frequency shift

Working principle: Resonance frequency shift

Working principle: Resonance frequency shift

DNA in a typical human cell ~ 61015kg

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (12)

Quality factor (Q-factor)

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (13)

Quality factor (Q-factor)

Quality factor (Q-factor)

Working principle: Resonance frequency shift

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (16)

Why optical sensors (Resonator)?

Extreme sensitivity to measured property

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (17)

Optical sensor measurands

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (18)

Types of resonators (oscillators)

Transmission intensity, [arb. units]

Mass-spring-damper Fabry-Perot cavities

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (19)

Types of micro-optical resonant cavities

Micro-sphere Micro-toroid Micro-ring

Range between ~100 and 1000 m in

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (20)

Types of optical sensor

Whispering Gallery Modes based-sensors

Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)

The WGM phenomenon

The WGM are also called morphology

First discovered by Lord Raleigh c

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (22)

Total internal reflection

Fast medium Low resistivity Low index of refraction nAir 1

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (23)

Total internal reflection

nWater 1.33 nWater 1.33

Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection

Optical resonances of a dielectric cavity

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (28)

Optical resonances of a dielectric cavity

D 10mplastic cladding D 230m

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (29)

Optical resonances of a dielectric cavity

intensity, [arb. units]

intensity, [arb. units]

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (30)

Optical resonances of a dielectric cavity

From laser To photodiode