18 Brayton Cycle-Jet Engine

Turbojet Engine
T
4
3 Wturb = Wcomp
3is 4.5
Wcomp
8
8is
2 Ambient Temperature
Wnet : Available Thermal

Energy to Output Power
Unpublished Notes
sait.aksoy@aerojetmotor.com 1
16March2010
Turbojet Engine Components - JT3C Commercial Two-spool Turbojet
Nine-stage Low Pressure Compressor

Seven-stage High Pressure Compressor
Single-stage High Pressure Turbine
Two-stage Low Pressure Turbine
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle GE J85-GE-17A Nozzle
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle PW JT3 Combustor, Turbine and Nozzle
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Main Factor Influencing Fuel Efficiency
A parameter which describe the fuel efficiency of an engine design is called

The Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC).
Mass of Fuel
SFC =
Net Thrust
Fuel Consumption is directly linked to the overall engine efficiency.
o = th p
Where;
th = thermal effficiency
p = propulsive efficiency
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Overall Efficiency and Specific Fuel Consumption
Pr opulsive Power ( Power to Aircraft )

o =
Thermal Energy from Fuel
Power to Power PowertoJet
o = x = pth
Power to Jet Thermal Energy from Fuel
Thrust x Speed Thrust Speed 1 V
o = = =
m f LCV m f LCV sfc LCV
1 V
sfc =
o LVC
sfc o
th r
p V j
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Creation of Thrust in a Jet Engine
Flux of momentumentering the engine = m

airV
Flux of momentumleaving the engine = m
air + m
f Vf ( )
Net trust FN = m (
air + m
f Vj m)
airV
Gross thrust = m (
air + m
f Vj )
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle
Numbering Scheme for Stations in Turbojet Engine
Tam
Pam
Turbine
Inlet Burner Propelling Nozzle
Duct Compressor
2 3 4 4.5 8
1
4
4.5
( T )0 turb
T 3
p3 8
( T )
0 comp V j2 / 2c p
2
1
pa V 2 / 2c p
s
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle
Wcomp = m air c p (T3 T2 )

Wturb = (m air + m fuel )c p (T4 T 45 )
Since the mass flow rate of fuel is very much less than that of air, m fuel 0
Wcomp = Wturb
T45 = T4 (T 3T2 )
T4 T45
turb =
T4 T45is
T45 = T4 turb (T 4T45is )
1
1
T 4 p4

= =r
T45is p45

1
T45 = T4 1 turb 1 1

r

1

1
r=
1 T45
1 + 1
turb T4
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle Propelling Nozzle
Case a: The expansion to pa is completed in the nozzle when p45/pa<p45/pc
p45
T
45 p8
8
V j2
p8=pa 2c p
T45 T8
8 nozz =
8is
T45 T 8is
1
s

1
T45 T8 = nozzT45 1
p45
pa

V j = 2c p (T45 T8 )
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle Propelling Nozzle
Case b: The expansion to pa is uncompleted in the nozzle when p45/pa>p45/pc
p45 M8 = 1
T T45 = T8 ( Adiabatic flow with nowork transfer )
8
p8
45
T45 T8 V j2 1 2
= = 1+ = 1+ M8
Tc Tc 2c pTc 2
V j2
T45 + 1 2
2c p = Tc = T
pc Tc 2 + 1 45
C Tcis = T45
1
(T45 Tc )
nozz
Cis p c is then given by

T 1 1 T 1
s pc = p45 cis = p45 1 1 c
T45 nozz T45
Assumed that nozzle is choking. p45 1
=
pc
For pressure ratios up to the critical value, p8 will be put equal to pa.
1 1 1
1
+

Above the critical pressure ratio the nozzle is choked, nozz 1
p8 remain at the critical value pc .
The critical pressure ratio is p45/pc, V j = RTc
which yields M8=1. m
Consider the corresponding critical temperature ratio T45/Tc . A8 =
cV j
Pr essureThrust = A8 ( pc pa )
Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Turbojet Cycle
Exercise-4:
A turbojet engine flies at 35,000 ft, M=0.85 (cruise condition),

with PR=361, T4=1470oK1 (Part d of Exer-3). Assumed that all the net work is used to
Increase the kinetic energy of the flow, and the propelling nozzle is choked.
a) Find the jet velocity,

b) Calculate the propulsive, overall efficiencies, and sfc at this flight speed.
c) Calculate specific thrust.
d) Estimate mass flow rate, if the thrust requirement at cruise is 56,000 N.
Ans:
V j = 566 m
s
p = 0.617
o = 0.3
sfc = 0.070 kg / hr / N
FN
= 313.5 N
m air
m air = 178.6 kg / s
Note 1: Estimated values for cruise in a new design engines.

Unpublished Notes
16March2010
Optimization of Turbojet Cycle
Cruise at 35,000ft, M=0.85

0.1200
1800 5
0.1100 1600
1400 Lifting Engine

0.1000
1200
Business jet
0.0900
10
sfc (kg/h/N)
0.0800
15 Compressor
Pressure
0.0700 20 Ratio
25
0.0600 40
50
0.0500
Long Range Transport

0.0400
200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 550.00
Unpublished Notes
Specific Thrust (N/kg/s)
16March2010
Optimization of Turbojet Cycle Design Considerations
Small Business Jets:

Simple
Reliable Low Pressure Ratio
Low Initial Cost Modest Turbine Inlet Temperature
sfc not critical
Lifting Engines:
Max Thrust (Prime Requirement) Low Pressure Ratio
sfc less critical High Turbine Inlet Temperature
Short Life Requirement
Long range Transport Engines:

Low sfc High Pressure Ratio
Increased Weight Acceptable High Turbine Inlet Temperature
(engine + fuel weight reduction)
Unpublished Notes
16March2010

18 Brayton Cycle-Jet Engine

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Turbojet Engine

Wnet : Available Thermal

Nine-stage Low Pressure Compressor

A parameter which describe the fuel efficiency of an engine design is called

Fuel Consumption is directly linked to the overall engine efficiency.

Pr opulsive Power ( Power to Aircraft )

Flux of momentumentering the engine = m

Numbering Scheme for Stations in Turbojet Engine

Wcomp = m air c p (T3 T2 )

Case a: The expansion to pa is completed in the nozzle when p45/pa<p45/pc

Case b: The expansion to pa is uncompleted in the nozzle when p45/pa>p45/pc

A turbojet engine flies at 35,000 ft, M=0.85 (cruise condition),

a) Find the jet velocity,

Note 1: Estimated values for cruise in a new design engines.

Cruise at 35,000ft, M=0.85

1400 Lifting Engine

Long Range Transport

Small Business Jets:

Long range Transport Engines:

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