CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

3.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:

The structure can be analyzed in various way such Kanis method of rotation contribution, Moment
distribution method, approximate methods, and Matrix method but in this chapter I analyzed the structure
using STAAD.Pro V8i.STAAD.Pro is a comprehensive structural engineering software. It is the
professional choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminums and cold formed steel design of virtually
structures including culverts, tunnels and bridges.

3.1 DIFFERENT LOAD ON STRUCTURE:

The different load on the structures are taken based on the relevant IS 876 (part-1) 1978 in dead load
IS 876 (part-2) 1978 in live load IS 876 (part-3) 1978 in wind load.

3.1.1 TYPES OF LOAD :

Live load

Dead load

Combination of live load and dead load

3.1.2 Analysis of loads:

JOINT MEMBER K SUM OF K D.F

A AB 0.78EI 0.22

AK 1.33EI 3.44EI 0.38

AJ 1.33EI 0.38

B BA 0.78EI 0.15

BC 1.53EI 4.97 EI 0.30

BL 1.33EI 0.26

1.33EI 0.26

BI

C CB 1.53EI 0.21

CD 3EI 0.41

CM 1.33EI 7.19EI 0.18

CH 1.33EI 0.18

D DC 3EI 0.45

DE 1EI 0.15

DN 1.33EI 6.66EI 0.19

DG 1.33EI 0.19

E ED 1EI 0.27

EF 1.33EI 3.66EI 0.36

EO 1.33EI 0.36
 A B C D E

AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED

D.F 0.22 0.15 0.30 0.21 0.41 0.45 0.15 0.36

FEM -56.5 56.5 -11.45 11.45 -2.98 2.98 -23.04 23.04

BAL 12.43 -6.75 -13.5 -1.7 -3.4 9 3 -8.2

COM -3.3 6.2 -0.85 -6.75 4.5 -1.7 -4.1 1.5

BAL 0.72 -0.8 -1.6 -2.3 0.92 2.61 0.87 -0.54

FREE

MOMENT 84.8 17.1 4.47 34.56

MID SPAN

MOMENT 76.3 43.8 -78.7 42.03

DESIGNING:

3.2LIVE LOAD:

Guest house = 3kN/m2

3.2.1DEAD LOAD:

Dead load of concrete = 25kN/m2

Dead load of brick = 19kN/m2

The main purpose of the structural analysis is a preliminary load studies know the size of beam
and column. The design of slab were done their loads were used for the analysis of the structure
3.3DESIGN OF SLAB:

A slab is a structural element whose thickness is small as compared to its own length and width. Slabs
are usually used in floor and roof construction. According to the way loads are transferred to supporting beams
and columns. The slabs are classified into two types: one way slab and two way slab.

One way slab: the ratio of longer to shorter side is equal to 2 i.e. =2

Two way slab: the ratio of longer to shorter side is less than 2 i.e. <2

3.3.1SLAB:

Size of the slab is 4m x 4m

= 6.8/5.1=1.33<2

Hence the slab should be designed as two way slab.

Step 1:computation of area:

short span /eff.depth = 28

eff. Depth d = 182 mm

overall depth = 182+20+10/2 = 207 mm

eff.span = 5.1+0.207 = 5.30 mm

c/c distance = 5.1+0.23 = 5.3 mm

Step2: Depth of slab:

Live load = 3kN/m2

Dead load = 1x0.207x25 = 5.175 kN/m2

Floor finish = 1 kN/m2

Total load = 9.17 kN/m2

Wu = 9.17x1.5 = 13.7 kN/m2

Step3: Ultimate design moment and shear force:

In IS 456:2000 table no.26 and take the value of =1

Moment Short span Long span

Negative moment 0.057 0.037

Positive moment 0.044 0.028

Table: value of negative moment and positive moment

Mu = x wu lx2

Mu(-)ve = 0.057x13.7x5.12 = 20.3 kN-m

Mu(+)ve = 0.044x 13.7x5.12 = 15.6 kN-m

Mu(-)ve = 0.037x 13.7x5.12 = 13.1 kN-m

Mu(+)ve = 0.028 x 13.7x5.12 = 9.97 kN-m

Shear force, Vu = 0.5 wu lx

Vu = 0.5x13.7x5.1 = 34.9kN

Step 4: Check for depth:

Mu = 0.138 fck b d2

20.3x 106 = 0.138 x 25x1000xd2

d = 85.7mm < 207mm

Hence it is safe.

Distribution steel:

Ast = 0.12% b D

Ast = 0.0012 x 1000 x 207 = 248mm2

Reinforcement along short and long direction:

For short span co-efficient:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 }

415
20.3x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 182 {1 }
1000 182 20

20.3x106 = 65711.1 Ast 5.99Ast2

Ast = 320.2mm2
1131000
Therefore spacing of bars = 320

S = 353mm

Provide 12mm bars @ 353mm c/c in both directions.

Effective depth = 182 10 = 162mm

For longer span co-efficient:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 }

415
20.3x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 162 {1 }
1000 162 20

20.3x106 = 58490.1 Ast 7.49 Ast2

Ast = 364 mm2

113 1000
Therefore spacing of bars = 364

S = 310 ~ 350mm

Provide 12mm bars @ 350mm c/c in both directions.

Step 5: Check for shear:

Vu
Nominal shear, v =

34.9 1000
v = 1000 162 = 0.21N/ mm

Ast x 100
%age of tension reinforcement =

364 100
Pt = 1000 162

Pt = 0.22%

K c = 1.x0.32= 0.32

Since v < c, the slab is safe against shear stresses.

Step 6: Check for deflection control:

Basic valve = 20

For Pt = 0.33%from fig,4 in IS 456:2000

fs = 0.58 x fy

= 0.58 x 415

= 240.7 N / mm2

(/)max = 20x20 = 39.4

5100
(/)actual = = 28
182

Hence its safe against deflection control.

Step 7: Check for crack control:

1. Ast, min = 0.12% b D

Ast, min = 0.0012 x 1000 x 207 = 248mm2
2. Spacing of main reinforcement not more than 3d = 3 x 182 = 546mm
3. Diameter of reinforcement < D/8 < 207/8 = 25.87 mm

Hence the crack will be safe within safe permissible limits.

Step 8: Torsion reinforcement at corners:

Area of torsion reinforcement = 0.75 x 522 = 391.5mm2

Length over which torsion steel is provided = 0.2 x short span

= 0.2 x 5100 = 1020mm

Provide 10mm bars @ 1000mm for all corners

Step 9: Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast = 0.12% b D

= 0.0012 x 1000 x 182 = 218mm2

Provide 10mm bars @ 220 mm c/c (Ast is 186mm2).

3.3.2ONE WAY SLAB:

Size of the slab is 6.8X 2.6mm

= 6.8/2.6=2.6>2

Hence the slab should be designed as one way slab.

Step1: Depth of slab:

Live load = 3kN/m2

Effective depth,d = 92.85mm

Overall depth, D = 92.85+20+10/2= 117mm

Effective span = 2.6+0.09 = 3.63m

c/c distance = 2.6+0.23 = 2.83mm

overall length = 3.63m

Step2: Computation of load:

Self weight of slab = 0.117x1x25 = 2.92kN/m2

Live load = 3kN/m2

Floor finish = 1 kN/m2

Service load, Mu = 6.92 kN/m2

Design load, wu = 1.5x6.92 = 8.65kN/m2

Step3: Ultimate design moment and shear force:

Mu = wl2 /8 = 8.65x3.632 /2 =14.2 kN-m

Shear force, Vu = wu lx

Vu = 8.65x3.63/2 = 15.6kN

Step 4: Check for depth:

Mu limit = 0.138 fck b d2

9.44x106 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 92

Mu limit = 23.3 = 14.2mm < 23.3mm

Hence it is safe.

Step 5: calculation of ast


Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 }

415
14.2x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 92 {1 }
1000 92 20

14.2x106 = 33216.6 Ast 7.49 Ast2

Ast = 427mm2
113 1000
Therefore spacing of bars = 427

S = 264 ~ 270 mm

Provide 12mm bars @ 270mm c/c in both directions.

Step 6: distributors:

Ast min = 0.12%bd

Ast min = 140mm

Spacing s = 1000x50.26/140 = 359mm

No of bars n = Ast/ast = 2.79~3mm

Provide 10mm dia bar @360mm c/c in both direction

Step7: check for shear stress:

v =vu/bd = 15.6x1000/1000x92

v = 0.16N

pt = 100x427/1000x92 = 0.46%

c = 0.42

step 8:check for deflection:

(l/d)provide = 2600/92 = 26

(l/d)max = (l/d)basicx ktxkc = 28

3.3.3DESIGN OF BEAM:

A beam is a structural member which is subjected to transverse loading. The structural concrete beam
elements are designed to support a given system of external loads such as walls and slab of roof and floor systems.
The cross sectional dimensions are assumed based in serviceability requirements. The reinforcement in beam is
designed for flexure and shear forces along the length of the beam based on the structural analysis. The main aim
of the design should be to provide economical designs consistent with safety serviceability.

Step 1: General data:

Clear span = 6.8m

Length = 230mm

Depth = 400mm

Eff .depth = 0.3-0.04 = 0.26

Step 2: computation of load:

Total load = 11.43 kN/m2

Moment mu = 78.94 kN/m2

Shear force = wul/2 = 38.8 kN/m2

Floor finish = 0.05 x 24 = 1.2 kN/m2

step3: effective span:

eff. span+ depth = 6.8+0.3 = 7.1

c/c between support = 6.8+0.23 = 7.03

Step 4: Reinforcement:

Ultimate limit moment,

Mu, limit = 0.138 x fck x b x d2

Mu, limit = (0.138 x 20 x 230 x 4002 ) 10-6

Mu, limit = 101.56 kN-m

Mu < Mu, limit

 Hence, its safe and under reinforcement.

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 }

415
78.94x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 400{1 }
230 400 20

78.94 x 106 = 108315 Ast 32.57298913 Ast2

Ast = 894mm2

No of bars = 8

Provide 8 number of 12mm bars in tension reinforcement.

Step 5: Check for shear stresses:

Vu
Nominal shear, v =

38.8 1000
v = = 0.42 N/mm2
230 400

Ast x 100
%age of tension reinforcement =

894 100
Pt = 230 400

Pt = 0.97

c = 0.608 N/mm2

Since c > v. The shear reinforcement is required. Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 6mm 2 legged
stirrups @ spacing.
0.87
S = 0.4

250 890 0.87

S =
0.4 230

S = 111mm

Adopt spacing of stirrups @ 111mm c/c.

Step6: shear reinforcement:

Vus=(vu- c bd)

Vus= 38.8x1000-0.42x230x400 = 160KN

Use 8mm dia legged stirrups

sv = 0.87fy Asv d/vus = 90.7

Step 7: Check for deflection control:

 Pt = 0.95 N/mm2

K = 1.6

fs = 0.58 fy

()max = ()basic x kt x kc x kf

= 20x 1x1 = 20
6800
()actual = ( 400 ) = 17

() actual < ()max

Hence deflection control is satisfied.

The condition of the beam is satisfied as per IS 456:2000. The effective depth is 267mm and overall depth is
450mm. Use 8 numbers of 12mm bars in tension reinforcement and 6 bars of 10mm bars as hanger bar on
compression side @ 130mm c/c. Hence its safe.
3.3.3.1Design of plinth beam:

Given data:

Clear span=4.8 m

D = 4.8/20 =240 mm

STEP1:Effective span:

C/C Distance = 4.8 + 0.23 = 5.03m

Clear span + d = 4.8 + 0.24 = 5.04m

Effective span = 5.04m

STEP2:Load calculation:

Consider 1m length

Self weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.4 x 1 x 25 = 2.3KN/ m

Self weight of concrete wall = 3 x 0.23 x 19 = 13.11KN/m

Total load = 15.41KN/m

Design load = 1.5 x 15.41 = 23.1KN/m

STEP3:Bending moment:

Mu=wul/8 = 23.1x5.04x5.04/8

= 73.3 kN

Mu limit = 0.138xfckbd 2

Mu limit =0.138x25x230x400x400

= 126.9 kN
 Mu limit >Mu

It is a under reinforced section

STEP4: Check for depth:

Mu=0.138x fck bd

73.3x1000000= 0.138x25x230x230

Ast= 565mm

Use 12mm dia bars

ast=113mm

n=Ast/ast = 5

STEP5:Check for shear:

Vu
Nominal shear, v =

58.2 1000
v = = 0.68N/mm2
230 400

Ast x 100
%age of tension reinforcement =

564 100
Pt = 230 400

Pt = 0.63

c = 0.63 N/mm2

Since c > v. The shear reinforcement is required. Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 6mm 2 legged
stirrups @ spacing.

Step6: shear reinforcement:

 Vus=(vu- c bd)

Vus= 58.2x1000-0.53x230x400 = 924KN

Use 8mm dia legged stirrups

sv = 0.87fy Asv d/vus = 245mm

Step 7: Check for deflection control:

fs = 0.58 fy

()max = ()basic x kt x kc x kf

= 20x 1x1.1 = 22
5040
()actual = ( 400 ) = 12.6

() actual < ()max

Hence deflection control is satisfied.

3.3.4DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Step1: slenderness ratio:

A=length/least lateral dimension=3000/300

A=10<12

It is a short coloumn

Step2:Minimum eccentricity:

emin =l/500+b/30 = 3000/30+230/30

emin = 13.6<20mm

emin/d=3000/230 = 0.05

emax/d=19.3/450 = 0.042

step3: load calculation:

size of coloumn = 230x400

self wt of wall = 13.8 kN/m2

self wt of beam = 36.8 kN/m2

self wt of coloumn = 0.23x0.4x25x3 = 6.9 kN/m2

area under coloumn = 9.95 kN/m2

Total load from the slab= 10.8x9.95 = 107.4 kN/m2

Design load = 584.6 kN/m2

Step4: calculation of Asc:

Pu =0.4fckac+0.67 Ag Asc

Ac = Ag+Asc

Asc = 268.05=584.6x1000-920000= 1251.2mm

Use 20mm dia bars

No of bars =1251/314.16 =4

spacing s = 1000x314.16/1251.6 = 250

 provide 4 nos of 20mm dia bars @250 mm c/c distance

step5:design of lateral ties:

dia of bars=1/4x20 =5mm

use 8mm dia lateral ties

1.least lateral dimension =300

2. dia = 16x20 = 320mm

3. 300mm

Provide 8mm dia @300mm spacing

3.3.5Design of footing:
.

Step1: General data:

Pu = 362.32kN

Area of column = 230x400

Safe bearing capacity of the soil =150kN/m2

M25, grade, fck = 20N/mm2

Step2: Size of footing:

Load on all column = 584.6kN

Self weight of slab and beam (10%) = 58.46kN

Total load = 643.06kN

643.06
Area of footing = = 4.28m2
150

Step 3: Net upward design pressure:

Upward pressure = load/areax1.5 = 225.3

Factoned moment = 2.1-(0.2/2) = 2m

Max factoned moment = fo l(l-a)/8 = 225x2(2-2)/8 kN/m2

Max factoned moment = 28.1 kN/m2

 Step4:Calculation of effective depth by using B.M:

Mu, limit = 0.138 fck bd2

28.1x1000000 = 0.138 x 25x 1000 x d2

d = 90 mm

Step 5: Calculation of area of reinforcement:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 }

415
28.1x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx90{1 }
110 90 20

Ast = 318mm2

Assume of bar is 20mm,

Ast = x d2
4

= x 202 = 315mm2
4

318
Number of bars = = 1 Nos
314

Step 6: Spacing
1000314.1
S = x1
318

= 987mm

Provide 1 Nos of 16mm barsc/c in both direction

3.3.6 Design of lintel:

Assume the size of lintel as 200mm x 120mm

(Width of lintel = thickness of wall)

Using 10mm bars with a effective cover of 2 mm

d = 120 2-(10/2) = 175mm

STEP1: Effective span:

1) c/c of bearings = 1.5 + 0.23 = 2.13 m

2) clear span + effective depth (d) = 1.5 + 0.113 = 1.61m

leff = 1.67 m

height of equilateral triangle = 0.866 x1xsin60

= 0.866 x 1.6xsin 60=1.19m

= 1.45 m

Height of the wall above the lintel = 0.60m

Weight of triangular portion of masonry: = 0.5x1.6x0.60x0.23=2.0 kN

STEP2:Load calculation:

Weight of sunshade (assume the depth as 60 mm) = 1.67 x 0.6 x 0.075x25

= 1.80 KN

Imposed load on sun shade = 1.67 x 0.6 x 1

= 1 KN

Self-weight of lintel = (0.23 x 0.113 x 25)

= 0.64N

Total load = 3.44kN

STEP 3:Max Bending moment:

BM = wl2/8 =3.14x1.62 /8 = 2kN

 Area of steel (Ast):

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d

2. x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 113 x Ast (1-415 ast/230x113x25)

Ast = 50.6 mm

N =1

Min reinforcement= 0.0012x230x150 =41.1mm

N =1

Provide 1nos of 8 mm fe 415 steel bars at bottom as main reinforcement and 1 nos of 8mm

3.3.7Design of sun shade:

Step1:Load calculation:

Weight of sunshade = 1 x 0.6x 0.075 x 25

= 1.125KN

Imposed load on sun shade = 1.8 x 0.6 x 1 = 1.08kN

Total load = 2.205 KN

Factored load = 2.205 x 1.5 = 3.30KN

Step2: Calculation of moment:

Mu = Wul/2 = 3.30 x 1.8/2

= = 2.97KNmm

Step3: Calculation of Ast:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d

-2.97x1000000=1987Ast-7.49Ast

Ast = 132mm
Ast min = 0.12/100 x 1000 x 55 = 66mm

Spacing of 6 mm bars = 1000Ast/ast

= 4 62 /231.15x 1000

= 213 mm

No of bars = 132/28.2

= 4.6 (or) 5 bars

Provide 5 nos of 6 mm bars

3.3.8stair case design:
Given:

height of the flight = 2 m,

step1: Arrangement of stair:

Let as assume the rise be 150 mm & tread be 300 mm. let us keep width of each flight= 1.5 m.

height of flight = 1.8m,

No of riser required =2/0.15 = 13 in each flight.

no of tread required =13-1 =12nos.

space occupied by treads =11x300 =3.30m

keep the width of landing equal to 1.5m.

step2:Computation of Bending moment:

Thethickness of wall bearing the landing =160mm.

Effectivespan =3.3 + 1.5+2.23/2 = 6.8m

let the thickness of waist slab =200mm.

weight of waist slab w on slope = (150/1000) x 1 x 1 x 20

w= 4kn/m2

Dead load on horizontal area w1 =w x 2 + 2 /

= 40.152 + 0. 302 /0.30

 = 4.5kn/m2

Dead weight of step is given by

w2 = r x 1 x 1 x 25 / (2x1000)

= 0.5 x 0.15x 0.30 x (20/0.3)

= 1.5 kN/m

Total dead weight /m run= 1.5+ 4.5 = 6 kN/m

weight of finishing =0.1 kN

live load = 6 kN

total load = 9.28 kN/m

design load, wu = 1.5x13 =19.5 kN/m

mu = wul2/8 = 19.5 x 4.82/8 =56kN-m

mu =56 km/m.

step 4:Design of waist slab:

mu = 0.138 fck b d2

56x106= 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2

d = 142mm say 150mm

assume effective cover is 25 mm,

d = 150+ 25 = 175 mm

hence it is safe. so, provide the 175 mm thick waist slab.

Step5:Computation of reinforcement:

f y . Ast
1

mu = 0.87.fy.ast.d f ck .bd

56x 106 = 0.87 x175x 415 x Ast(1-415/20x1000x170)

Ast = 1006mm2

using 16mm bars and no. of rod required in 1.5 m width

=1006 / 113.5 = 9.5

provide 10 nos of 16mm bar.

spacing of bar = 2000/10 =200mm

for distributor 0.12% of gross area

=0.12x200x1000/100 =180mm2

provide 240mm2

using 16mm dia bar for distributor 240mm

 3.3.9DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK:

Design a septic tank for a Old age home of 20 persons with average daily flow of 120 liters per head per
day.

20 120
Flow of sewage per day = 1000

= 2.4 m3 / day

Assume a detention period of 24 hours.

12 24
Tank capacity required = = 12m3
24

Assume the tank is cleaned once in 2 years.

1. Space required for storage of sludge = 0.0708 m3/capita

= 100x0.0708
= 7.08 ~ 8m3
2. Space required for scum storage = 0.01 m3/capita
= 100x0.01 = 1m3
3. Space required for digestion
(0.028 to 0.056 m3/ capita) = 100x0.03 = 3m3

25
Add 25% extra for future extension = x 12 = 3m3
100

Total capacity of the tank = 12+8+1+3+3 = 27 m3

Let the depth of the liquid = 1.1m

27
Plan area of the tank = = 24.5m2
1.1

Let the length of the tank is 2 times the width of the tank.

2bxb = 24.5m2

b = 3.5m

l = 2 x 3.5 = 7m

Area of the tank = 7 x 3.5 = 24.5m2

Assume free board = 0.4m

Total depth = 1.1+0.4 = 1.5m

Size of the tank = 7m x 3.5m x 1.5m