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Lecture 5
ACID- BASE EQUILIBRIUM-V
pH indicators
Both phenolphthalein and methyl orange can be used to determine the end point fort
the strong base titration. While for the weak acid only Methyl Red can be used.
PHCM223,SS16 Lecture 5, Dr. Rasha Hanafi 7
CHOICE OF INDICATOR FOR A CERTAIN TITRATION
The [In]/[HIn] ratio
changes from 0.1 at a pH
1 unit below pKin to 10 at
a pH 1 unit above pKin.
1. Methyl orange is used as indicator for titration of the strong acid (pH 7).
2. The weak acid is then determined using phenolphthalein as indicator (pH>7).
bromophenol blue
0.1M solution of maleic acid titrated with 0.1M solution of strong base. pKa1=1.83,
pKa2=6.07.
PHCM223,SS16 Lecture 5, Dr. Rasha Hanafi 11
TRIBASIC ACID: PHOSPHORIC ACID
At equal acid and conjugate base
concentrations, pH=pKa.
There are three such points for
phosphoric acid. These points are
important in the prediction of the
titration curves. They correspond
to points where half of an
equivalent of proton has been
consumed by addition of strong
base.
Thus, the point where pH=pKa1 is
halfway to the first equivalence
point. Where pH=pKa2 is halfway
between the first and second
equivalence points, etc. The equivalence point is halfway between the
The solution has maximum two points with maximum buffer capacity
buffer capacity at these points.
Soln. of 0.1M NaOH and 0.1M Na2CO3 titrated with 0.1M solution of strong acid. Carbonic acid dissociation constants: pKa1=6.37, pKa2=10.25.
PHCM223,SS16 Lecture 5, Dr. Rasha Hanafi 14
WARDER TITRATION
During titration of the mixture we first add phenolphthalein to the
solution and titrate it till pink color disappears, noting the first end point
volume (let's call it V1). Then we add methyl orange and titrate solution to
the intermediate color of the indicator. Let's call the second end point
volume V2.
V1 is the volume of titrant that was necessary for completion of two
reactions:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3
V2-V1 is the hydrogen carbonate protonation:
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2