Title: Is an electric vehicle can be the solution for air pollution

1.Introduction

1.1 The problem

Announced in December 2015 and enforced in November 2016, the Paris

Agreement set the objective of limiting the increase in the global average
temperature to well below 2C above preindustrial levels and pursuing efforts to
limit the temperature increase to 1.5C above preindustrial levels (UNFCCC,
2015b). Figure 3 illustrates the GHG emissions reductions that could be
compatible with this target by looking at two carbon budgets that reflect two
possible IEA scenarios (IEA, 2017b):
1 170 GtCO2 of cumulative emissions for the 2015-2100 period, as in the IEA
Two Degree Scenario (2DS), providing a 50% chance of limiting average future
temperatures increases to 2C

750 Gt CO2 of cumulative emissions for the 2015-2100 period, as in the Beyond
Two Degree Scenario (B2DS), coupled with a 50% chance of limiting average
future temperatures increases to 1.75C.

In both cases represented in Figure 3, energy-related GHG emissions will need to

reach net-zero in the second half of this century: close to 2060 for the B2DS and
close to 2090 for the 2DS. The transport sector, which currently accounts for 23%
of global energy-related GHG emissions, will need to deliver major emissions cuts
for countries to achieve their goals.
1.2 Aim

The electrification of transport plays a large role in all IEA scenarios aiming to
achieve the decarburization of the energy system, where increasing transport
electrification goes hand-in-hand with decarbonizing the electricity sector (IEA,
2017b).6 Electrification will be crucial in short distance vehicles such as two- and
three-wheelers and PLDVs, as well as public transport and freight delivery
vehicles used in urban environments. In the 2DS, the plug-in PLDV stock exceeds
150 million units (10% of the total) by 2030. By 2060, the 2DS projects that 1.2
billion electric Vehicles, representing more than 60% of the total PLDV stock, will
be in circulation. In the same scenario, the stock of electric two-wheelers is
projected to exceed 400 million in 2030 (around 40% of the global total), and two-
wheelers become fully electrified by 2055 (IEA, 2017b). Under the B2DS,
transport electrification happens at an even faster pace: electric Vehicles represent
85% of the total PLDV stock by 2060, and two-wheelers are fully electrified by
2045. With zero tailpipe emissions in the case of full-electric driving vehicles, EVs
also offer a clean alternative to vehicles with ICEs by helping to reduce exposure
to air pollution resulting from fuel combustion and limiting noise. This is
especially relevant in urban areas and along major transportation axes.7 The
relevance of EVs for the reduction of air pollution and noise is well demonstrated
by the leading role that cities assume in promoting EV deployment: in 2015, nearly
a third of global electric car sales took place in just 14 cities (Hall et. al, 2017).
Major global urban centers also tend to witness higher electric car market
penetration compared to their country averages.

1.3 Question
There are many question may come during this project. The question are:

1. What are the typical vehicles system found in various construction projects?
2. How to classify these al project for easier identification and modeling?
3. What are the current industry practice as well as research advancements in
modeling and resolving Vehicless?
4. How to unify the Vehicles classification knowledge and various Vehicles
modeling efforts into a framework for total engine system?
5. Can we find it within low cost?

1.4 Objective:

The long term goal of the research is to develop a formalized Vehicles new
technology. It is defined herein as the process of identifying, classifying, modeling,
and resolving previous system. The objective of the current study is to provide a
comprehensive review of literatures and industry practices in relation to vehicles
analysis and outline a conceptual framework for Vehicles management.
Particularly, the study has the following sub-objectives:

To provide a comprehensive review of sources and characteristics of

Vehicless typically found in electric vehicles projects;
To develop a new engine classification method for easier engine
identification and modeling;
To review current industry practices and researches in regards to electric
vehicles modeling;
To outline a conceptual framework for total electric vehicles system with the
impact of environment.
2. Background and signification

The automobile market is booming right now. A dozen new models, at least, are
set to be released by the idle of next year, with many more in the pipeline for a
little later release. Taking pride of place among the lot are the electric vehicles.
Now this is more than just a fad or an experiment; electric cars are not inexpensive
to manufacture, and companies have certainly done their market research before
embarking on such a huge venture. That means that people are actually opting for
electric cares right now. In this article, let us find out what makes electric cars the
next big thing in the automobile market for solving air pollution.

2.1 Better for the environment

First of all, and most importantly, electric cars will help us combat the very
monster that is threatening the well-being of the world at present- global warming.
Cars that use fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel to run emit significant amounts
of greenhouse gases that lead to air pollution and increase the temperature of the
earth. The more these cars are used, the more will the air will be polluted. And
harm to the environment means that there will be even more drastic climate
changes, fewer and fewer areas will retain their breathability, and the entire
ecosystem will be irrevocably compromised.
2.2 Better for our health

Compromising the climate comes with more immediate side effects than the ones
listed above. A poor breathability rating of the air will lead to a huge number of
related illnesses, such as asthma, heart diseases, and even some forms of cancer.
According to a World Health Organization estimate, around 3 million premature
deaths are caused by air pollution each year. Add to that the expense of treating
expensive illnesses that are bred by air pollution, and we will be surprised at how
many electric cars we could buy with that kind of money. Using electric cars will
help us combat all of these.

2.3 Inexpensive in the long run

We are probably a tad hesitant to buy the new electric car because it seems like a
bigger pocket pinch at one go than we are prepared for. But before we give it a
pass and opt for the trusty old fuel-guzzler, take out a pen and do some math. How
much do we pay for fuel each day? We are probably keeping a car for our self, one
for the spouse or partner, and another one is on the cards once the kid turns 16. We
are paying for fuel for at least two right now, and will probably be paying for one
more in the near future. Add to that the maintenance charges and the cost of
servicing for the bumps and dents it gets from minor accidents every now and then.
EVs, on the other hand, are smart cars that will not budge unless the road is clear,
require little upkeep, and run on electricity. Electric cars will, in the long run, cost
a lot less than our biofuel powered car, even after adding in the electricity cost
incurred in charging.
2.4 They are so safe

When was the last time that we drove and felt completely relaxed at the end of it?
If we are living in an urban population, we will be no stranger to ultra-congested
streets, with honking drivers who make we want to step on our gas pedal and go on
a vehicular rage spree. A decent parking spot is hard to find with cars standing
nose to bumper all the way; we think there is a decent enough space, but bum into
another car while trying to maneuver our into the spot. Bumping into cars on the
street is a given anyway. Buying an electric car will rid we of all these worries.
They are mostly smart cars, which means they will take control on the streets,
moving in accordance with the traffic rate, road conditions, nearby vehicles, and
road signs

2.5 The silence!

Let us not forget one of the biggest joys that driving an electric car gives us: the
ability to drive soundlessly. Well, almost. While not all electric cars are as silent as
the Batmobile, even the most average model has infinitely better acoustics than the
best fuel-driven vehicle. There is none of the sound we get from keeping the diesel
engine in working condition and not exploding, and our test drive will probably
have we constantly wondering, we are moving at all.
3. Literature review

Electric cars are coal-powered cars. Their carbon emissions can be worse than
gasoline-powered cars.- Vinod Khosla

The car industry has invested a lot in hybrid, but my opinion is electric cars will
take over a lot of hybrids quicker than people think now.-Henrik Frikser

Every day I get to 'Think' and work on everything from digitizing electric grids so
they can accommodate renewable energy and enable mass adoption of electric
cars, helping major cities reduce congestion and pollution, to developing new
micro-finance programs that help tiny businesses get started in markets such as
Brazil, India, Africa.- Ginni Rometty

Most Americans and Canadians (& earthlings) can save thousands annually with
smarter energy choices. That's a lot of bucket list vacations, while providing far
better for your own future and living a richer life today.
Natalie Pace, The ABCs of Money
4. Research Methodology

The primary research method for this study is literature review and conceptual
modeling. vehicles identification and classification through a structured approach
is the very first step toward a better environment. This study will first review
various types of vehicles in construction and their characteristics. Based on this
understanding, a classification method will be developed to categorize vehicles
factors for the purpose of vehicles identification and modeling. In the second stage
of this study, existing Vehicles modeling methods will be identified based on a
comprehensive review of current industry practices and academic researches.
Finally, once the Vehicles classification and modeling techniques are identified, a
conceptual framework for total Vehicles management will be outlined. This study
will be conducted between October 2017 to September 2018.
5. Time Schedule

Total time available 12 months

Activity Time period Dates (from X until Y)

1) Finding and reading 5 weeks 1 October -15 November

previous literature

2) Designing materials 17 week 15 November -28 February

3) Learning how to use 15 weeks 1 March 5 June

method

4) Designing questionnaire 5 weeks 5 June -10 July

5) Running tests 5 weeks 10 July -14 August

6) Analyzing data 2 weeks 15 August - 31 August

7) Writing up 1 weeks 1 September-7 September

8) Rewriting 1 weeks 8 September - 15 September

9) Thorough proof-reading 1 weeks 16 September- 24 September

11) Submission 30 September

6. Budget
A non-medical research project to be conducted on-campus
100% sponsor agency funding.
Project period 10/01/2017 to 9/30/2018
Budget period 10/01/2017 to 9/30/2018 (Year 1 budget)
Agency
Senior Personnel Request

Dr. Saifullah (2 months) 14,000

Dr. Niloy Kumer (1.25 months) 10,000
Md. Abdul Karim (2 months) 12,000

Other Personnel

Analysis Technician (6 months) 16,000

2 Graduate Students (12 months) 12,000

Total Personnel: 64,000

Fringe Benefits (PI, Co-PIs & Technician) 13,000

Equipment 15,000
Travel 4,500
Materials and Supplies 9,500
Consultant 2,500
Subcontract (Azalea University) 5,000
Subcontract (Dogwood College) 35,000
Printing 1,500

Total Direct Costs 150,000

F&A Costs @ 38% MTDC (125,000) 47,500

Total Direct and F&A Costs 197,500

Total Project Cost $ 197,500

References

1. 2011. Report: Electric Vehicles in America. Project Get Ready.

http://projectgetready.com/resources/electric-vehicles-in-america
2. 2011. Is public charging infrastructure important? UC Davis.
http://www.sae.org/events/gim/presentations/2011/TomT.pdf
3. 2008. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Review. U.S.
DOE Vehicle Technologies Program.
http://avt.inl.gov/pdf/phev/phevInfrastructureReport08.pdf
4. 2011. City plans to install seven electric car charging stations. Northampton
Media. March 16, 2011.
http://northamptonmedia.com/blog/03/16/2011/
5. city-plans-to-install-seven-electric-car-charging-stations/
6. "Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles". google.co.uk.
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle
8. Apr. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/global warming?s=t
9. Csaba, Nilgesz. "Solar Energy Live." SolarEnergyLive.com.
SolarEnergyLive.com, 2008.
10. Web. 8 Apr. 2012. http://solarenergylive.com
11. 2012. <http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/02/28/gas-prices-around-5-00-on-
longisland/>.
12. Environmental Protection Agency. "About the Ratings." About the Ratings.
Environmental Protection Agency, 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 8 Apr. 2012.
http://ofmpub.epa.gov/greenvehicles/Aboutratings.do
13.Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 08 Feb. 2012
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?