Part A

Name of Article: From the Cell to the Ecosystem: The Physiological Evolution of Symbiosis
Author(s): Ricardo Guerrero and Mercedes Berlanga
Journal Name: Evolutionary Biology
Date of Article: December 2016

Organisms must live in and interact with their environments in order to successfully adapt to
these changing environments. Many bacterial species have an advantage in the environment due
to their communication and cooperation, and their presence in almost very aspect of life on
Earth. Bacteria do not function individually but instead as communities that live in biofilms that
they created themselves. These biofilms, created by bacteria, can form the intestinal tract of
animals and form the first early ecosystems. The first self-sustaining lifeforms on the Earth are
prokaryotes, which are cells without a nucleus. Prokaryotes are similar to bacteria and archaea,
and many symbiotic relationships between the prokaryotes led to the production of eukaryotic
cells. Without symbiosis, these eukaryotic cells might not have developed and created many
living things today. Mitochondria are one of the many cells that derived from bacteria, and
without this mitochondria, cells would not be powered to perform daily tasks. Living organisms
are always interacting in and within their habits by selectively taking up compounds from the
environment and excreting many metabolic products in return. Through this process of
symbiosis, many organisms of all types can survive because of the processes of other cells and
other organisms interacting within the environments they live in. These tiny cells combined
together with many other cells through symbiosis can in turn produce an environment that
enables organisms to survive and flourish and make the environmental conditions livable for all
organisms.
Part B
Title of Article: Developing the Skills of Principals in Low-Performing Schools
Author: Stephen R. Jenkins
Year: 2017

In order to ensure that a future principal is equipped to successfully lead a low-performing

school, a principal preparation program must be taken by future principals. The schools that are
ranked towards the bottom of the list on student performance are usually the schools that do not
have a leader that possesses the skills and necessary attributes in order to lead the school and the
workforce at the school. The schools do not attempt to improve their score or place on this list if
they do not have a successful principal because there will be no way to further improve the
wellbeing of the school. Some schools hire new principals to take over the work in low-
performing schools and this causes them to quickly become overwhelmed due to the dysfunction
and problems the school is facing. Without a principal preparation program, the new principal
will not fill prepared to take on the problems of the school or the issues the low-performing
school is dealing with. Additionally, this principal preparation program will provide future
principals with the skills and knowledge needed to lead the school in making changes improve
all of the aspects of the school that are struggling as well as providing the future principal with
the information necessary to analyze the data and the cause of the problem that keeps the school
at the low-performance score. Through this program, the principals that are hired to low-
performing schools will not feel discouraged when dealing with the issues that come from the
school and will have the knowledge to work towards improving each issue and eventually
improving the score of the student performance.
Part C
Name of Article: Running
Author: Anonymous
Journal/Newspaper, etc.: Arkansas Business
Year (must be last five years): January 2017

Running is the oldest and simplest forms of exercise and it is very practical, productive and
loved by many. Running is a very aerobic workout, which means that a maximum amount of
calories are burned with each run, and the more regularly a person runs than the more likely the
body is to continue burning calories even after the run is completed. Per each 60 minute
workout, a person burns anywhere from 500-1,400 calories. There are many benefits to running
such as weight loss, boosting immune system, increasing bone mass and lung functioning, and
strengthening the heart muscle which aids to prevent heart attacks. Running quickly assists in
producing endorphins and alleviating a bad mood and is even used by some professional
psychologists as a treatment for depression. Additionally, the type of running shoe used has a
very big importance in avoiding pain while running and preventing injury while running.