Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Column base: Open section column

LOADED TO MAJOR AXIS MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE
Summary
The objective of this study is verification of CBFEM IDEA RS software with component method.

Description of verified connection: open section steel column is anchored with anchor bolts to
concrete pad; the column is loaded by moment to major axis and axial force.

Inputs
Compressed column is designed as maximal 3rd class to avoid stability problems.
The study was performed for parameters: size of the column, dimensions of base plate, grade of
concrete, dimensions of concrete pad.

Component method
Five components are examined: column flange and web in compression, concrete in compression
including grout, base plate in bending anchor bolt in tension and welds.
All components are designed according to EN 1993-1-8, EN 1992-1-1 and ETAG 001 Annex C.

Column flange and web in compression

Component column flange and web in compression is designed according to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.7.
Concrete in compression including grout
Component concrete in compression including grout is designed according to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.9
and EN 1992-1-1 6.7.

Two iterations of effective area are used to determine the resistance.

Fillet weld
The weld is closed around a cross-section of the column.

The thickness of the weld on the flanges is the same as the thickness of the weld on the web.
Design of the weld is done according to EN 1993-1-8 4.5.3.2(6).

Anchor bolts in tension

Component Anchor bolts in tension is designed in the software according to EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.12.

Tension resistance:
2
, =
2
Punching shear resistance:
0.6
, =
2

Steel failure
Eurocodes do not refer sufficiently to concrete resistances in tension loading and interaction of shear
and tension loading. Therefore, the ETAG 001 Annex C 5.2.2.2 is used in this study for hand
calculations of steel failure mode for consistency. Software uses the standard Eurocode assessment.

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Pull-out failure
Pull-out failure of anchor bolts loaded with tension is designed according to ETAG 001 Annex C
5.2.2.3. This failure mode is dependent on anchor type. It is presumed that the resistance will be
provided by manufacturer.

Concrete cone failure

Concrete cone failure of anchor bolts loaded with tension is designed according to ETAG 001 Annex
C 5.2.2.4.

Splitting failure
Splitting failure of anchor bolts loaded with tension is designed according to ETAG 001 Annex C
5.2.2.5 Splitting failure due to installation and 5.2.2.6 Splitting failure due to loading. This failure mode
is relevant for anchorage to thin concrete columns or beams and is dependent on anchor type.

Partial safety factors in ETAG 001

ETAG 001 Annex C uses different partial safety factors than Eurocodes. The safety factors are
explained below.

Partial safety factor for steel failure

1,2
Tension loading: = 1,4

1.2
= = 1.5
0.8
Shear loading:
1,0
= 1,25 for 800 MPa and / 0,8
/

= 1.5 for > 800 MPa or / > 0,8

Partial safety factor for concrete failure

= 2 = 1.5 1.2 = 1.8

= 1.5
Tension loading:

2 = 1.0 for systems with high installation safety

2 = 1.2 for systems with normal installation safety

2 = 1.4 for systems with low but still acceptable installation safety

Shear loading: 2 = 1,0

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Anchorage example Steel column HEB 240:

An example of component method design is shown on the anchorage of column steel section HEB 240
with base plate anchored by four anchor bolts M20 8.8 (As = 245 mm2) with effective length
hef = 400 mm to concrete pad from concrete grade C20/25. The base plate dimensions are
b1 = 440 mm, d1 = 330 mm, t = 20 mm. The concrete pad width b = 1000 mm, length d = 1110 mm
and depth h = 900 mm. Grout thickness is 30 mm. Anchor bolt distances are db = 340 mm and
bb = 140 mm.

Partially loaded areas (EN 1992-1-1 6.7):

Fig. 1: Partially loaded areas

1st iteration:

1 = 330 mm
1 = 440 mm
= min(1 ; 2 ) = min(335; 335) = 335 mm
= min(1 ; 2 ) = min(380; 680) = 380 mm
1 + 2 = 330 + 2 335 = 1000 mm
2 = min { 3 1 = 3 330 = 990 mm } = 990 mm
1 + = 330 + 900 = 1230 mm
1 + 2 = 440 + 2 335 = 1110 mm
2 = min { 3 1 = 3 440 = 1320 mm } = 1110 mm
1 + = 440 + 900 = 1340 mm

2 2 990 1110
= = = 2.75
1 1 330 440

1 2.75 20
= = = 36.68 MPa
1,5

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

235
= = 20 = 29.2 mm
3 0 338.141,0

= 240 + 2 29.2 = 298.4mm leff b 2 c

= 17 + 2 29.2 = 75.4 mm beff t f 2 c
, = 10 + 2 29.2 = 68.4 mm

= 55 095 mm2

2nd iteration:

1 = 1 = 298.4 mm
= 2 = 1000 2 298.4 = 403.2 mm

= 2 = 1110 2 298.4 = 513.2 mm

1 + 2 = 298.4 + 2 350.8 = 1000 mm
2 = min { 3 1 = 3 298.4 = 895.2 mm } = 895.2 mm
1 + = 298.4 + 900 = 1198.4 mm
1 + 2 = 298.4 + 2 405.8 = 1110 mm
2 = min { 3 1 = 3 298.4 = 895.2 mm } = 895.2 mm
1 + = 298.4 + 900 = 1198.4 mm

1 2 2 895.2 895.2
= = = =3
0 1 1 298.4 298.4

1 3 20
= = =
1.5
235
= 3 = 20 3401,0 = 28.0 mm
0

= 240 + 2 28.0 = leff b 2 c

, = 17 + 2 28.0 = 73 mm beff t f 2 c

, = 10 + 2 28.0 = 66 mm

= 53 116 mm2

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Interaction diagram

Point -1: tension only

Tension resistance:
2 0.9 800 245
, = 0.85 = 0.85 = 119.95 kN
2 1.25
Punching shear resistance:
0.6 0.6 32.3 20 360
, = = = 350.69 kN
2 1.25
Steel failure (ETAG 001 Annex C)
800
, = = 245 = 130.67 kN
1.5
Concrete cone failure (ETAG 001 Annex C)

Anchor bolts are close to each other, group of anchors have one
common concrete cone.
, Spacing for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic
tensile resistance (single anchor without spacing and edge effects in
case of concrete cone failure).
, Edge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic tensile resistance (single
anchor without spacing and edge effects in case of concrete cone failure).

, = 2 , = 3 = 3 400 = 1200 mm

= max(385; 420) = 420 mm

= max(340; 160) = 340 mm
420
= 400 = 280.0 mm
, 600
= max = 280 mm
340
= 400 = 113.3 mm
{ , 1200 }


280
, = , = 1200 = 840 mm
400

, = 0.5 , = 0.5 840 = 420 mm

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

The initial value of the characteristic resistance of an anchor placed

in cracked concrete:
0 1.5
, = 1 , = 7.2 25 2801.5 = 168.67 kN

Actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete

surface (4 anchors):

, = (1000) (1110) = 1 110 000 mm2

Area of concrete of an individual anchor (large spacing and edge

distance) at the concrete surface:
2 2
0, = ,

= (3 ) = (3 280)2 = 705 600 mm2

Disturbance of the distribution of stresses in the concrete

due to edges of the concrete member:
385
, = 0.7 + 0.3 = 0.7 + 0.3 = 0.975 1
, 420

Effect of a reinforcement:

, = 0.5 + = 1.734 > 1 , = 1
200
Group effect when different tension loads are acting on the
individual anchors of a group:
1 1
, = = =11
1+2 0
, 1 + 2 740
Characteristic resistance of anchors (group of 4) in case of
Fig. 4 Stress in concrete and forces in
concrete cone failure:
anchors for point -1 obtained by
0
, CBFEM (deformation scale 100)
, = , , , ,
0,
1 110 000
= 168.67 0.975 1
705 600
1 = 258.71 kN
, 258.71
, = = = 143.73 kN
2 1.8

4, = min{2 , ; 2 , ; , ; , } =
min{239.9; 779.32; 261.33; 143.73}
= 143.73 kN
= 170 mm
+
, = .

Fig. 5 Stress in concrete for point -1 obtained by CBFEM

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Point 0: bending only

Actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete surface (2 anchors):

, = (1000) (385 + 420) = 805 000 mm2

Characteristic resistance of anchors (group of 2) in case of concrete cone failure:

0
, 805 000
, = , 0 , , , = 168.67 705 600 0.975 1 1 = 187.62 kN
,
, 187.62
, = = = 104.23 kN
2 1.8

, = min{2 , ; 2 , ; , ; , } = .
2, 104.23
,0 = = = 2606 mm2
40

Length of compressed part of concrete:

,0 2606
,0 = = = 8.8 mm
296

296 8.8
,0 = = = 143.6 mm
2 2 2 2

, = ,0 2, = 2606 40 104.23 = 0 kN

, = ,0 ,0 + 2, = 104.23 143.6 + 104.23 170 = .

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Fig. 6 Stress in concrete and forces in anchors for point 0 obtained by CBFEM (deform. scale 25)

Fig. 7 Effective area for concrete for point 0 (using coefficient of max. stress 0.1)

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Point 1: compression and bending

,1 = = 296 73 = 21608 mm2

296 73
,1 = = = 111.5 mm
2 2 2 2

, = ,1 2, = 21608 40 104.23 = .

, = ,1 ,1 + 2, = 864.32 111.5 + 104.23 170 = .

Fig. 8 Stress in concrete and forces in anchors for point 2 obtained by CBFEM (deform. scale 25)

Fig. 9 Effective area for concrete for point 2 (using coefficient of max. stress 0.1)

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Point 2: compression and bending neutral axis in the centre

,2 = 26558 mm2

,2 = 97.7 mm

, = ,2 2, = 26558 40 104.23 = .

, = ,2 ,2 + 2, = 1062.32 97.7 + 104.23 170 = .

Fig. 10 Stress in concrete and forces in anchors for point 2 obtained by CBFEM (deform. scale 25)

Fig. 11 Effective area for concrete for point 2 (using coefficient of max. stress 0.1)

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Point 3: compression and bending

,3 = 31508 mm2

,3 = 76.5 mm

, = ,3 2, = 31508 40 104.23 = .

, = ,3 ,3 + 2, = 1260.32 76.5 + 104.23 170 = .

Fig. 12 Stress in concrete and forces in anchors for point 3 obtained by CBFEM (deform. scale 25)

Fig. 13 Effective area for concrete for point 3 (using coefficient of max. stress 0.1)

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Point 4: compression only

,4 = 53116 mm2

, = ,4 = 53116 40 = .

Fig. 14 Stress in concrete and forces in anchors for point 4 obtained by CBFEM (deform. scale 25).

Fig. 15 Effective area for concrete for point 4 (using coefficient of max. stress 0.1)

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Interaction diagram

160.0 EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993-1-8, ETAG 001

(annex C)

140.0
IdeaCon

120.0

Bending moment [kNm]

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
500.0 0.0 -500.0 -1000.0 -1500.0 -2000.0 -2500.0
Axial force [kN]

Fig. 16 Interaction diagram obtained by CBFEM compared to interaction diagram calculated

according to EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993-1-8 and ETAG 001 Annex C.

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Results by CBFEM Idea RS software

Combination of the advantages of both finite element method and analytical component method.

Shell elements, special spring and contact elements are calibrated using characteristics according to
the component method.

Elasto-plastic stress-strain diagram is used for material of shell elements. Assessment is based on the
maximum strain given according to EN 1993-1-5 by value of 5%.

Bolts are modelled using special spring elements and assessment is carried out according to standard
procedures described in EN 1993-1-8.

The concrete pad is modelled using Winkler subsoil model. The stiffness is uniform with the value:

k
Ec
1
4
Aeff h
( 1 ) 3
Aref 2 d

Ec Youngs modulus of elasticity

Poissons ratio
Aeff Effective area = base plate area
Aref Referential area
d Base plate width
h Concrete pad height
The following values for coefficient were used: Aref =10 m2; 1 =1.65; 2 = 0.5; 3 =0.3; 4 =1.0.
The resistance of component concrete in compression including grout is determined using intersection
of two areas. The first area is the effective area for compression only (point 4) calculated according to
the Eurocode [1] using iterations until the difference between additional bearing widths | 1 | is
less than 1 mm. Second area is where the concrete is in compression from finite element method
results. This second area is especially useful to determine the position of neutral axis. The intersection
of these two areas is the effective area for generally loaded column. This algorithm provides effective
area for any arbitrary loaded column. The design bearing strength of the joint is calculated
according to the Eurocodes [1, 4]:

= 3,0
,1

= /

The average stress on the effective area is determined and the check of the component is then
executed: .

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

Sensitivity study
Results of CBFEM Idea RS software were compared with the results of the component method. The
comparison was made by searching ultimate bending moment for the given level of normal force for
each of the interaction diagram points.

The study was performed for parameters: size of the column, dimensions of the base plate, grade of
concrete, dimensions of concrete pad. The selected columns were HEB 200, HEB 300 and HEB 400. The
base plate width and length was chosen 100 mm, 150 mm and 200 mm larger than the column section,
the base plate thickness was 15 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm. The concrete pad was from grade C16/20,
C25/30 and C35/45. The concrete pad height was for all cases 900 mm and width and length was
200 mm, 300 mm and 400 mm larger than the dimensions of the base plate. The parameters are
summarized in tab. 1. Welds were the same around the whole column section with sufficient throat
thickness in order not to be the critical component. One parameter was changed while the others were
held constant at the middle value.
Table 1: Selected parameters

column section HEB 200 HEB 300 HEB 400

base plate offset 100 mm 150 mm 200 mm
base plate thickness 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm
concrete grade C16/20 C25/30 C35/45
concrete pad offset 200 mm 300 mm 400 mm

400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0
Bending moment [kNm]

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 -3500 -4000
Axial force [kN]
HEB 200 IdeaCon HEB 200
HEB 300 IdeaCon HEB 300
HEB 400 IdeaCon HEB 400

Fig. 17 Column section and mesh size variation.

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

250.0

200.0

150.0
Bending moment [kNm]

100.0

50.0

0.0
500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 -3500
Axial force [kN]
HEB 300, base plate offset 20x100 IdeaCon HEB 300, base plate offset 20x100
HEB 300, base plate offset 100 IdeaCon HEB 300, base plate offset 100
HEB 300, base plate offset 150 IdeaCon HEB 300
HEB 300, base plate offset 200 IdeaCon HEB 300, base plate offset 200

Fig. 18 Base plate offset variation.

300.0

250.0

200.0
Bending moment [kNm]

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 -3500 -4000
Axial force [kN]

base plate thickness 15 IdeaCon base plate thickness 15

base plate thickness 20 IdeaCon HEB 300
base plate thickness 25 IdeaCon base plate thickness 25

Fig. 19 Base plate thickness variation (point 4 of base plate thickness 25 analytically is reduced due to
yielding of column).

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Brno University of Technology Column base: Open section column

References
[1] SN EN 1993-1-8. Eurokd 3: Navrhovn ocelovch konstrukc st 1-8: Navrhovn stynk.
ed. 2. Praha: NI, 2013.
[2] ETAG 001: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete
Annex C: Design Methods for Anchorages. Brussels: EOTA, 2010.
[3] SN EN 1993-1-5. Eurokd 3: Navrhovn ocelovch konstrukc st 1-5: Boulen stn.
Praha: NI, 2006.
[4] SN EN 1992-1-1. Eurokd 2: Navrhovn betonovch konstrukc - st 1-1: Obecn pravidla
a pravidla pro pozemn stavby. Praha: NI, 2011.

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