Manual making of a parabolic solar collector
Gang Xiao
Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonn
Universit de Nice
Nice, France
This article offers an illustrated description of a
method to produce a closed parabolic trough
solar energy collector box based on the elasticity
of the material. What is described here is
basically a manual method to make high efficiency
solar collectors against very low cost, which is
particularly suited for teaching, research or
demonstration purposes. But it is hard for a
manually
made collector to match the efficiency, lifetime and
water tightness standard of an industrial
product using the same method. It will also cost
more than the industrial collector. The method
for industrial production of elastic closed parabolic
trough boxes will be described in another
article later.
A parabolic trough solar collector uses a mirror in
the shape of a parabolic cylinder to reflect
and concentrate sun radiations towards a receiver
tube located at the focus line of the parabolic
cylinder. The receiver absorbs the incoming
radiations and transforms them into thermal
energy,
the latter being transported and collected by a fluid
medium circulating within the receiver tube.
This method of concentrated solar collection has
the advantage of high efficiency and low cost,
and can be used either for thermal energy
collection, for generating electricity or for both,
therefore it is an important way to exploit solar
Realizarea manual a unui colector solar parabolic
Gang Xiao
Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonn
Universit de Nice
Nisa, Frana
Acest articol ofer o descriere ilustrat a unei metode
de producere a unei jgheaburi parabolice nchise
cutie de colectori de energie solar bazat pe
elasticitatea materialului. Ceea ce este descris aici
este
practic o metod manual de a face colectori solare
de nalt eficien mpotriva costurilor foarte mici,
adic
n special pentru scopuri didactice, de cercetare sau
demonstrative. Dar este greu pentru un manual
pentru a se potrivi cu eficiena, durata de via i
standardul de etaneitate la ap a unui echipament
industrial
produs folosind aceeai metod. De asemenea, va
costa mai mult dect colectorul industrial. Metoda
pentru producia industrial a cutiilor de jgheaburi
parabolice nchise elastice vor fi descrise n altul
mai trziu.
Un colector solar parabolic folosete o oglind n
form de cilindru parabolic pentru a reflecta
i concentrai radiaiile solare ctre un tub de
receptor situat la linia de focalizare a parabolice
cilindru. Receptorul absoarbe radiaiile de intrare i le
transform n energie termic,
acesta din urm fiind transportat i colectat de ctre
un mediu fluid care circul n tubul receptor.
Aceast metod de colectare solar concentrat are
avantajul unei eficiene ridicate i a unui cost redus,
i poate fi utilizat fie pentru colectarea energiei
termice, pentru producerea de energie electric, fie
1
energy directly.
Known methods to form the parabolic cylinder
reflective surface consist either of forming a
curved plate material under high temperature, or of Metodele cunoscute pentru formarea suprafeei
adding pre-formed ribs at the back of a flat
reflective plate, then force the plate to follow the
curve of the ribs. Both methods are expensive,
and both have difficulties to reach a high
precision. Our method uses the natural elastic
deformation of a planar plate to form a curved
surface close to a parabolic cylinder, then redress
the approximation error of this surface, again using precizie. Metoda noastr utilizeaz elasticitatea
elasticity. As it is easier to get higher
precision by natural elastic deformation, this
method has the following advantages.
1. Simplicity and low cost. It is actually the only
known method for home making high
performance parabolic trough solar collectors
without any special tools. Not only the production
cost drops to far blow the other manufacturing
methods of parabolic troughs, but also it makes
the solar energy collecting cost substantially lower
than any fossil fuel. The economic and social
signification of the method may be huge.
2. Better performance and quality of the product. It scade costurile pentru a sufla celelalte metode de
is a general understanding that the smaller
a parabolic trough is, the lower is its performance,
although smaller parabolic troughs are much
more useful than bigger ones. The fundamental
characteristics of the performance of a parabolic
trough solar collector are its concentration ratio
and its optical efficiency. Today, the
concentration ratio of a parabolic trough collector
of width between 1m and 2m is limited to
about 50 times under industrial manufacturing
pentru ambele,
prin urmare, este o modalitate important de a
exploata direct energia solar.
reflectorizante a cilindrului parabolic constau fie n
formarea unui a
materialul placilor curbate la temperaturi ridicate sau
adugarea nervurilor preformate n spatele unui plat
reflector, apoi forai placa s urmeze curba
coastelor. Ambele metode sunt scumpe,
i ambele au dificulti de a ajunge la o nalt
natural
deformarea unei plci plan pentru a forma o
suprafa curbat aproape de un cilindru parabolic,
apoi recurs
eroarea de aproximare a acestei suprafee, utiliznd
din nou elasticitatea. ntruct este mai uor s te ridici
precizia prin deformarea elastic natural, aceast
metod are urmtoarele avantaje.
1. Simplitate i cost redus. Este, de fapt, singura
metod cunoscut pentru a face o cas mare
performane parabolice prin colectoare solare fr nici
unelte speciale. Nu numai producia
fabricare a jgheaburilor parabolice, dar, de asemenea,
face
energia de colectare a energiei solare cost mult mai
mic dect orice combustibil fosil. Economic i social
semnificaia metodei poate fi uria.
2. O performan i o calitate mai bun a produsului.
Este o nelegere general c cei mai mici
un jgheab parabolic este, cu att este mai sczut
performana acestuia, dei jgheaburile parabolice mai
mici sunt multe
2
conditions and with high cost, while our method
can achieve an effective and efficient concentration fundamentale ale performanei unui parabolic
ratio of over 80 times for a manually made
parabolic trough of width less than 1m, together
with a higher efficiency.
The solar collector described here has several
usages, and changing the usage amounts simply
to replacing the receiver tube. Beside the simple
low-temperature receiver described in this article
that can be used for water heater, space heater or
heat source for an absorption cooler, there are
also tubes covered by photovoltaic cells useful for
combined heat and electricity generation, and
evacuated high-temperature receivers. The latter
can be combined with thermal storage devices to
be described in a coming article, to form round the
clock electricity generating systems of sizes
ranging from individual home energy systems to
large solar power plants. The low costs of the
collector and the storage device guarantee that all
these applications will lead to an energy cost
significantly below that of fossil fuels.
The theoretic design principle of a closed parabolic
trough box can be found in [1]
The method described here is patent pending. But
the patent assignee allows royalty-free
manual use of this method for non-profit purposes. s fie descris ntr-un articol care urmeaz, pentru a
For commercial exploitation of the method
or product, please contact the author.
1. Dimensions and parameters
The solar collector is a closed box composed of
the following principal parts. In the picture, 1
is the back plate, 2 is the end plate, 3 is the
cover, 4 is the receiver (the glass tube
surrounding
mai utile dect cele mai mari. Caracteristicile
prin colectorul solar sunt raportul de concentraie i
eficiena optic. Astzi,
raportul de concentraie al unui colector parabolic cu
limea cuprins ntre 1m i 2m este limitat la
de aproximativ 50 de ori n condiii de producie
industrial i cu costuri ridicate, n timp ce metoda
noastr
poate atinge un raport de concentrare eficient i
eficient de peste 80 de ori pentru un manual realizat
jgheab parabolic cu o lime mai mic de 1 m,
mpreun cu o eficien mai mare.
Colectorul solar descris aici are mai multe utilizri i
schimbarea cantitilor de utilizare pur i simplu
pentru a nlocui tubul receptorului. Pe lng receptorul
simplu la temperatur joas descris n acest articol
care pot fi utilizate pentru nclzitorul de ap,
nclzitorul de spaiu sau sursa de cldur pentru un
rcitor de absorbie, exist
de asemenea, tuburile acoperite de celule fotovoltaice
utile pentru producerea combinat de cldur i de
energie electric;
recipiente cu temperaturi ridicate evacuate. Acestea
din urm pot fi combinate cu dispozitive de stocare
termic la
forma sisteme de generare a energiei electrice de
dimensiuni n ceasul ceasului
variind de la sistemele individuale de energie la
domiciliu pn la centralele solare mari. Costurile
reduse ale
colectorul i dispozitivul de stocare garanteaz c
toate aceste aplicaii vor duce la un cost de energie
semnificativ mai mic dect cel al combustibililor fosili.
3
the receiver is only needed only for high
temperature applications), 5 is the bearing, 6 is
the end
angle of the cover, 7 is the side angle of the
cover, 8 is the side angle of the back, 9 is the
reinforcement bar of the end.
The assembled collector box is as follows.
There are two basic choices of the materials
forming the collector box. One can either use
allplastic
plates for the body of the box, or use glass cover
plus metal back and ends. The cost and
performance of the two choices are very close. For nconjoar
manual work, it is easier to make and to
manipulate a plastic box. Therefore our description
will be given for the plastic case. But it is
easy to adapt the description to glass and metal
boxes.
In general, glass and metal boxes are more
suitable for high concentration ratios, due to a
higher dimensional stability and lower thermal
exansion coefficients.
The pictures below show a finished plastic
collector.
In the following table, we give several concrete
examples of the dimensions of a collector box,
where all the parameters are in milimeters. In the
table, example 1 is for regions with metric
system, so that plates are commonly cut to
1m*1m; example 2 is for regions with US standard
system, where plates are commonly cut to
1.22m*1.22m. Example 3 is a case based on
industrially produced joints.
Content Symbol Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
Length of the back Lb 1000 1219 970
Principiul de proiectare teoretic a unei cutii cu jgheab
parabolic nchis poate fi gsit n [1].
Metoda descris aici este n curs de brevetare. Dar
cesionarul de brevete permite redevena
utilizarea manual a acestei metode n scopuri non-
profit. Pentru exploatarea comercial a metodei
sau produs, v rugm s contactai autorul.
1. Dimensiuni i parametri
Colectorul solar este o cutie nchis compus din
urmtoarele pri principale. n imagine, 1
este placa din spate, 2 este placa de capt, 3 este
capacul, 4 este receptorul (tubul din sticl care
receptorul este necesar numai pentru aplicaii cu
temperatur nalt), 5 este rulmentul, 6 este sfritul
unghiul capacului, 7 este unghiul lateral al capacului, 8
este unghiul lateral al spatelui, 9 este
bare de armare a captului.
Caseta cu colector asamblat este dup cum urmeaz.
Exist dou opiuni de baz ale materialelor care
formeaz cutia colectorului. Se poate folosi fie
allplastic
plci pentru corpul casetei sau folosii capacul de
sticl plus metalul napoi i se termin. Costul i
performana celor dou opiuni este foarte apropiat.
Pentru munca manual, este mai uor s faci i s
faci
manipulai o cutie de plastic. Prin urmare, descrierea
noastr va fi dat pentru cazul din plastic. Dar asta
este
uor de adaptat descrierea la cutiile de sticl i
metal.
n general, cutiile din sticl i metal sunt mai potrivite
pentru rapoarte de concentraie ridicat, datorit unui
stabilitate dimensional mai mare i coeficieni de
4
Width of the back Wb 1000 809 1124.1
Content Symbol Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
Thickness of the back Tb 2 2 2
Length of the end, i.e., the
width of the reflective surface
Le 856.5 690 967
Height of the end We 228.1 186.7 253.5
Thickness of the end Te 2 2 2
Length of the cover Lc 1000 1219 1000
Width of the cover Wc 890 723 1000
Thickness of the cover Tc 2 2 2
Outer diameter of the bearing Do 40 40 40
Distance from the bearing's
center to the upper border of
the end
Iup 28 28 24
Distance between the two site
angles of the cover
Is 859.5 693 970
Diameter of the receiver Dc 14 11.5 16
Collecting area 0.84m2 0.83m2 0.96m2
Lower boundary equation of the
end
y=228.1-
0.001244x2
y=186.7-
0.001569x2
y=253.5-
0.001085x2
Readers desiring to make collectors of dimensions
not covered by the above examples can use
the online tool [2] to compute the necessary data.
For glass plus metal collectors, the thickness of
the back and the ends can be anywhere
between 0.4mm and 1mm, and a thickness of the
extincie termic inferioar.
Imaginile de mai jos arat un colector de plastic finit.
n tabelul urmtor, prezentm cteva exemple
concrete de dimensiuni ale unei cutii colectoare,
unde toi parametrii sunt n milimetri. n tabel,
exemplul 1 este pentru regiunile cu metrice
sistem, astfel nct plcile sunt tiate n mod obinuit
la 1m * 1m; exemplul 2 este pentru regiunile cu
standardul SUA
sistem, n cazul n care plcile sunt de obicei tiate la
1.22m * 1.22m. Exemplul 3 este un caz bazat pe
mbinri produse industrial.
Simbol de coninut Exemplul 1 Exemplul 2 Exemplul 3
Lungimea spatelui Lb 1000 1219 970
Limea spatelui Wb 1000 809 1124.1
Simbol de coninut Exemplul 1 Exemplul 2 Exemplul 3
Grosimea spatelui Tb 2 2 2
Lungimea captului, adic
limea suprafeei reflectorizante
Le 856,5 690 967
nlimea sfritului Am 228,1 186,7 253,5
Grosimea captului Te 2 2 2
Lungimea capacului Lc 1000 1219 1000
Limea capacului Wc 890 723 1000
Grosimea capacului Tc 2 2 2
Diametrul exterior al rulmentului Nu 40 40 40
Distana de la lagr
centru de la marginea superioar a
sfarsit
Ip 28 28 24
Distanta dintre cele doua site-uri
unghiurile capacului
Este 859.5 693 970
Diametrul receptorului Dc 14 11.5 16
Suprafa de colectare 0.84m2 0.83m2 0.96m2
5
cover between 3mm and 6mm.
Remark. The concentration ratio (linear ratio) is
the ratio between the length of the end and
the diameter of the receiver. So the concentration
ratio can be changed by using a receiver with a
different diameter. A higher concentration ratio
allows the collector to reach a higher working
temperature with minimal thermal loss, but requires 0.001085x2
higher manufacturing precision too. A very
carefully constructed and adjusted collector may
reach an effective concentration ratio as high as
100. The data given in the above table correpond
to a concentration ratio of 60, which is suitable
for beginners because the manufacturing difficulty
is considerably lower, as the optical precision
requirement for a concentration ratio of 100 is 2.3
times that of a ratio of 60. If the collector is
used for water heating, space heating or air
conditionning, the working temperature does not
exceed 100C, for which case a concentration ratio diametrul receptorului. Astfel, raportul de concentraie
of 60 is sufficient. In such cases, a lower and
optimal concentration ratio is even preferred from
the highest concentration ratio, because the
former offers a better efficiency when the sun is
slightly veiled. However, it is better to use a
thinner receiver during the optical adjustment, for
this gives a better precision of the adjustment.
The pictures in this article are taken from a
concrete manual construction using dimensions of
example 1. A receiver tube of diameter 10mm is
used, leading to a concentration ratio of 85.6. A
field test shows that the optical efficiency is above
70% with an aluminium reflective surface,
meaning that the optical precision is excellent for
this concentration ratio.
Ecuaia limit inferioar a
Sfrit
y = 228.1-
0.001244x2
y = 186.7-
0.001569x2
y = 253.5-
Cititorii care doresc s fac colectori de dimensiuni
care nu sunt acoperite de exemplele de mai sus pot
utiliza
instrumentul online [2] pentru a calcula datele
necesare.
Pentru sticle i colectoare de metal, grosimea spatelui
i a capetelor poate fi oriunde
ntre 0,4 mm i 1 mm i o grosime a capacului ntre 3
mm i 6 mm.
Remarc. Raportul de concentraie (raportul liniar)
este raportul dintre lungimea captului i
poate fi modificat prin utilizarea unui receptor cu a
diametru diferit. Un raport de concentraie mai mare
permite colectorului s ajung la un nivel mai nalt de
lucru
temperatur cu pierderi termice minime, dar necesit
i precizie de fabricare mai mare. Foarte
Colectorul construit i reglat cu atenie poate atinge
un raport efectiv de concentraie de pn la
100. Datele din tabelul de mai sus corespund unui
raport de concentraie de 60, care este adecvat
pentru nceptori, deoarece dificultatea de fabricaie
este considerabil mai mic, ca precizia optic
cerina pentru un raport de concentraie de 100 este
de 2,3 ori mai mare dect raportul de 60. Dac
colectorul este
6
2. Preparation of the materials utilizat pentru nclzirea apei, nclzirea spaiului
The following table lists the quantity and sau condiionarea aerului, temperatura de lucru nu
specification of materials needed to make one este
collector box. All the lengths are in milimeters. depete 100 C, caz n care un raport de
Usage Spec. Quantity Nature and quality concentraie de 60 este suficient. n astfel de cazuri,
Back See 1 1 un nivel inferior i
polystyrene platepreferably HIPSanti-UV. raportul optim de concentraie este chiar preferat fa
One can buy a mirror coated plate, or get an de cel mai mare raport de concentraie, deoarece
ordinary plate then glue a plastic thin mirror Fostul ofer o eficien mai bun atunci cnd soarele
sheet on its surface. este uor acoperit. Cu toate acestea, este mai bine
End See 1 2 idem s utilizai a
Cover See 1 1 receptor mai redus n timpul reglrii optice, deoarece
Preferably high-transparency polycarbonate aceasta ofer o precizie mai bun a reglrii.
plate, but HIPS or PMMA can also be used. Imaginile din acest articol sunt luate dintr-o construcie
Must be anti-UV. The external surface is manual manual, folosind dimensiunile de
preferably applied a layer of transparent Exemplul 1. Se utilizeaz un tub cu un diametru de 10
hardener for scratching resistance. mm, care conduce la un raport de concentraie de
Bearing See 1 2 85,6. A
Joins for 40mm PVC testul pe teren arat c eficiena optic este mai
plastic sewage pipes can mare de 70% cu o suprafa reflectorizant din
be adapted for this. aluminiu,
Receiver See 1 1 ceea ce nseamn c precizia optic este excelent
Any metal round tube, length about Lc+50mm, pentru acest raport de concentraie.
thickness 0.5mm or more. 2. Pregtirea materialelor
Side angle of Urmtorul tabel enumer cantitatea i specificaiile
the cover materialelor necesare pentru a face una
15*15*Lc 2 cutie colector. Toate lungimile sunt n milimetri.
Aluminium angle, Utilizare Spec. Cantitate Natura i calitatea
thickness 1-2mm. napoi Vedei 1 1
End angle of polistiren, de preferin HIPS, anti-UV.
the cover Se poate cumpra o plac oglind acoperit sau o
15*15*Wc 2 idem cutie
Side angle of plcua obinuit, apoi lipii o oglind subire din
the back plastic
10*10*Lb 2 idem foaie pe suprafaa sa.

7
End Sfritul Vedei 1 2 idem
reinforcement Acoperire A se vedea seciunea 1 1
bar De preferin policarbonat de nalt transparen
2 plac, dar pot fi utilizate i HIPS sau PMMA.
Aluminium bar, length Lewidth 20-30mm Trebuie s fie anti-UV. Suprafaa exterioar este
thickness 2mm. de preferin aplicat un strat transparent
Short alu angles 15*15 0.5m For the joints of the ntritor pentru rezistena la zgriere.
back and the end. Avnd n vedere 1 2
Thickness 1mm will be enough. Se mbin pentru PVC de 40 mm
Edge redressing canalele de canalizare din plastic pot
bar fi adaptat pentru aceasta.
15*2 2m Aluminium Receptor Vezi 1 1
Body redressing Orice tub circular metalic, lungime aproximativ Lc +
supporter 50mm,
12*1220*20 2 Aluminium angle, thickness 1- grosime de 0,5 mm sau mai mult.
2mm. Unghi lateral de
Body redressing coperta
wire 15 * 15 * Lc2
2-4mm diam. 5m Plastic covered iron/steel wire. Unghiul din aluminiu,
Bolt/nut 3*6 100 pairs Iron, the length should not grosime 1-2mm.
exceed 8mm. Unghiul final al
Usage Spec. Quantity Nature and quality coperta
3mm washer 100 Iron 15 * 15 * Wc 2 idem
Bolt/nut 4*10 30 pairs Iron Unghi lateral de
4mm washer 20 Iron partea din spate
Redressing 10 * 10 * Lb 2 idem
adjustment bolts Sfrit
4*40 10 Iron, with 20 nuts. armare
Photoresistance 2 bar
Reference model A9060 2
or GL5537. Shape as Bara din aluminiu, lungime Le, latime 20-30mm,
shown. grosime 2mm.
Auxiliary Unghiuri scurte alungite 15 * 15 0,5 m Pentru
materials mbinrile spatelui i captului.
Silicone, epoxy, adhesive ribbon, paint, tube Grosimea de 1mm va fi de ajuns.

8
hoops, etc. Rectificarea marginilor
As the business develops, more and more vendors bar
and supplies of the various parts for 15 * 2m Aluminiu
making the collector will appear. The up-to-date Rectificarea corpului
supply information of parts and kits will be suporter
given in the webpage [3]. 12 * 12 20 * 20 2 Unghi de aluminiu, grosime 1-
2mm.
Rectificarea corpului
srm
2-4 mm diam. 5m Plas din fier / oel acoperit din
plastic.
urub / piuli 3 * 6 100 perechi fier, lungimea nu
trebuie s depeasc 8 mm.
Utilizare Spec. Cantitate Natura i calitatea
aib de 3 mm 100 Fier
urub / piuli 4 * 10 30 perechi Fier
aiba de 4 mm 20 Fier
corectnd
uruburile de reglare
4 * 40 10 Fier, cu 20 de piulie.
Rezistena fotografic 2
Model de referin A9060
sau GL5537. Formai ca
afiate.
Auxiliar
materiale
Silicon, epoxidic, panglic adeziv, vopsea, tub
cercuri etc.
Pe msur ce se dezvolt afacerea, din ce n ce mai
muli furnizori i furnizori ai diferitelor pri pentru
fcnd colectorul va aprea. Informaiile actualizate
ale pieselor i kiturilor vor fi furnizate
prezentate pe pagina web [3].

3. Making the back 3. Realizarea spatelui

9
The back is a flat plate, one of its surface being a
mirror. The plate will be bended to form
the reflective surface.
The first thing to do is to determine the direction of Primul lucru pe care trebuie s-l facei este s
the plate used to make the back. The
production of a flat plate, either of plastics or of
metal, is done either by extrusion or by rolling.
We call the direction of the die or the roller the
transversal direction of the plate, and the
direction of the output of the plate the moving
direction. The crucial point is to avoid bending the
back in the transversal direction, because the plate direcia ieirii plcii pe direcia de deplasare.
is usually less uniform in that direction, with
more inherent curvature, internal stress and
variations of thickness. This will lower the optical
precision of the back, and add to redressing
difficulty.
So the correct method is to bend the back in the
moving direction.
In general, for an entire plate of size 1m*2m
(metric system) or 48*96 inches (standard
system), the direction of its length is the moving
direction, and that of its width is the transversal
direction. If an off-the-shelf plate is already cut to
smaller sizes, one has to observe the natural
bending of its surface, either putting the plate at
an horizontal flat position or slightly bended.
Along the transversal direction, some very slight
and regular local inherent bending can often be
noticed, especially near the borders of the plate.
There should be less local inherent bendings
along the moving direction.
If a mirror coated plate is to be used, please
notice it should be a front surface mirror, that is,
the plate body is not transparent, and the reflected
Spatele este o plac plat, o suprafa fiind o
oglind. Plcua va fi ndoit s se formeze
suprafaa reflectorizant.
determinai direcia plcii folosite pentru a face
spatele.
producerea unei plci plate, fie din material
plastic, fie din metal, se realizeaz fie prin
extrudare, fie prin laminare.
Noi numim direcia matriei sau a rolei direcia
transversal a plcii i
Punctul crucial este evitarea ndoirii
napoi n direcia transversal, deoarece placa
este de obicei mai puin uniform n aceast
direcie, cu
curbur inerent, stres intern i variaii ale
grosimii. Acest lucru va reduce optic
precizie a spatelui, i adugai la dificultatea de
redresare.
Deci, metoda corect este de a ndoi spatele n
direcia micrii.
n general, pentru o ntreag plac de dimensiune
1m * 2m (sistem metric) sau 48 * 96 inci
(standard
sistem), direcia lungimii sale este direcia de
micare, iar cea a limii sale este transversal
direcie. Dac o plcu de pe raft este deja
tiat la dimensiuni mai mici, trebuie s
observai naturale
ndoire a suprafeei sale, fie punnd placa ntr-o
poziie orizontal plat, fie uor ndoit.
De-a lungul direciei transversale, poate fi adesea
o ncovoiere inerent foarte uoar i regulat
observat, mai ales n apropierea granielor plcii.
10
light does not travel through the body of the
plate. And a good mirror coated plate must have
two protective plastic sheet layers before the
mirror surface, with a temperary outer layer
protecting the mirror against scratchings during
transportation and working, and a permanent inner
layer protecting the reflective metal coating
from oxydation and corrosion. The former is easy
to tear off, but the latter is much less obvious.
However, if the plate is cut by a saw, one will be
able to see local tearing offs of the permanent
layer near the edge of the cutting.
The permanent layer must be left intact after the
working, or the mirror surface won't last
long. However, there is an important risk that it be
teared off by error. In fact, the temperary
layer should be left on while cutting the plate, to
be teared off once the back and the ends are
assembled. However, if the temperary layer is to
be teared off from an edge, and if the edge is
cut during the working, it is very likely that the two
protective layers are still bound together,
while the permanent protection layer is locally
disjoint from the substrate, so that an tearing error
is very easily induced. A solution consists of
tearing off a small portion of the temporary
protection layer before cutting the plate, and when
tearing off the temporary layer after
assembling the box, begin the tearing from that
small portion.
To begin with, holes for photoelectric detector
should be drilled on the plate cut off according
to the dimensions. The two holes at the ends are
for fixing bolts, and are of diameter 4mm, which
is slightly bigger than the diameter of the bolts.
Ar trebui s existe mai puine invazii locale
inerente
de-a lungul direciei.
Dac se utilizeaz o plac cu oglind, v
rugm s observai c aceasta ar trebui s fie o
oglind de suprafa frontal,
corpul plcii nu este transparent, iar lumina
reflectat nu se deplaseaz prin corpul corpului
farfurie. i o plac bine acoperit cu oglind
trebuie s aib dou straturi de folii protectoare
din plastic naintea
o suprafa oglind, cu un strat exterior temperat
care protejeaz oglinda mpotriva zgrieturilor n
timpul
transportul i prelucrarea i un strat interior
permanent care protejeaz acoperirea metalic
reflectorizant
de la oxidare i coroziune. Primul este uor de
rupt, dar acesta este mult mai puin evident.
Cu toate acestea, n cazul n care placa este tiat
de un ferstru, unul va fi capabil de a vedea
decolri locale ale permanente
strat lng marginea tierii.
Stratul permanent trebuie lsat intact dup
lucrare, sau suprafaa oglinzii nu va dura
lung. Cu toate acestea, exist un risc important ca
acesta s fie slbit de eroare. De fapt,
temperatorul
stratul trebuie s fie lsat n timpul tierii plcii,
s fie ndeprtat odat ce spatele i capetele
sunt
asamblate. Cu toate acestea, dac stratul
temperaturii trebuie s se desprind de o margine
i dac marginea este
tiate n timpul lucrului, este foarte probabil c
11
This helps for the adjustment of the positionning
of the detector. The two holes at the middle are
for the leads of the photoresistances, and are of
diameter 6mm, slightly bigger than the diameter
of the photoresistances. The bolt holes must be
strictly located on the center line of the back.
The picture on the right shows the holes on
an assembled back, but holes should be drilled
before assembling. This also indicates that the
photoelectric detected is preferably made first.
Cut the side angle of the back to length Lb,
then at the middle of one side of the angle, drill
a bolt hole every 5mm. At the other side of the
angle, drill a 4mm bolt hole every 25cm (4 holes
if Lb is close to 1m). Holes on the two sides
should not meet. The hole positions should be
symmetric with respect to the center of the
angle.
Drill a range of holes on the back plate
according to the positions of the 3mm holes on
the side angle. The side angle is place on the
non-mirror side of the back, with the vertical side
facing the interior. And a space of 3mm should
be left between the edge of the angle and the
edge of the back.
Fasten the side angles on the back using 3mm
bolts and washers as shown, one at each side.
Check that the tails of the bolts do not exceed
the straight line joining the two outer edges of
the angle. If they exceed, the exceeding part
must be cut off.
Do not fasten the bolts too much, or the
plastic plate may crack.
Cut ten pieces of 5cm each from the joint
angle.
cele dou straturi protectoare sunt nc legate
ntre ele,
n timp ce stratul de protecie permanent este
disociat local de substrat, astfel nct o eroare de
rupere
este uor de indus. O soluie const n ruperea
unei mici poriuni temporare
strat de protecie nainte de a tia plcua i
cnd rupei stratul temporar dup
asamblarea casetei, ncepe ruperea de la acea
porie mic.
Pentru nceput, gurile pentru detectorul
fotoelectric
ar trebui s fie forate pe placa taie n conformitate
cu
la dimensiuni. Cele dou guri la capete sunt
pentru fixarea uruburilor, i au un diametru de 4
mm, care
este puin mai mare dect diametrul uruburilor.
Aceasta ajut la ajustarea poziionrii
a detectorului. Cele dou guri din mijloc sunt
pentru conducerea fotorezistentelor, i sunt de
diametru 6mm, puin mai mare dect diametrul
a rezistenelor foto. Trebuie s fie gurile pentru
uruburi
situat strict pe linia central a spatelui.
Imaginea din dreapta arat gurile aprinse
un ansamblu asamblat, dar gurile ar trebui forate
nainte de asamblare. Acest lucru indic, de
asemenea, c
detectarea fotoelectric se face, de preferin,
prima.
Tiai unghiul lateral al spatelui la lungimea Lb,
apoi la mijlocul unei pri a unghiului, forai
o gaur de urub la fiecare 5 mm. n partea
12
Drill three 3mm bolt holes on each piece.
Precise positionning of the holes is not
required, but they should be close to the border
of the pieces.
Fasten five above pieces on each end of the
back, each fixed by one 3mm bolt, with the
head of the bolt on the reflective surface.
The middle piece must be precisely located
at the center of the back, the outer side of the
side pieces has a distance of 5cm from the
corner of the back. The position of the other
two pieces has no strict requirement.
Before fixing the pieces, apply a small
amount of silicone around the bolt hole to
prevent water infiltration.
4. Making the ends
Cut out the down side curve according to
the parabolic equation. The equation and the
point coordinates can be calculated in [2].
Draw the bearing hole with a compass.
Cut off according to the curve, and rectify
the irregularities of the cutting.
Cut out the bearing hole with a wire saw.
Smoothen the hole with a file, to the point
that the bearing can be inserted neither too
tight nor too loose.
Cut the end reinforcement bar to Le or
slightly shorter, and cut out a notch at the
center for the position of the bearing.
Take note that the upper edge of the
reinforcement bar should be 2mm above the
upper edge of the end.
Fix the reinforcement bar on the end by a
few 3mm bolts placed at the lower part of the
reinforcement bar.
cealalt a
unghi, gurii o gaur de urub de 4 mm la
fiecare 25 cm (4 guri
dac Lb este aproape de 1m). Gauri pe cele dou
laturi
nu ar trebui s se ntlneasc. Poziiile gurilor
ar trebui s fie
simetric fa de centrul
unghi.
Tragei o gam de guri pe placa din spate
n funcie de poziiile gurilor de 3 mm
unghiul lateral. Unghiul lateral este amplasat pe
non-oglind partea din spate, cu partea vertical
cu faa spre interior. i un spaiu de 3mm ar
trebui
s fie lsat ntre marginea unghiului i
marginea spatelui.
Strngei unghiurile laterale pe spate utiliznd 3
mm
uruburile i aibele, aa cum se arat, cte
unul pe fiecare parte.
Verificai dac cozile uruburilor nu depesc
linia dreapt care unete cele dou margini
exterioare ale
unghiul. Dac depesc, partea excedentar
trebuie tiat.
Nu strngei prea mult uruburile sau uruburile
placa de plastic poate fisura.
Tiai zece buci de cte 5 cm fiecare din
articulaie
unghi.
Trecei trei guri de 3 mm pe fiecare pies.
Poziionarea exact a gurilor nu este
necesare, dar ar trebui s fie aproape de grani
a pieselor.
13
After drilling the bolt holes and before
inserting the bolts, apply silicone to the joining
surfaces for water tightness. The clips are there
to squeeze silicone.
5. Making the cover
Add angles to the four edges of the cover.
The angles can be fixed by some bolts, not
fastened too tight. Before fastening the bolts,
apply silicone to the joining surfaces.
The end angle should be notched at the
center, for the position of the bearing.
The distance between the two side angles
(Is) must be as precise as possible, because the
optical precision depends on it.
The side angles are put below the cover,
with vertical side towards the interior; the end
angles are put above the cover, with the
vertical side towards the edge. Note that in the
picture, the cover is in an upside down
position.
A gap of 2.5mm should be left between the
edge of the cover and the vertical side of the
end angle. When the cover is assembled, the
end reinforcement bar will enter this gap.
Due to the transparency of the cover, this
gap is not clearly seen in the picture.
If industrial joints are used, this gap does
not apply, and the vertical side of the end angle
shoud be put tightly against the end edge of
the cover.
Adjacent angles are fixed by a bolt at the
corner of the cover. This picture also shows
the gap between the edge of the plate and the
vertical side of the end angle.
This picture shows the cracking of the cover
Strngei cele cinci buci deasupra fiecrui
capt al elementului
spate, fiecare fixat de un bol de 3 mm, cu
capul bolului pe suprafaa reflectorizant.
Piesa de mijloc trebuie s fie localizat cu
precizie
n centrul spatelui, partea exterioar a
piesele laterale au o distan de 5 cm fa de
colul din spate. Poziia celuilalt
dou piese nu au o cerin strict.
nainte de a fixa bucile, aplicai un mic
cantitatea de silicon din jurul gurii de urub
mpiedica infiltrarea apei.
4. Efectuarea scopurilor
Tiai curba inferioar n conformitate cu
ecuaia parabolic. Ecuaia i
coordonatele punctelor pot fi calculate n [2].
Desenai gaura rulmentului cu o busol.
Tiai n funcie de curb i rectificai
neregularitile tierii.
Tiai gaura rulmentului cu un fierstru.
ndeprtai gaura cu un fiier, pn la capt
c rulmentul nu poate fi inserat prea
strans sau prea slab.
Tiai bara de armare de capt la Le sau
uor mai scurt, i taie o cresttur la
centru pentru poziia rulmentului.
Luai act de faptul c marginea superioar a
bare de armare ar trebui s fie de 2 mm deasupra
marginea superioar a captului.
Fixai bara de armare la capt cu ajutorul a
cteva uruburi de 3 mm plasate n partea
inferioar a
bare de armare.
Dup gurirea gurilor de uruburi i nainte
14
by the bolts. This phenomenon is quite
noticeable when a polystyrene plate is used for
the cover. No cracking is observed when a
polycarbonate or HIPS plate is used.
To protect the outer surface of the cover against
scratches, the easiest method is to put a thin
plastic film on it. The plastic food wrap is good for
this, but a thicker one would be better. Care
must be taken not to leave air bubbles between
the film and the plate. There will be no light loss
if there is no air bubbles.
When the plastic film is scratched or become dirt,
replace it.
6. Joining the back and the ends
Drill bolt holes near the lower edge of the
end, for the fixation of the joints.
First make the holes for the central piece,
taking care of the precise matching of the
center line of the back and the end. Insert bolts
and fasten.
Next, make the holes for the end pieces.
When drilling the holes, pull the back at the
edge to ensure that it fits tightly against the
lower edge of the end. Insert bolts and fasten.
Then the remaining pieces. After the
drilling, remove all the bolts and take off the
end.
Apply silicone to the joining surfaces, then
re-insert bolts and fasten, according to the
direction shown in the picture.
Remember not to fasten the bolts too much.
Inside view of the joint.
And the global view after joining.
Use a flexible adhesive ribbon to close the
gap between two adjacent joints. Here the
introducei uruburile, aplicai siliconul la mbinare
suprafee pentru etaneitate la ap. Clipurile sunt
acolo
pentru a stoarce siliconul.
5. Realizarea casetei
Adugai unghiuri la cele patru margini ale
capacului.
Unghiurile pot fi fixate de nite uruburi, nu
fixat prea strns. nainte de a fixa uruburile,
aplicai silicon pe suprafeele de mbinare.
Unghiul de capt trebuie s fie crestat la
centru, pentru poziia rulmentului.
Distana dintre cele dou unghiuri laterale
(Is) trebuie s fie ct mai precis posibil, pentru c
Precizia optic depinde de aceasta.
Unghiurile laterale sunt plasate sub capac,
cu partea vertical spre interior; sfarsit
unghiurile sunt plasate deasupra capacului, cu
verticale spre margine. Reinei c n
imagine, capacul este n partea de sus
poziie.
Trebuie s fie lsat un spaiu de 2,5 mm ntre
marginea capacului i partea vertical a acestuia
unghi de capt. Cnd capacul este asamblat,
End bar de armare va intra n acest gol.
Datorit transparenei ctii, acest lucru
spaiul nu este clar vzut n imagine.
Dac se utilizeaz mbinri industriale, acest
decalaj se ntmpl
nu se aplic, i partea vertical a unghiului de
capt
trebuie s fie pus strns pe marginea de sfrit a
coperta.
Unghiurile adiacente sunt fixate de un urub la
col al capacului. Aceast imagine arat de
15
adhesive ribbon is of the same color as the
plates, so it is not easily distinguishable.
asemenea
decalajul dintre marginea plcii i
partea verticala a unghiului de capat.
Aceast imagine arat crparea capacului
de ctre uruburi. Acest fenomen este destul
vizibil atunci cnd se utilizeaz o plac de
polistiren
coperta. Nu se observ crpare atunci cnd a
policarbonat sau plac HIPS.
Pentru a proteja suprafaa exterioar a capacului
mpotriva zgrieturilor, cea mai uoar metod
este de a pune un strat subire
folie de plastic pe ea. Ambalajul din plastic este
bun pentru asta, dar unul mai gros ar fi mai bun.
ngrijire
trebuie s nu se lase bule de aer ntre film i
plac. Nu se va pierde lumina
dac nu exist bule de aer.
Cnd folia de plastic este zgriat sau se
murdrete, nlocuii-o.
6. Adunarea spatelui i a capetelor
Gurii gurile de uruburi lng marginea
inferioar a
pentru fixarea articulaiilor.
Mai nti face gurile pentru piesa central,
avnd grij de potrivirea exact a
linia central a spatelui i a captului. Introducei
uruburile
i fixai.
Apoi, tragei gurile pentru piesele finale.
Cnd forai gaurile, tragei spatele la
pentru a se asigura c se potrivete strns
mpotriva
marginea inferioar a captului. Introducei
uruburile i fixai-le.
16

7. Joining the cover
Tear off the temperary protective sheets
protecting the mirror surfaces of the back and
the ends.
Place the cover on the joint back and ends,
and ress the sides of the back so that the side
angles of the back enter into the space between
the two side angles of the cover.
Press down the cover, so that the edge of
the back plate reaches the lower surface of the
cover.
And press down the cover at the ends so
that the upper edge of the end reinforcement
bar enters into the gap between the edge of the
cover plate and the vertical side of the end
angle of the cover. Fix the position using
adhesive ribbons. Do not apply a more
permanent fixation means unless you are sure
that you won't need to reopen the box.
Apoi piesele rmase. Dup
foraj, scoatei toate uruburile i scoatei
Sfrit.
Aplicai apoi silicon pe suprafeele de mbinare
reintroducei uruburile i fixai, n conformitate cu
direcia indicat n imagine.
Nu uitai s nu strngei prea mult uruburile.
Afiarea interioar a articulaiei.
i viziunea global dup aderare.
Utilizai o band adeziv flexibil pentru a
nchide
decalajul dintre dou mbinri adiacente. Aici
band adeziv este de aceeai culoare ca i
plci, deci nu este uor de distins.
7. Alturai-v capacului
nlturai foile de protecie termice
protejnd suprafeele oglinzilor din spate i
sfarsiturile.
Plasai capacul pe spatele articulaiei i se
termin,
i ress pe laturile spate, astfel nct partea
unghiurile spatelui intr n spaiul dintre
cele dou unghiuri laterale ale capacului.
Apsai n jos capacul, astfel nct marginea
placa din spate ajunge la suprafaa inferioar a
acoperi.
i apsai n jos capacul la capete
ca marginea superioar a armturii de capt
bara intr n spaiul dintre marginea
placa de acoperire i partea vertical a captului
unghiul capacului. Fixai poziia folosind
panglici adezive. Nu aplicai mai mult
fixare permanent nseamn dac nu suntei
17
After finishing all the tests, the gap between
the end and the cover can be completely closed
by adhesive ribbons or silicone.
Make several holders as shown from a thin
steel/inox sheet.
Use a nut to fix the holder on the side angle
of the cover, to prevent the detachment of the
back. Note that the holder should not put
pressure on the side angle of the back, in order
not to deform the latter. So a small moving
space should be left between the holder and
the side angle of the back.
8. The bearing and the receiver
The receiver described in this section is only
designed for low-temperature thermal collection,
such as solar water heating or space heating, or
for supplying heat source for an absorption space
cooler. Besides this, our collector can also be
used for combined heat and electricity collection
using a photovoltaic-covered receiver, or for high
temperature thermal collection using an
evacuated receiver. But these receivers cannot be
manually made, so they are not in the scope of
this article. The interested readers can try to buy
them through [3].
Insert the bearing into the hole of the end,
with the neck against the reflective surface of
the end.
If the material is too long, cut it to fit.
Add the end reinforcement bar.
Cut out a ring from the bigger tube.
Put the ring as shown, then fix the assembly
by epoxy. Close all the gap to prevent water
infiltration.
Take care that the epoxy does not prohibit
sigur
c nu va trebui s redeschidei caseta.
Dup terminarea tuturor testelor, diferena dintre
captul i capacul pot fi complet nchise
prin panglici adezive sau silicon.
Asigurai-v mai multe suporturi aa cum este
artat de la un subire
tabl de oel / inox.
Utilizai o piuli pentru a fixa suportul pe unghi
lateral
a capacului, pentru a mpiedica detaarea
napoi. Reinei c titularul nu ar trebui s pun
presiunea pe unghiul lateral al spatelui, n ordine
pentru a nu deforma ultima. Deci un mic micat
spaiul trebuie lsat ntre suport i
unghiul lateral al spatelui.
8. Rulmentul i receptorul
Receptorul descris n aceast seciune este
proiectat numai pentru colectarea termic la
temperatur joas,
cum ar fi nclzirea cu ap solar sau nclzirea
spaiului, sau pentru furnizarea sursei de cldur
pentru un spaiu de absorbie
mai rece. n plus, colectorul nostru poate fi utilizat
i pentru colectarea combinat a cldurii i a
electricitii
folosind un receptor acoperit cu fotovoltaic sau
pentru colectarea termic la temperaturi nalte
folosind un filtru
receptorul evacuat. Dar aceti receptoare nu pot fi
fcui manual, deci nu fac obiectul
Acest articol. Cititorii interesai pot ncerca s le
cumpere prin [3].
Introducei rulmentul n orificiul captului,
cu gtul pe suprafaa reflectorizant a
18
the end angle of the cover from entering into
its position.
Carefully correct any possible bending of the
receiver tube, even the slightest.
Paint the receiver tube with matt black
lacquer, preferably high temperature resistant.
Wrap the ends of the receiver with a thick
high temperature rubber tape.
Adjust the wraping such that it just enters
into the bearing and is able to turn around,
neither too tight nor too lose.
Check that once inserted into the bearing,
the receiver is exactly positionned at the
middle, but not biased towards one side.
Otherwise, adjust the wrap.
If the receiver is to be inserted into a closed
collector box, insert with the box in a vertical
position so that the receiver entering into it will
not touch the back or the cover.
Once the receiver inserted, a tube hoop can
be fastened outside to prevent the receiver
from moving along its axis.
The bearing can be supported by a wood
board with a hole in it. The hole must allow
the bearing to rotate freely without too much
friction.
9. The edge redressing mechanism
This mechanism is necessary for correcting the
curvature of the reflective surface near the
edges of the back. Without this mechanism, an
important portion of the radiation will be lost due
to defocussing.
Cut the edge redressing bar into several
pieces as shown, and bend the head of each
piece. Make 4mm holes for the bolts.
sfarsit.
Dac materialul este prea lung, tiai-l pentru a
se potrivi.
Adugai bara de armare final.
Tiai un inel din tubul mai mare.
Punei inelul aa cum este artat, apoi fixai
ansamblul
prin epoxid. nchidei toate golurile pentru a
preveni apa
infiltrare.
Avei grij ca epoxidul s nu interzic
unghiul de capt al capacului de a intra n
poziia sa.
Corectai cu atenie orice posibil ndoire a
receptor tub, chiar i cel mai mic.
Vopsea tubul receptorului cu negru mat
lac, de preferin rezistente la temperaturi ridicate.
nfurai capetele receptorului cu o grosime
band de cauciuc la temperaturi ridicate.
Ajustai nveliul astfel nct acesta s intre
n rulment i este capabil s se ntoarc,
nici prea strmt, nici prea slab.
Verificai dac o dat introdus n rulment,
receptorul este poziionat exact la
mijloc, dar nu prtinitoare fa de o parte.
n caz contrar, ajustai nveliul.
Dac receptorul trebuie s fie introdus ntr-o
carcas nchis
caseta de colector, introducei cu cutia ntr-o
poziie vertical
poziia astfel nct receptorul s intre n el
nu atingei spatele sau capacul.
Odat ce receptorul a fost introdus, se poate
instala un canal tubular
fi fixat n exterior pentru a mpiedica receptorul
19
The distance from the adjustment bolt hole
to the head of the bar should be from 0.15Wb
to 0.18Wb. Use 0.18Wb if body redressing
mechanism is used, and 0.15Wb otherwise.
One can also drill several adjustment bolt
holes on the end of the bar, in case where the
bolt position should be modified.
Use two nuts for each adjustment bolt, in
order to fix the adjusted position.
The head of the bolt fixing the bar to the
side angle of the back must not exceed the
straight line joining the two edges of the angle.
After fixing, the head of the redressing bar
must not touch the back plate, otherwise it
may deform the plate.
Global view of the back after the edge
redressing mechanism being installed.
The initial position of the adjustment bolts
can be put to 1cm above the natural position of
the bar, before the more precise field
adjustment.
10. The body redressing mechanism
This mechanism is necessary only when curvature
leaking is observed. See below. This is
because curvature leaking only occurs when the
concentration ratio is very high, or when the
back plate has poor uniformity.
Fix the two body redressing supporters on
the back of the collector. Only the two ends of
the supporter need to be fixed, preferably by
adhersive ribbons to facilitate later adjustment.
Under standard conditions, the supporter
should be fixed to a position whose distance
towards the center of the back is 1/4 of the
width of the collector. But this can be modified
de la deplasarea de-a lungul axei sale.
Rulmentul poate fi susinut de un lemn
bord cu o gaur n el. Gaura trebuie s permit
lagrul s se roteasc liber fr prea mult
frecare.
9. Mecanismul de redresare a marginilor
Acest mecanism este necesar pentru corectarea
curburii suprafeei reflexive din apropierea lui
marginile spatelui. Fr acest mecanism, o parte
important a radiaiei se va pierde datorit
la defocus.
Tiai bara de redresare a marginilor n mai multe
dup cum se arat, i ndoii capul fiecruia
bucat. Facei guri de 4 mm pentru uruburi.
Distana de la gaura urubului de reglare
la capul barei ar trebui s fie de la 0.15Wb
pn la 0,18 Wb. Utilizai 0.18Wb dac
redresarea organismului
mecanismul este utilizat, i 0.15Wb n caz contrar.
De asemenea, se pot guri mai multe uruburi de
reglare
guri de la captul barei, n cazul n care
poziia urubului ar trebui modificat.
Utilizai dou piulie pentru fiecare bol de
reglare, n
pentru a fixa poziia ajustat.
Capul urubului care fixeaz bara la
unghiul lateral al spatelui nu trebuie s
depeasc
o linie dreapt care unete cele dou margini ale
unghiului.
Dup fixare, capul barei de redresare
nu trebuie s ating placa din spate, n caz
contrar
poate deforma placa.
20
according to the bending situation of the back.
Cut and bend body redressing wires as
shown. Here two wires will be enough.
Put the wires to the back of the collector,
and adjust the length and bending angle of the
wires so that they press on the supporter. The
initial pressure can be adjusted to about 300-
500g at each pressing point, before the field
adjustment.
11. The Photoelectric detector
Cut out the various parts shown in the
picture from scrap materials. Here the bigger
plate is of width 6cm and length 8cm; the
angles is of width 10mm and length 8cm; the
cap bar is of length 12cm, and its base width
should be approximately 0.7Dc.
Drill a small light hole of diameter 1.5mm
in the middle of each angle. The position of
the holes should be such that the distance
between the two holes in the assembled
detector is equal to Dc.
All the parts must be in plastics, for the
weight of metal parts might deform the back.
Cut out a cone at the outside base of the
light hole, using a drill bit of large diameter.
The depth and scope of the two cones should
be as similar as possible.
Scratch all the surfaces to be glued with a
sandpaper.
Glue the angles and the bigger plate as
shown. Make sure that the bases of the two
angles after gluing are exactly at the same level.
Press and wait for the glue to dry.
Then glue on the two base pieces. Note that
the two 3mm bolt holes on the base pieces
Vedere global a spatelui dup margine
mecanismul de redresare fiind instalat.
Poziia iniial a bolurilor de reglare
poate fi pus la 1 cm deasupra poziiei naturale a
bara, nainte de cmpul mai precis
ajustare.
10. Mecanismul de redresare a corpului
Acest mecanism este necesar numai atunci cnd
se observ scurgeri de curbur. Vezi mai jos.
Asta e
deoarece scurgerea curburii apare numai atunci
cnd raportul de concentraie este foarte mare sau
cnd
placa din spate are o uniformitate slab.
Fixai cei doi suporteri care i redreseaz
partea din spate a colectorului. Numai cele dou
capete ale lui
suporta trebuie s fie fixat, de preferin prin
panglici aderente pentru a facilita ajustarea
ulterioar.
n condiii standard, suporterul
ar trebui fixat ntr-o poziie a crei distan
spre centrul spatelui este 1/4 din
limea colectorului. Dar acest lucru poate fi
modificat
n funcie de situaia de ndoire a spatelui.
Tiai i ndoii firele de redresare a corpului ca
afiate. Aici vor fi suficiente dou fire.
Punei firele n partea din spate a colectorului,
i ajustai lungimea i unghiul de ndoire al
firele astfel nct s apese pe suporter.
presiunea iniial poate fi ajustat la aproximativ
300-
500g la fiecare punct de presare, inaintea
campului
21
must be exactly located on the center line of
the assembly, with a tolerance not exceeding
0.2mm. Space should be left above the hole for
the head of the bolt.
If ever a positioning error of the holes is
observed after gluing, the hole can be slightly
enlarged to compensate.
Glue on the cap. The form of the cap is of
no importance, but its positionning should be
accurate. Avoid gluing it to one side of the
assembly.
Insert two bolts into the holes, and tighten
by two nuts. Adjust the positions to fit
accurately on the center line.
Seal the heads of the bolts with epoxy.
Paint the assembly to black. The surfaces of
transparent materials must be carefully
blackened in order to prevent interference by
leaked lights.
Wait for the lacquer to dry, then remove the
lacquer entering into the light holes.
Glue a photoresistance to the back of each
light hole.
Le the glue dry, then fill the surrounding
sace with blu-tack to stop light leaking.
To check the quality, tightly obstruct the
light hole, then measure the resistance of the
photoresistance. The measurement should read
at least 100K.
Add a layer of thin white plastic sheet in
front of the light holes to attenuate the light
getting into them. Several materials may need
to be tested, for example pieces cut from
plastic bags. The objective is to make the
measurements of the photoresistances as close
ajustare.
11. Detectorul fotoelectric
Tiai diferitele pri prezentate n
imagine din materiale uzate. Aici mai mare
placa este de 6 cm si lungime 8 cm;
unghiurile sunt de lime de 10 mm i lungime de
8 cm;
cap bar este de 12 cm lungime, i limea de
baz
ar trebui s fie de aproximativ 0,7 Dc.
Tragei o mic gaur de lumin cu diametrul de
1,5 mm
n mijlocul fiecrui unghi. Poziia
gaurile ar trebui s fie astfel nct distana
ntre cele dou guri din ansamblu
detectorul este egal cu Dc.
Toate piesele trebuie s fie din materiale plastice,
pentru
greutatea pieselor metalice ar putea deforma
partea din spate.
Tiai un con de la baza exterioar a
gaura de lumin, folosind un burghiu de diametru
mare.
Adncimea i domeniul de aplicare al celor dou
conuri ar trebui
s fie la fel de asemntoare posibil.
Scratch toate suprafeele care urmeaz s fie
lipite cu a
mirghel.
Lipii unghiurile i placa mai mare ca
afiate. Asigurai-v c bazele celor dou
unghiurile dup lipire sunt exact la acelai nivel.
Apsai i ateptai ca adezivul s se usuce.
Apoi lipii cele dou piese de baz. Reinei c
cele dou guri de 3 mm pe piesele de baz
22
to 700 ohm as possible under direct sunlight.
And check the uniformity of the two
photoresistances. Exposed to the same lighting
condition, the difference between the readings
of the two photoresistances should not exceed
15%.
The big plate of the detector should be
painted to white. An easier method is to cover
it by a piece of white paper.
In order to prevent interferences by lights
reflected and concentrated by the back then
rereflected
by the cover, a scatterer should be
installed around the base of the detector. The
scatterer is made with transparent plastic bars of
width 15mm. The longer bars are slightly longer
than the base length of the detector, and the
shorter ones have a length that exceeds by
0.5mm
the width of the base.
Thoroughly scratch the surfaces of the two
longer bars with coarse sandpaper, to create a
scattering effect.
Glue together to form the scatterer.
Glue the scatterer to the base of the
detector, then install the detector to the bottom
of the back.
The scatterer in the picture is too short, so
that one side is missing. But this does not
affect the result.
Add nuts. Do not fasten, or the back would
be deformed. Just slightly touching so that the
detector will not move without external forces.
Fill the lead holes with blu-tack, in order to
prevent light leak and water infiltration. Don't
trebuie s fie situat exact pe linia central a
ansamblul, cu o toleran care nu depete
0.2mm. Spaiul ar trebui lsat deasupra gurii
pentru
capul urubului.
Dac vreodat exist o eroare de poziionare a
gurilor
observat dup lipire, gaura poate fi uor
extins pentru a compensa.
Lipii pe capac. Forma capacului este de
nici o importan, dar poziionarea ei ar trebui s
fie
exacte. Evitai s o lipii de o parte a
asamblare.
Introducei dou uruburi n orificii i strngei-le
de dou nuci. Reglai poziiile pentru a se potrivi
cu precizie pe linia central.
Sigilai capetele uruburilor cu epoxid.
Vopseste ansamblul in negru. Suprafeele din
materialele transparente trebuie s fie atent
nnegrit pentru a preveni interferenele
scnteie de lumin.
Ateptai s se usuce lacul, apoi scoatei-l
lac care intr n gurile de lumin.
Lipii o rezisten foto la spatele fiecruia
gaura de lumin.
Le lipii uscat, apoi umplei nconjurtura
saci cu blu-tack pentru a opri scurgerea luminii.
Pentru a verifica calitatea, mpiedicai-l
lumina gaura, apoi msurai rezistena
photoresistance. Msurarea ar trebui s fie citit
cel puin 100K.
Adugai un strat de foaie de plastic alb subire n
din fa a gurilor de lumin pentru atenuarea
luminii
23
force too much, or the back would be
deformed.
Put a water-proof adhesive ribbon around.
Once the position of the photoelectric detector is
adjusted during field test, fix the tail of the
two bolts with silicone or lacqer, to prevent
movement and water infiltration.
Remark. The photoelectric detector uses the
shade of the receiver to detect the position of the
sun relative to the collector. Therefore the
precision of the detection depends on the
positionning
precision of both the detector and the receiver.
intrand in ele. Pot fi necesare mai multe materiale
pentru a fi testate, de exemplu buci tiate
pungi de plastic. Obiectivul este de a face
msurtori ale rezistenelor foto ct mai apropiate
pn la 700 ohmi, sub lumina direct a soarelui.
i verificai uniformitatea celor dou
photoresistances. Expuse la acelai iluminat
condiie, diferena dintre citiri
din cele dou rezistene fotoreactive nu trebuie s
depeasc
15%.
Placa mare a detectorului ar trebui s fie
pictat la alb. O metod mai uoar este de a
acoperi
de o bucat de hrtie alb.
Pentru a preveni interferenele cu lumina
reflectat i concentrat de spatele apoi re-
reflectat
de copert, ar trebui s fie un scatter
instalat n jurul bazei detectorului.
scatterer este realizat cu bare transparente din
plastic
lime 15mm. Barele mai lungi sunt puin mai
lungi
dect lungimea de baz a detectorului i
cele mai scurte au o lungime care depete cu
0,5 mm
limea bazei.
ndeprtai temeinic suprafeele celor dou
bare lungi cu mirghel grosier, pentru a crea un
efectul de mprtiere.
Lipii mpreun pentru a forma scatterul.
Lipeste scatterul la baza lui
detector, apoi instalai detectorul n partea de jos
a spatelui.
24

12. The chassis
Here we show a testing chassis with no
resistance to rains, assembled using simple
wood boards. All the accessories are fixed on
the chassis.
The angle of the chassis.
The chassis of a permanent collector array
can be made from square tubes. There are
many possible configurations.
13. The controller and the tracking gear
The circuit schematic of the controller is shown
below. This circuit is designed for driving a
stepper motor, but it can be adapted to drive an
Scatterul din imagine este prea scurt, deci
c o parte lipsete. Dar asta nu se ntmpl
afecta rezultatul.
Adugai piulie. Nu fixai-o sau spatele
s fie deformat. Doar uor atingei, astfel nct
detectorul nu se va mica fr fore externe.
Umplei gurile de plumb cu blu-tack, pentru a
mpiedic scurgerea de lumin i infiltrarea apei.
nu face
forta prea mult, sau spatele ar fi
deformat.
Punei o band adeziv impermeabil la ap.
Odat ce poziia detectorului fotoelectric este
reglat n timpul testului pe teren, fixai coada
dou uruburi cu silicon sau lac, pentru a preveni
micarea i infiltrarea apei.
Remarc. Detectorul fotoelectric utilizeaz umbra
receptorului pentru a detecta poziia
soare relativ la colector. Prin urmare, precizia
detectrii depinde de poziionare
precizia detectorului i a receptorului.
12. asiul
Aici vom arta un asiu de testare cu nr
rezistenta la ploi, asamblate folosind simple
plci din lemn. Toate accesoriile sunt fixate
asiul.
Unghiul asiului.
asiul unei serii permanente de colectori
pot fi realizate din tuburi ptrate. Sunt
multe configuraii posibile.
13. Controlorul i dispozitivul de urmrire
Circuitul schematic al controlerului este prezentat
mai jos. Acest circuit este proiectat pentru a
conduce vehicule a
25
ordinary geared DC brush motor, using only one
set of the two driving circuits, and a simplified
microcontroller program [3]. Of course, many
important features will be lacking in such an
adaptation, and the lifetime of a DC motor is
limited. A better solution is to order a commercial
controller set, see [3].
The simplest method to manually mount a
tracking mechanism is to use a traction wire.
Here an ordinary plastic covered electric wire is
used, which is directly wrapped on the output
axis of the geared DC motor.
Springs are put on one end of the wire to
compensate for the variation of the wire length
when the collector position changes. The wire
is temperary fixed on the sides of the cover by
two binder clips.
A flexible adhesive ribbon is first wrapped
on the output axis of the motor to increase
friction.
The traction wire is put in a guiding channel
made of a bended angle, to reduce its length
variation when the position of the collector
changes.
14. The fluid circulation system
For a low temperature circulation system, a
simple aquarium pump will be enough. The
pump can be directly fixed on the chassis.
Here flexible PVC tubes are used for the
circuit, in which case the working temperature
must not exceed 60C. Consider insulating the
circuit using foam tubes to reduce heat loss.
With heat resistant circuit and pump, the
working temperature can go up to 100C, while
keeping a high efficiency if the circuit is
cu motor pas cu pas, dar poate fi adaptat pentru
a conduce un motor obinuit cu perii DC,
folosind doar unul
setul celor dou circuite de acionare i un
program de microcontroler simplificat [3].
Desigur, muli
caracteristicile importante vor lipsi ntr-o astfel de
adaptare, i durata de via a unui motor DC
este
limitat. O soluie mai bun este s comandai
un set de controler comercial, vezi [3].
Metoda cea mai simpl de montare manual a
mecanismul de urmrire este s folosii un fir
de traciune.
Aici este un fir electric obinuit acoperit cu
plastic
folosit, care este nfurat direct pe ieire
axa motorului de curent continuu.
Arcurile se pun pe un capt al firului
compensai variaia lungimii firului
cnd se schimb poziia colectorului. Firul
este temperat fixat pe prile laterale ale
capacului prin
dou cleme de fixare.
O panglic flexibil adeziv este nfurat
mai nti
pe axa de ieire a motorului s creasc
frecare.
Srm de traciune este introdus ntr-un canal
de ghidare
realizat dintr-un unghi ndoit, pentru a reduce
lungimea sa
variaie atunci cnd poziia colectorului
schimbri.
14. Sistemul de circulare a fluidului
26
properly insulated.
A circulation system for high temperature heat
transfer fluid is much more complicated to
make, so it is outside the scope of this article.
Interested readers will be able to find supplies
through [3].
15. The optical adjustment and the collecting
tests
Warning. Never dry burn the collector under the
sun without fluid circulation! Due to its high
efficiency, even the low temperature water heating
receiver can reach a temperature of several
hundred degrees in less than one minute without
circulation, hot enough to damage the cover,
melting the plastics or breaking the glass.
Please always adhere strictly to the following
operating procedure. When starting up, first turn
on the pump, make sure that the fluid circulation
is established, then turn on the tracking. When
finishing, first turn off the tracking power supply.
The controller with supercapacitor backup will
automatically untrack the collector when its power
supply is lost. Wait for the collector to get far
enough from the tracking position before turning
off the pump.
When observing the tracked collector under the
sun, always ware protective lenses, preferably
special ones rather than a pair of ordinary
sunglasses which do not offer enough protection.
In
any case, avoid as much as possible looking
directly into the reflected sun, to protect your
eyes.
The basic method for checking the optical
precision of a solar collector is to put it into
Pentru un sistem de circulaie la temperatur
sczut, a
pompa de acvariu simpla va fi de ajuns.
pompa poate fi fixat direct pe asiu.
Aici sunt utilizate tuburi din PVC flexibile pentru
circuit, caz n care temperatura de lucru
nu trebuie s depeasc 60 C. Luai n
considerare izolarea
folosind tuburi de spum pentru a reduce
pierderile de cldur.
Cu circuit i pomp rezistente la cldur,
temperatura de lucru poate crete pn la 100
C, n timp ce
pstrnd o eficien ridicat n cazul n care
circuitul este
izolate corespunztor.
Un sistem de circulaie pentru fluidul de transfer
de cldur la temperatur ridicat este mult
mai complicat
face, deci este n afara scopului acestui articol.
Cititorii interesai vor putea gsi materiale
prin [3].
15. Reglarea optic i testele de colectare
Avertizare. Nu uscai niciodat colectorul sub
soare, fr circulaie a fluidului! Datorit
nivelului ridicat
eficiena, chiar i receptorul pentru nclzirea
apei la temperaturi sczute poate atinge o
temperatur de mai multe
sute de grade n mai puin de un minut fr
circulaie, suficient de fierbinte pentru a deteriora
capacul,
topirea materialelor plastice sau ruperea sticlei.
V rugm s respectai ntotdeauna
urmtoarele proceduri de operare. La pornire,
27
tracking position under the sun, then observe the
receiver from all positions and angles. Under
ideal conditions, no sunbeam reflected by the
collector mirror should leak from around the
receiver, from any observation position and angle.
A tracking collector. Can you tell where is
the position of the sun reflected by the mirror
of the collector?
An excellent reflection: the reflected sun is
precisely behind the receiver.
Leaking from the above: some sunbeam
appears from above the receiver. It is a partial
leaking, in the sense that only a quite small
portion of the sunbeam misses the receiver.
Leaking from the below: some sunbeam
appears from below the receiver. Partial leaking
too.
A small mirror can help the observation
from difficult angles.
Paper stripes can be put on the cover to
check leaking, as a leaking will illuminate
portions of the stripes. This is particularly
useful for checking leaking coming from the
middle portion of the reflective mirror.
Make sure that the shades of the stripes do
not interfere with the operation of the
photoelectric detector.
Or for checking leaking coming from edges
of the mirror, a flat plate can be used. Here the
lower portion of the plate is illumated by some
slight leaking from the upper edge of the
collector, due to the double reflection
phenomenon (see below).
In any case, a leaking of sunbeam means
defocussing and loss of collector efficiency.
ntoarcei-v mai nti
pe pomp, asigurai-v c circulaia fluidului
este stabilit, apoi pornii urmrirea. Cand
finisare, oprii mai nti sursa de alimentare de
urmrire. Controlorul cu rezerv supercapacitor
va
scoate automat colectorul atunci cnd sursa de
alimentare este pierdut. Ateptai ca colectorul
s ajung departe
suficient din poziia de urmrire nainte de a opri
pompa.
Atunci cnd observai colectorul urmrit sub
soare, utilizai ntotdeauna lentilele de protecie,
de preferin
speciale, mai degrab dect o pereche de
ochelari obinuii, care nu ofer o protecie
suficient. n
n orice caz, evitai ct mai mult posibil privirea
direct n soarele reflectat, pentru a v proteja
ochii.
Metoda de baz pentru verificarea preciziei
optice a unui colector solar este de a pune n
aplicare
urmrii poziia sub soare, apoi observai
receptorul din toate poziiile i unghiurile. Sub
condiii ideale, nici o raz de soare reflectat
de oglinda colectorului nu ar trebui s scurg
din jurul
receptor, din orice poziie i unghi de observare.
Un colector de urmrire. Poi s spui unde este
poziia soarelui reflectat de oglind
a colectorului?
O reflexie excelent: soarele reflectat
exact n spatele receptorului.
Scurgndu-se din cele de mai sus: cteva raze
28
Therefore sunbeam leaking must be kept to as
little as possible, by correcting the causes. Each
type of leaking has its particularities and causes.
1. Biased leaking: most or all leaking appears
from one side of the receiver, either above or
below. This is due to tracking error, caused by
positionning error of the photoelectric detector,
horizontal positionning error of the receiver or the
bearing, or a bended receiver.
2. Sided leaking: the leaking from one side of the
collector appears from above the receiver,
while that from the other side appears from below
the receiver. The reason may be the vertical
positionning error of the receiver; or an error of
the width of the reflective surface, that is, a
wrong distance between the two side angles of
the cover; or a bended receiver.
3. Axial leaking: the leaking from one end of the
receiver appears from above, while that from
the other end appears from below. This suggests
a twisted collector box, probably due to the fact
that the back or the cover is a parallelogram not
very rectangular. For this, note that the design
allows a certain freedom of gliding between the
sides of the cover and that of the back. Forcing
the cover to glide in the good direction against the fenomen (vezi mai jos).
back can correct a minor twist of the box. If
this is not enough, the box will have to be
reconstructed.
4. End leaking: sunbeams reflected through an
end leak out. Check the flatness of the end
plate and its verticalness with respect to the back.
In particular, check whether the bearing is
subject to an unbalanced stress making it to
distort the end. If the latter is the case, adjust the
de soare
apare deasupra receptorului. Este parial
scurgeri, n sensul c doar o mic
o poriune din raza de soare o rateaz
receptorul.
Scurgnd din partea de jos: o raz de soare
apare de sub receptor. Scurgerea parial
de asemenea.
O oglind mic poate ajuta observarea
din unghiuri dificile.
Dungile de hrtie pot fi aezate pe capac
verificai scurgeri, deoarece o scurgere se va
aprinde
poriuni de dungi. Acest lucru este n special
util pentru verificarea scurgerilor provenind din
partea de mijloc a oglinzii reflectorizante.
Asigurai-v c nu fac nuanele dungilor
s nu interfereze cu funcionarea dispozitivului
detector fotoelectric.
Sau pentru verificarea scurgerilor provenite de la
margini
a oglinzii, se poate folosi o plac plat. Aici
partea inferioar a plcii este iluminat de unii
uor scurgeri de la marginea superioar a
colector, datorit refleciei duble
n orice caz, o scurgere a razei de soare
nseamn defocalizarea i pierderea eficienei
colectorului.
Prin urmare, scurgerea razelor solare trebuie
meninut ct mai puin posibil, prin corectarea
cauzelor. Fiecare
tipul de scurgere are particularitile i cauzele
sale.
1. Scurgeri bializate: cele mai multe sau toate
29
chassis to eliminate the unbalanced stress.
5. Joint leaking: leaking appearing from the joining rulmentul sau un receptor ndoit.
region between the back and the ends.
This is due to manufacturing errors of the joints
and local stress, and is hard to avoid completely
under manual working conditions. If the collector
is carefully constructed, this type of leaking
only has a limited effect on the optical efficiency.
6. Curvature leaking: leaking due to curvature
error of the back. When the collector is in an
horizontal position, and the observer moves the
observation point from a higher position to a
lower position, a leaking from the above first
appears, then it disappears only to reappear from
the below a bit further. This means that within the
middle region where the leaking disappears,
the curvature of the reflective surface is too high.
One can apply a pressure behind that reagion
of the back, with the help of the body redressing
mechanism, to eliminate this kind of leak.
Care must be taken in doing this, for if the leaking laturile capacului i cea a spatelui. Forarea
appears in the opposite manner, then the
curvature of the middle region is too low, and
applying pressure behind will only worsen the
situation.
7. Edge leaking. The best method to check edge
leaking is to use double reflection, as shown
below.
Observe the collector from the front of it,
near the edge of one side. One can see the
reflected image of the receiver, whose
background is the blue sky.
Use something to cover the direct sunlight
reaching the observing side of the collector,
which would interfere with the observation.
scurgerile apar pe o parte a receptorului, sau
2. Scurgeri laterale: scurgerea de pe o parte a
colectorului apare deasupra receptorului,
n timp ce din cealalt parte apare de sub
receptor. Motivul poate fi vertical
eroare de poziionare a receptorului; sau o
eroare a limii suprafeei reflectorizante, adic
a
distana greit dintre cele dou unghiuri
laterale ale capacului; sau un receptor ndoit.
3. Scurgeri axiale: scurgerea de la un capt al
receptorului apare de sus, n timp ce de la
cellalt capt apare de jos. Acest lucru
sugereaz o cutie de colectare rsucite,
probabil datorit faptului
c spatele sau capacul este un paralelogram
care nu este foarte dreptunghiular. Pentru
aceasta, reinei c designul
permite o anumit libertate de alunecare ntre
capacul pentru a aluneca n direcia bun
mpotriva spatelui poate corecta o rsucire
minor a cutiei. Dac
acest lucru nu este suficient, caseta va trebui
reconstituit.
4. Sfarsitul scurgerii: razele solare reflectate
printr-un sfarsit scurgeri. Verificai flatuirea
captului
placa i verticalitatea sa n raport cu spatele. n
special, verificai dac este un rulment
sub rezerva unui stres dezechilibrat, fcndu-l
s denatureze sfritul. Dac este cazul,
ajustai
asiu pentru a elimina stresul dezechilibrat.
30
For positions difficult to observe directly, a
small mirror can be used.
If there is a leak, it will be observed. In the
picture at the right, the leak appears from
below the image of the receiver, which means
that one should add pressure of the edge
redressing mechanism, by adjusting the bolts.
But what should be adjusted is the redressing
mechanism of the other side (here the upper
side), but not the observing side!
By the way, the above two pictures show an
image of the receiver which is still quite straight
and regular near the edge of the collector. This
image is an important indicator of the optical
quality of the collector, and at the same time a
difficult one. The reader can compare this to the
large number of published pictures of other
parabolic troughs, in order to appreciate the
quality
of this realisation: the others usually give far
worse images.
The field testing of the home made collector used
for taking pictures in this articles gives the
following result. The testing is done at Nice,
France, located at latitude 43.7 degrees, on a
sunny
winter solstice day. The maximal height of the sun aplicarea presiunii din spate va nruti doar
is therefore 22.8, from which one can
estimate the irradiance to be not exceeding
800W. At a concentration ratio of 85.6 times, the
maximal heat output of the collector is about
570W, heat losses being reduced to a negligeable
level by a fluid temperature close to that of the
environment. So the global optical efficiency of
the collector is above 70%. As the reflectivity of
5. Scurgeri ale mbinrilor: scurgeri aprute din
zona de mbinare dintre spate i capete.
Acest lucru se datoreaz erorilor de fabricaie
ale articulaiilor i stresului local i este greu de
evitat complet
n condiii manuale de lucru. Dac colectorul
este construit cu atenie, acest tip de scurgeri
are doar un efect limitat asupra eficienei optice.
6. Scurgeri de curbur: scurgeri cauzate de
eroarea de curbur a spatelui. Atunci cnd
colectorul este ntr-un
orizontal i observatorul deplaseaz punctul de
observare de la o poziie mai nalt la a
poziia inferioar, apare o scurgere din cele de
mai sus, apoi dispare doar pentru a reaprea
mai jos un pic mai departe. Aceasta nseamn
c n regiunea mijlocie unde dispare scurgerea,
curbura suprafeei reflectorizante este prea
mare. Se poate aplica o presiune n spatele
acelei reacii
a spatelui, cu ajutorul mecanismului de redresare
a corpului, pentru a elimina acest tip de scurgeri.
Trebuie s se acioneze n acest sens,
deoarece dac scurgerea apare n contrar,
atunci
curbura regiunii mijlocii este prea sczut, iar
situatie.
7. Perdea scurt. Cea mai bun metod de a
verifica scurgeri de margini este utilizarea
refleciei duble, dup cum se arat
de mai jos.
Observai colectorul din partea din fa a
acestuia,
lng marginea unei pri. Se poate vedea
31
the mirror surface is measured to be 86%, the
transmittance of the cover is 92%, and the
absorptivity of the black lacquer is about 95%, the
loss
due to optical leaking can be estimated to be not
exceeding 3-5%, a value that coincides with the
field observation of the leaking.
It should be noted that the mirrored plate used to
make the back of this collector is of
remarkably poorer uniformity than most non-
mirrored commercial plastic plates, in terms of
inherent local curvature. Most of this lack of
uniformity has been successfully compensated by
optical adjustments, but a better result can be
exected if a more uniform plate is used.
References
1. Gang Xiao: A closed parabolic trough solar
collector, 2007,
http://wims.unice.fr/xiao/solar/collector.pdf
2. Parabolic trough calculator,
http://wims.unice.fr/wims/wims.cgi?
module=tool/geometry/paratrough
3. Solar equipment suppliers,
http://wims.unice.fr/xiao/solar/equipments-
en.html
imaginea reflectat a receptorului, al crei
fundalul este cerul albastru.
Utilizai ceva pentru a acoperi lumina direct a
soarelui
ajungnd la partea de observaie a colectorului,
care ar interfera cu observaia.
Pentru poziiile dificil de observat direct, a
oglinda mic poate fi utilizat.
Dac exist o scurgere, va fi observat. n
imagine din dreapta, scurgeri apare de la
sub imaginea receptorului, ceea ce nseamn
c ar trebui s adugai o presiune a marginii
redresare, prin reglarea uruburilor.
Dar ceea ce trebuie ajustat este redresarea
mecanismul celeilalte pri (aici partea
superioar
partea), dar nu partea observatoare!
Apropo, cele dou imagini de mai sus arat o
imagine a receptorului care este nc destul de
dreapt
i n mod regulat lng marginea colectorului.
Aceast imagine este un indicator important al
opticului
calitatea colectorului i, n acelai timp, una
dificil. Cititorul poate compara acest lucru cu
un numr mare de fotografii publicate de alte
jgheaburi parabolice, pentru a aprecia calitatea
a acestei realizri: ceilali, de obicei, dau
imagini mult mai rele.
Testarea pe teren a colectorului de cas folosit
pentru a face fotografii n acest articol ofer
urmtorul rezultat. Testarea se face la Nisa,
Frana, situat la 43,7 grade latitudine, pe o
soare
iarna solstiiului de iarn. nlimea maxim a
32
soarelui este, prin urmare, de 22,8 , din care
se poate face
estimai c radiaia nu va depi 800W. La un
raport de concentraie de 85,6 ori,
producia maxim de cldur a colectorului
este de aproximativ 570W, pierderile de cldur
fiind reduse la o neglijabil
nivel cu o temperatur a fluidului apropiat de
cea a mediului. Deci, eficiena optic global a
colectorul este de peste 70%. Deoarece
reflectana suprafeei oglinzii este msurat la
86%,
transmisia capacului este de 92%, iar absorbia
lacului negru este de aproximativ 95%, pierderea
datorit scurgerilor optice, poate fi estimat s
nu depeasc 3-5%, valoare care coincide cu
observarea pe teren a scurgerilor.
Trebuie remarcat faptul c placa n oglind
folosit pentru a face partea din spate a acestui
colector este de
remarcabil mai uniform dect cele mai multe
plci comerciale ne-oglindite din plastic, n
termeni de
invaziv curbur local. Cea mai mare parte a
acestei lipse de uniformitate a fost compensat
cu succes
reglaje optice, dar un rezultat mai bun poate fi
obinut dac se folosete o plac mai
uniform.
Referine
1. Gang Xiao: Un colector solar parabolic nchis,
2007,
http://wims.unice.fr/xiao/solar/collector.pdf
2. Calculator parabolic,
http://wims.unice.fr/wims/wims.cgi?

33
module=tool/geometry/paratrough
3. Furnizori de echipamente solare,
http://wims.unice.fr/xiao/solar/equipments-
en.html

34