Chemical Bonding

Name__________________________________Period:______Date:____________

CHEMICAL BONDS & VALENCE ELECTRONS

1) __________________________= an interaction between atoms that holds them
together by reducing the potential energy of their electrons

2) ____________________________= a shorthand representation of the

composition of a substance using atomic symbols and numeric subscripts (Ex: NaCl,
MgCl2, H2O, C6H12O6)

3) Chemical bonding involves the valence electrons of the atoms involved in

a___________________________.

4) _____________________________= the electrons available to be lost, gained,

or shared in the formation of chemical bonds
For atoms of main group elements, valance electrons are electrons in the
_______________________ main energy level.
Use of the periodic table to determine the number of valence electrons for atoms
of the main group elements:

Number of Valence
Group Electrons
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18

______________________= a helium atom has ________valence electrons

1
 Electron Configuration of oxygen:

5) In the Lewis electron-dot formulas for atoms of main group elements, valence
electrons are represented by _________that surround an elements symbol.

6) Examples of Lewis electron-dot formulas for atoms of the main group elements:

2
 DETERMINING BOND TYPE
1) __________________= a chemical bond resulting from
________________________________between positive and negative ions

a) In a purely ionic bond, one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to
another

2) _______________________= a chemical bond resulting from the___________

of electrons between two atoms

a) ___________________= a covalent bond in which

the bonding electrons are ______________________
by the bonded atoms

b) ______________________= a covalent bond in

which the bonding electrons are ___________________
by the bonded atoms

+ -
3) Chemical bonds between two unlike atoms are NEVER
completely ionic and RARELY completely covalent. Bonds
can be anywhere in the range between these two extremes, depending upon how
strongly the bonded atoms attract electrons.

3
4) _______________________= a measure of the ability of an atom in a
chemical compound to attract electrons

5) The degree to which bonds are ionic or covalent can be ___________________ by

comparing the electronegativities of the bonded atoms.

6) The electronegativity difference of two atoms can be used to determine the ionic
character of a bond.

Only ___________________values are used for the final electronegativity

7) The scale below can be used to classify the probable bond type between two atoms.

a) If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is:

_________________the probable bond type is usually classified
as___________________________.

______________________the probable bond type is usually classified

as_______________________.

_____________________the probable bond type is usually classified as

__________________.

8) Polar covalent bonds, a closer look:

a) In a polar covalent bond electrons are________________________.

b) Shared electrons spend MORE of their time near the atom with the
_____________________ electronegativity.

c) __________________________ (+ or -) result.

A - is assigned to the atom with the ________________electronegativity

A + is assigned to the atom with the ________________electronegativity

d) Ex: An H atom and a Cl atom form a polar-covalent bond resulting in partial

charges.

4
9) Determine the electronegativity difference and probable bond type with respect to
bonds formed between the following pairs of atoms. Assign partial charges if the
probable bond type is polar-covalent.

Pair of Electronegativity Probable Bond

Partial Charges
Atoms Difference Type

S and H

S and Cs

I and I

Cl and Br

S and Cl

Br and F

IONIC BONDING AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

1) Characteristics of ionic compounds:

a) Ionic compounds are held together by____________________________.

b) Ionic compounds usually involve__________________________________.

c) Ionic compounds are _____________under

normal conditions.

d) Ionic compounds consist of a very large

number of positive and negative ions (anions
and cations) that are combined so that the
numbers of positive and negative charges
are________________.

e) The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents a formula unit, NOT
a____________________________.

2) An ionic compound is __________composed of independent, neutral units that can

be isolated and examined.

5
3) ____________________= a compound of positive and negative ions (anions and
cations) that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are
equal

4) The chemical formula of an ionic compound shows the _______of ions present in a
sample of any size.

a) Ex: magnesium chloride has the following chemical formula: MgCl2

For every one Mg+2 ion present, two Cl ions are present.
If 13 mol Mg+2 ions are present in a sample, then 26 mol Cl ions are present in
the sample.

5) The chemical formula for an ionic compound represents a formula unit, NOT a
molecule.

6) __________________= the simplest collection of ions from which an ionic

compounds formula can be established

7) __________________= chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom (by

gaining, losing, or sharing electrons) contains eight electrons in its outermost
occupied main energy level (valence electrons)

8) Electron-dot formulas can be used to illustrate the formation of_________________.

a) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving Na

and Cl.
Ionic Formula = ________________

6
 b) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving Ca
and F.
Ionic Formula = ________________

c) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving K and
O.
Ionic Formula = ________________

COVALENT BONDING & MOLECULAR

SUBSTANCES
1) Characteristics of molecular substances:

a) Molecular substances are held together by___________________________.

b) Molecular substances usually involve ONLY ____________________.

c) Molecular substances may be ______________________________under normal

conditions.

d) Molecular substances consist of_______________________. The_________ of

different molecules varies greatly.

2) _______________________= a chemical compound whose simplest units are

molecules

3) __________________= a neutral group of

atoms held to together by
______________________________

a) A single molecule is an individual unit capable

of existing on its own.
7
 4) The chemical formula for a molecular compound is called a_________________.

5) _______________________________= a shorthand representation showing the

types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule

a) Ex: hydrogen peroxide; H2O2;________ atoms of hydrogen and _______ atoms

of oxygen are held together by covalent bonds

b) Ex: glucose; C6H12O6; 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of

oxygen are held together by __________________

6) _______________________= a molecule containing only two atoms

a) Ex: HCl, O2

7) Certain elements occur naturally as diatomic molecules (you need to know these
elements!!)

a) They are: H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and F2

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (IM FORCES)

1) __________________________________________(IM Forces) = forces of attraction
between adjacent particles (molecules, atoms, or ions)

a) Generally much _________________ than ionic or covalent bonds

b) The example below shows two HCl molecules. The force of attraction that exists
between the two molecules is an intermolecular force.

c) IM forces are ____________significant in solids and liquids than in gases because

the particles are much closer together in solids and liquids.

d) IM _______________are responsible for many properties of compounds such as

melting point and boiling point, surface tension, and viscosity.
Strong IM forces = ___________melting points & boiling points
o Ex: ______________compounds
o Requires_______________energy (higher temp.) to break strong IM
forces between particles

Weaker IM forces = __________melting points & boiling points

8
 o Ex: ____________________compounds

o Requires ________________energy (lower temp.) to break weak IM

forces between particles

LEWIS ELECTRON-DOT FORMULAS AND LEWIS

STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
1) Lewis electron-dot formulas illustrate the sharing of ________________________
between atoms.
2) Electron pairs:

a) _________________= an electron pair NOT

involved in bonding

b) ______________= an electron pair shared

between two atoms
3) Types of covalent bonds:
a) ________________________= a covalent bond produced by the sharing of one
pair of electrons between two atoms
Ex: HH or H : H

b) ________________________= a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two

pairs of electrons between two atoms

Ex: O2

With six valence electrons each, two oxygen atoms

can use twelve electrons to satisfy both octets. By
sharing one electron from each oxygen, we can't
have more than one oxygen's octet satisfied. We'll
need to try a different sharing pattern; a double bond
will work.

c) ____________________= a covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs

of electrons between two atoms
Ex: N2

With five valence electrons each, two nitrogen atoms

can use ten electrons to satisfy both octets. By sharing
one electron from each nitrogen, we can't have either
nitrogen's octet satisfied. We'll need to try a different
sharing pattern; a triple bond will work.

9
 d) In general, _________________are _________________and ____________than
single bonds.

e) In general, __________________are shorter and stronger

than___________________.

4) Guide for Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas for Molecules:

a) Count the ___________number of valence electrons in the molecule. THESE

ARE ALL THE ELECTRONS YOU MAY USE!
b) Identify the central atom and terminal atoms:

H is always a terminal atom

C, if present is usually the _____________atom
Molecules tend to be somewhat symmetrical (if one atom is different than the
others it is usually the central atom)

c) Place _____________of electrons between each pair of bonded atoms to form

a____________________.

d) Add electron pairs around the _____________________to satisfy the octet rule
for the terminal atoms. THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE! (see
below)

e) Assign left over electron pairs to the ___________________________.

f) Orient atoms so there is _______________ electron pair repulsions around the

central atom. (arrange electron pairs as far apart as you can)

g) If the central atom has LESS than an octet of electrons, then move one or
more lone pairs from the _________________atoms to form multiple bonds
(double and triple bonds).
oxygen, nitrogen and carbon CAN form ___________________.
h) DO THE FOLLOWING FINAL CHECKS:
Check that the total number of valence electrons in the molecule is correct.
Check that the octet rule is satisfied for all atoms. DONT FORGET ABOUT
THE EXCEPTIONS.
5) EXCEPTIONS to the octet rule:

a) _____________________is an exception to the octet rule. In a molecule,

hydrogen contains ________electrons in its outermost occupied main energy
level. HYDROGEN CAN FORM ONLY A SINGLE BOND AND WILL CONTAIN
NO LONE PAIRS!

10
 b) ________________and _______________are SOMETIMES exceptions to the
octet rule. These atoms sometimes contain less than eight electrons in their
outermost occupied main energy level. Remembering that these atoms DO NOT
form double and triple bonds will be helpful when determining if they break the
octet rule.

6) Guide for Writing Lewis Structural Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic
Ions:

a) Follow all guides from above except write a __________to indicate every bond
pair.

b) __________are still used to represent_________________.

7) Guide for Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas for Polyatomic Ions:

a) Follow the guide from above except:

Add a ____________and _______________to the electron-dot and structural

formulas

Account for ______________when counting valence electrons

A POSITIVE CHARGE indicates you have to _____________electron(s)

o Ex: H3O +1 has ____ valence electrons:

O= _______________

H3 = _____________

So now there is _______ and you subtract ______since the ion

has a _____charge to get the final total of ___ valence electrons

o Ex: NH4 +1

_____________
_____________
____________
_____________

11
 A NEGATIVE CHARGE indicates you have to _________electron(s)
o Ex: CO3-2 has _____valence electrons

C= ________________________

O3 = ________________________

So now there is ________and you add _____since the ion has a

_____charge to get the final total of _____valence electrons

THE VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR

REPULSION (VSEPR) MODEL
1) The _____________________has proven useful in predicting molecular geometry
and bond angles.

2) The VSEPR model assumes that atoms will orient

themselves so as to ___________electron pair repulsions
around the central atom.

3) Steps to determine molecular geometry and bond

angles:

a) Draw an electron-dot formula.

b) Arrange the electron pairs around the central atom in a

way that minimizes repulsion. In other words, put the
electron pairs as far apart as possible.

c) Determine molecular geometry:

d) Predict the bond angles from the molecular geometry.

12
 Lone
Atoms
Pairs
Bonded
Around Predicted
Molecular to
the Bond Example
Geometry Central
Central Angles
Atom
Atom
BeF2
2 0

BeF3

3 0

NH3

3 1

SnCl2

2 1

H 2O

2 2

CH4

4 0

13
e) Notice the bond angle distortion for molecules with a molecular geometry of
_____________________and ___________(with_____________________).
Ex: O3 is considered bent with a predicted bond angle of 120 since there is
only 1 lone pair of electrons

Ex: H2O is considered bent with a predicted bond angle of 105 since there is
2 lone pairs of electrons

VSEPR model assumes that _______________require more room than bond

pairs and tend to compress the angles between bond pairs.

In general, bond angles of at least _______________provide enough room

for lone pairs that significant bond angle distortion does NOT occur.

Using The Modeling Kits:

Easily shows molecular geometry

A wooden peg represents a single bond (one bond pair of electrons)

Use longer pegs first, then if needed use smaller pegs

A spring represents a multiple bond

A colored wooden ball represents various atoms

When writing dot formulas and structural formulas you still will have to
account for lone pair(s) of electrons since models do not account for lone
pair(s)

Modeling Kit Color Code:

Purple = iodine or fluorine Black = carbon
Red = oxygen Green = chlorine
Orange = bromine Yellow = hydrogen
Light Blue = nitrogen
14
 POLAR vs. NONPOLAR MOLECULES
1) Use the following chart to determine if a molecule is polar or
nonpolar.

1. Does the molecule have ANY polar covalent bonds?

YES
NO
2. Is the electronegativity of all terminal atoms the same?

NO YES
The molecule is NONPOLAR
The molecule is POLAR

3. Is the molecule symmetrical?

(Lone pairs on central atom means molecule
is NOT symmetrical)
Note: if the molecule
only contains 2 atoms, NO
stop after the first The molecule is POLAR
YES
question.

The molecule is NONPOLAR

15
 16
# of Predicted
Molecular Polar or
Formula Valence Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Geometry Nonpolar?
Electrons Angles
ICl
NA
Complete the following tables on pg 16-18 as a class.

CH3I
BeF2
BF3
 17
# of Predicted
Molecular Polar or
Formula Valence Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Geometry Nonpolar?
Electrons Angles
CO2
H2CO
NH3
H2O
 18
# of Predicted
Molecular Polar or
Formula Valence Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Geometry Nonpolar?
Electrons Angles
SO2
SO42
NA
NH4+
NA
N2
NA
 Valence Electrons & Lewis Electron-Dot Notation Worksheet

1) Where are valance electrons located?______________________________

2) Why are valence electrons important?

3) Determine the number of valence electrons in one atom of each of the following
elements. Then write the electron-dot notation for each element.

a) Na

b) F

c) Rb

d) Ba

e) I

f) Se

g) Al

h) C

i) Mg

j) He

19
 Electronegativity & Probable Bond Type Worksheet
1) When predicting probable bond types, list the ranges for the following:

a. Non-polar covalent =______________________________

b. Polar-covalent = __________________________________
c. Ionic = __________________________________________
2) Define ionic bond.

3) What is the difference between polar-covalent and non-polar covalent bond types?

4) A - is assigned to the atom with the (higher or lower) electronegativity.

5) Determine the electronegativity difference and probable bond type with respect to bonds
formed between the following pairs of atoms. Assign partial charges if the probable bond
type is polar-covalent.
Pair of Probable Bond Partial Charges (if
Electronegativity Difference
Atoms Type polar-covalent)
H and H

S and O

H and I

K and Br

Si and Cl

H and F

Se and S

C and H

Na and Cl

O and H

N and N

I and Cl
20
 Ionic Bonding & Ionic Compounds Worksheet
1) Ionic compounds usually have what type of elements present?

2) Ionic compounds are ___________________________ under normal conditions.

3) Molecular compounds usually have what type of elements present?

4) Molecular compounds are ________________________under normal conditions.

5) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving Li
and Cl.
Ionic Formula = ________________

6) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving

Ca and I.
Ionic Formula = ________________

7) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving K

and F.
Ionic Formula = ________________

8) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving

Mg and Br.
Ionic Formula = ________________

21
9) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving
Al and I.
Ionic Formula = ________________

10) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving
Ca and O.
Ionic Formula = ________________

11) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving
Na and S.
Ionic Formula = ________________

12) Use electron-dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving
Al and S.
Ionic Formula = ________________

22
 23
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
NO2+
NA
O3
Complete the following table.

BF4
NA
H2BF
 24
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
BeCl2
CH4
NO2 NA
HCl
NA
 25
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
Cl2CO
CHCl3
NF3
CCl4
 26
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
H2
NA
CHI3
H2Te
SiO2
 27
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
H2S
HCN
ClO
NA NA
PH3
 28
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
ClO2
NA
HClO
PCl3
OF2
 29
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
H 3 O+
NA
I2
NA
CF4
SCl2
 30
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
NCl3
Cl2O
NH2Cl
SiCl3Br
 31
Number
Predicted
of Molecular Polar or
Formula Lewis Electron-Dot Formula Lewis Structural Formula Bond
Valence Geometry Nonpolar?
Angles
Electrons
ONCl
NO3
NA
SO42
NA
SCN
NA
 32
Ionic Compounds vs. Molecular Compounds
IONIC COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
1. What type(s) of elements are
usually contained in this type of
compound?
2. Under ordinary conditions, in
what state of matter would you
find this compound?
3. This type of compound can be
described as a collection of
________?
4. What type of bond is holding
the atoms together? Explain
how atoms are held together by
this type of bonding?
5. Describe the melting points
and boiling points.
6. Describe the IM forces.
 Bonding Basics Worksheet
Vocabulary: Use your notes to help you identify the following vocabulary.

1) A __________________________________is a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons

between two atoms
2) ____________________________is a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract
electrons

3) _________________________ is a chemical bond resulting from electrostatic attraction between positive &
negative ions
4) A _________________ is a neutral group of atoms held to together by covalent bonds

5) __________________________ is a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons between two
atoms

6) A _____________________________ is a covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons

between two atoms
7) ___________________________ is a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared unequally by
the bonded atoms
8) A _________________________is a molecule containing only two atoms
9) _______________________________ is an electron pair shared between two atoms
10) _____________________________________________ is an interaction between atoms that holds them
together by reducing the potential energy of their electrons
11) __________________________________________________is the simplest collection of ions from which
an ionic compounds formula can be established
12) ___________________________________________is a shorthand representation of the composition of a
substance using atomic symbols and numeric subscripts (Ex: NaCl, MgCl2, H2O, C6H12O6)
13) _________________________________________ is the tendency of compounds to form so that each atom
(by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons) contains eight electrons in its outermost occupied main energy
level (valence electrons)
14) A __________________________________is a chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules

15) _____________________________ is the outermost electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the
formation of chemical bonds
16) __________________________________________ is an electron pair NOT involved in bonding
17) ___________________________________ is a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared
equally by the bonded atoms
18) ____________________________________________ are forces of attraction between adjacent particles
(molecules, atoms, or ions)
33
Concepts: Answer the following questions.

1. When predicting probable bond types, list the ranges for the following:

d. Non-polar covalent =______________________________

e. Polar-covalent = __________________________________

f. Ionic = __________________________________________

2. Which atom is assigned the partial negative charge when a polar covalent bond is established?

3. Ionic compounds contain what type of elements?_____________________________________

4. What phase(s) of matter would you most likely find ionic compounds? _______________________

5. Molecular substances usually involve only what type of elements? __________________________

6. What phase(s) of matter would you most likely find molecular compounds? _____________________

7. List the naturally occurring diatomic molecules.

________________________________________________________________

8. In terms of IM forces, describe melting points and boiling points of ionic and molecular compounds?

9. Use electron dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving Li and N.

Ionic Formula = ________________

10. Use electron dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving Na and O.

Ionic Formula = ________________

34
Dot & Structural Formulas: For each of the following formulas determine the number of valence electrons and draw the
electron dot formula and structural formula.

Number
of Lewis Electron Dot Lewis Structural
Formula Valence Formula Formula
Electrons

CO

SeF2

NCl3

BeCl2

HCN

35
Dot & Structural Formulas: For each of the following formulas determine the number of valence electrons and draw the
electron dot formula and structural formula.

Number
of Lewis Electron Dot Lewis Structural
Formula Valence Formula Formula
Electrons

PH3

SO3

CS2

CH2O

SiCl4
(silicon
tetrachloride)

36
 BONDING REVIEW WORKSHEET
1) What are valance electrons?

a. Where are valance electrons found?

2) What is an ionic bond?

3) What is the difference between a non-polar covalent bond and a polar-covalent bond?

4) What is electronegativity?

5) When predicting probable bond types, list the ranges for the following:

a. Non-polar covalent =______________________________

b. Polar-covalent = __________________________________

c. Ionic = __________________________________________

6) Which atom is assigned the partial negative charge?

7) Ionic compounds contain what type of elements? _________________________________

8) What phase(s) of matter would you most likely find ionic compounds?___________________

9) What is the octet rule?

10)Molecular substances usually involve only what type of elements?__________________

11)What phase(s) of matter would you most likely find molecular compounds?

12)What are diatomic molecules? List the naturally occurring diatomic molecules.

37
13)What is the difference between lone pair electrons and bond pair electrons?

14)What are the exceptions to the octet rule when constructing electron dot formulas?

15)What needs to be added to the electron dot and structural formulas for polyatomic ions?
__________________________ & ______________________________

16)List the 6 types of molecular geometry that a compound may exhibit and the predicted
bond angle.

17) Use electron dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving Ca and Cl.

Ionic Formula = ________________

18)Use electron dot formulas to illustrate the formation of ionic bonds involving K and O.

Ionic Formula = ________________

19)What is the difference between the melting and boiling points of ionic and molecular
compounds?

38
 Unit Learning Map (10 days): Bonding Mrs. Hostetter

Class: Academic Chemistry A - Grade 11

Unit Essential Question(s): Optional

Instructional Tools:

Why is one atom rarely Guided Notes

Lab Materials:

found by itself in Ionic vs. Molecular

Compound Lab

nature? Modeling Lab

Concept Concept Concept Concept

Chemical Bonds Bond Types Electron Dot and Structural VSEPR Model
Formulas

Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions:
Why do chemical bonds How do you determine How can molecules and How can the VSEPR model
form? probably bond type? polyatomic ions be be used to predict molecular
represented using electron geometry and bond angles?
dot and structural formulas?

Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary:

Chemical bond Ionic bonds Lone pair electrons VSEPR Model
Chemical formula Covalent bond Bond pair electrons Molecular geometry
Valence electrons Nonpolar-covalent bond Single bond Bond angles
Polar-covalent bond Double bond Linear
Electronegativity Triple bond Trigonal planar
Ionic compound Central atom Bent
Formula unit Dot formula Tetrahedral
Octet rule Structural formula Trigonal Pyramidal
Molecular compound Isomer
Molecule
Molecular formula
Diatomic molecule
Intermolecular Forces

39
 Bonding Vocabulary:
1) Chemical bond- an interaction between atoms that holds them together by reducing the potential energy of
their electrons
2) Chemical formula- a shorthand representation of the composition of a substance using atomic symbols and
numeric subscripts (Ex: NaCl, MgCl2, H2O, C6H12O6)
3) Valence electrons- the outermost electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of
chemical bonds
4) Ionic bonds- a chemical bond resulting from electrostatic attraction between positive & negative ions
5) Covalent bonds- a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons between two atoms
6) Nonpolar-covalent bond- a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded
atoms
7) Polar-covalent bond- a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared unequally by the bonded
atoms
8) Electronegativity- a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
9) Ionic compound- a compound of positive and negative ions (anions and cations) that are combined so that
the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal
10) Formula unit- the simplest collection of ions from which an ionic compounds formula can be established
11) Octet rule- chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom (by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons)
contains eight electrons in its outermost occupied main energy level (valence electrons)
12) Molecular compound- a chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
13) Molecule- a neutral group of atoms held to together by covalent bonds
14) Molecular formula- a shorthand representation showing the types and numbers of atoms combined in a
single molecule
15) Diatomic molecule- a molecule containing only two atoms (Natural = H2,O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2)
16) Intermolecular forces (IM Forces) = forces of attraction between adjacent particles (molecules, atoms, or
ions)
17) Lone pair electrons- an electron pair NOT involved in bonding
18) Bond pair electrons- an electron pair shared between two atoms
19) Single bond- a covalent bond produced by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms
20) Double bond- a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms
21) Triple bond- a covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms
22) Central atom- atom in the center of the compound, often carbon
23) Dot formula- when dots are used to show bond pairs and lone pairs
24) VSEPR Model- (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model) has proven useful in predicting molecular
geometry and bond angles
25) Molecular geometry- Linear, Trigonal planer, Bent, Tetrahedral, Trigonal pyramidal, and Bent
26) Bond angles- angle at which the bond takes place
27) Linear- 2 atoms bonded to central angle and predicted bond angles is 180
28) Trigonal planar- 3 atoms bonded to central angle and predicted bond angles is 120
29) Bent-2 atoms bonded to central angle,1 lone pair around the central atom;predicted bond angle is 120
30) Bent- 2 atoms bonded to central angle, 2 lone pairs around central atom; predicted bond angle is 105
31) Tetrahedral- 4 atoms bonded to central angle; predicted bond angle is 109.5
32) Trigonal Pyramidal- 3 atoms bonded to central angle, 1 lone pair around central atom; predicted bond
angle is 107
33) Isomer = Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.
40