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(1) Give a brief personality sketch of the author of the literary text under analysis.
Tips: Enlarge on the innovatory aspects of the writer's literary work in the line of content
(problems, characters) and form (composition, style).
(The text / excerpt / passage under review / consideration is taken from the novel / short
story composed / written by...)
(2) Define the subject-matter and the theme of the given text.
(3) Make a summary of the analyzed text. Tips: Skim the original text with a regard to its
the main idea. Divide the text into sections. Write a one-sentence summary of each
section choosing the words and expressions synonymous to those used by the author of
the summarized text. Avoid any evaluation or comments.
(In the given extract, the author tells a story ... The gist of the story is the delineation /
depiction / description / portrayal / presentation... of...)
4.2. the type of the narrator. Tips: Outline the character of the narrator. Think about the
effect the authors choice of the narrator creates.
the first-person narrator. Decide whether the first-person narrator is reliable or
unreliable (has biases and prejudices that may influence how he tells the story).
the third-person narrator. Decide whether the third-person narrator is omniscient
(unlimited, all-knowing) or limited (concentrated). Support your opinion referring to
the text.
(It gives the reader a greater insight into the minds of characters; allows readers to form
their own opinion about the characters and their motives)
4.3. the form of presentation. Tips: Decide what the passage / story presents:
direct speech;
reported / indirect speech (the author's narrative);
monologue (inner or unuttered, outer or uttered);
dialogue;
narration;
description (static, dynamic, panoramic, general view, close-up);
stream of consciousness.
Prove your point of view with the examples from the text. Identify the prevailing narrative
form. Think what effect is created by the combination of different forms of presentation.
(In form it is a narration / description intermingled with reported speech... ; it helps avoid
monotony of the narrative; adds vividness to the excerpt; helps in character drawing)
(5) Define the slant / stylistic tone of the text. Tips: The slant may be:
ironical emotional
humorous unemotional
tragic pathetic
sarcastic dry and matter-of-fact
lyrical gloomy
optimistic bitter
pessimistic sarcastic
melodramatic cheerful
sentimental etc
(The general slant of the narration is The text is written in tone, etc.)
(6) Dwell upon the setting of the text. Tips: Define the type of setting of the analyzed
text and state its function. The setting can be:
temporal
geographical / local
social
briefly sketched
detailed
It may function as
a mirror
an antagonist
a means of reinforcing theme
a way of revealing character
(The setting contributes towards creating mood and atmosphere of the narration; The
setting is seen through the eyes of) EM SD
(7) Give an account on the plot structure of the analyzed text. Tips: Define whether the
text has a straight line (chronological) or a complex narrative? The classical plot structure
consists of:
the exposition
the complications
the climax
the denouement
the closing part / ending
However, the author may employ such techniques as:
in medias res
flashback (to the past)
foreshadowing (towards the future)
retardation
The plot structure may undergo some transformations some parts can be omitted, or
repeated, or inverted. If necessary, each part should be divided into smaller logical parts or
episodes. Some stories may have subplots.
(The extract may be subdivided into 2 (5, etc.) logically complete fragments ...)
(9) The network of images. The text in question should be analyzed from the point of
view of its slant and EM and SD of different language levels that are employed to create
the slant. In addition to that, it is necessary to consider the system of sensory images
(visual, aural, olfactory, gustatory and tactile) that imply either positive or negative
emotions and symbolic images. Define the type of the symbol regarding the type of
knowledge it conveys. We can distinguish archetypal (related to Jungian archetypes),
stereotypical (culturally grounded), and individual (author's) symbols.