CHM420 - GENERAL CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 5 - CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM

STUDENT NAME : SITI NURUL AINA BINTI RAZALI

(2016579303)

LECTURERS NAME : PUAN NURUL IZZA BINTI TAIB

LAB PARTNER : 1) NUR DIYANA BT TUMIRAN

2) NURQISTINA FARZANA BT CHE MANSOR

3) RAIHAN IZZATI BT ROSANIZAN

4) NOOR AZLIN BT AB RAZAK

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 31 OCTOBER 2017

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effects to equilibrium system when certain stresses are introduced.

INTRODUCTION

At equilibrium the products react at the same rate as they are produced. The
concentrations of substances in equilibrium do not change, but both reactions, forward
and reverse, are still occuring. The sign is use to denote system at
equilibrium. Le Chateliers Principle states that when the conditions of a system in
equilibrium are changed the system reacts to counteract the change and reestablish
equilibrium.

For example,

A+B C+D

When the concentration of B increased, the rate of the forward reaction increases, the
concentration of A decreases, and the concentration of C and D increase. After a
period of time the two frates will become equal and the system will again be in
equilibrium.

CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Concentrated ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

6M ammonium hydroxide( NH4)

0.1M cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2)

0.1M iron (III) chloride (FeCl3)

12M hydrochloric acid (HCl)

0.1M Copper(II)sulphate (CuSO4)

Phenophthalein

3M sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

METHOD

Part B : Copper(II) sulfate solution with ammonia

2 mL of 0.1M copper(II) sulfate is placed into each of two test tubes.

1. Test tube 1 : For color comparison

2. Test tube 2 : 6M NH3(aq) or NH4OH(aq) is added dropwise. It isshaken well after

each drop is added.

3. NH3(aq) is added continuosly until there was another color or appearance changed.

4. 3M H2SO4 is added dropwise to the solution in test tube 2 until the original color
is restored.
Part C : Cobalt(II) chloride solution

1-2 mL of 0.1M cobalt(II)chloride solution is added into each of three test tubes.

1. Test tube 1 : Test tube is controlled.

2. Test tube 2 : 3 mL of hydrochloric acid is added dropwise the changes is observed.

Distilled water is added to the solution until the original color(reverse action) is
observed.

3. Test tube 3 : About 1.5g of solid ammonium chloride is added and shaken to make
a saturated salt solution. The color is compared with solution control test tube.

4. The first and third test tubes are placed in a beaker of boiling water and is shaken.
The changes isobserved.

5. Both test tubes is cooled down under tap water until original color (reverse reaction)
is observed.

Part D : Ammonia solution

An ammonia stock solution is prepared by adding 5 drops of 6M ammonium chloride

and 3 drops of phenolphthalein to 50 mL of tap water and is mixed. 5 mL of this stock
solution is poured into each of the three test tubes.

1. Test tube 1 : Test tube is controlled.

2. Test tube 2 : Small amount of ammonium chloride is dissolve in the stock solution
and the results is observed.

3. Test tube 3 : A few drops of 6M hydrochloric acid is added to the stock solution
and is mixed. The changes is recorded.

RESULTS
QUESTIONS

Part D.

How would you explain the shift of equilibrium in term of Le Chateliers Principle?

According to Le Chateliers Principle, a system is at equilibrium when we add a

substance, so the reaction will shift so as to reestablish equilibrium by consuming part
of the added substance. If reactants are added or products are removed, the system
will reestablish equilibrium by moving in the forward direction and converting the
reactants into products. Beside that, if the concentration of the reactants is decreased,
shifting the reaction backwards and decomposing the products into reactants
reestablishes equilibrium.

Part B.

1. Explain how adding more NH3(aq) caused the equilibrium to shift again.

When the copper(II)sulphate are added with ammonia solution , the light blue colour
of copper(II)sulphate changed to dark blue and blue precipitate is formed. When
adding more NH3(aq) ,the dark colour turns into darker colour. An increasing the
amounts of reactants would cause the system to shift again because in order to balance
it out and to keep the equilibrium constant .

2. Explain how 3M sulfuric acid caused the equilibrium to shift back again.

3M sulphuric acid caused the equilibrium to shift back again because the
concentration of NH3 is decreasing so it will shift to the left.
Part C.

1. State whether the concentration of each of the following substance was increased,
decreased or unaffected when the concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to cobalt
chloride solution.

Co(H2O)2+,6 decreased , Cl unaffected , CoCl2 increased

2. Explain why heating and cooling the mixture caused the equilibrium to shift.

When a mixture is heated, the particles have more kinetic energy causing them to
collide more often so that the reaction will occur faster causing the equilibrium to
shift. When cooling the mixture, the particles have low tendency to collide which is
from high to low kinetic energy causing the reaction to slow down and the
equilibrium to shift usually to its original state.

DISCUSSION

Part B : Copper(II) sulfate solution with ammonia

Based on the experiment, when concentrated ammonia solution ( NH3 ) was added to
a clear , light blue precipitate of copper(II)hydroxide was formed .When addition of
ammonia continued ,causes the copper ion to go back into a solution as a dark blue
ammonia solution. The addition of 3M sulphuric acid reversed the changes of the
direction through the copper hydroxide precipitate back to clear ,light blue colour of
the original solution . The direction of the equilibrium will shifts to the left as
Cu(NH3)4^2+ fall apart to release NH3. The following net ionic equation for the
system is observed :

Cu2+ + 4NH3 (aq) Cu(NH3)42+

Part C : Cobalt (II) chloride solution

By carried the experiment in this part, the following equilibrium equation for the
system is observed :

Co(H2O)62+ (aq) + 4 Cl (aq)CoCl42(aq) + 6 H2O(l) H +ve

This is a type of reversible reaction where the reactants form products that ,react
together to give the reactants the original condition back. Reversible reactions will
reach an equilibrium point where the concentrations of the reactants and products will
no longer change. Based on this experiment, the color of Co(H2O)62+ complex is
pink and the color of CoCl42 complex is blue. When concentrated HCl is added,
there is more Cl in the solution, so the equilibrium is shifted to the right and the
solution turns pale pink. After we added H20, the solution becomes more light pink
from the original color. The addition of heat energy causes the equilibrium constant to
shift to the right. Hence, this reaction is called endothermic reaction. This changes
makes the solution turns purple color when mixed with solid reactant, which is
ammonia chloride .When the H2O is added, Cl- is removed from solution. This
reaction shifts the equation back to the left and the solution turns pink again.

Part D : Ammonia solution

By carried the experiment in this part, the following net ionic equation for the system
is observed :
 NH3(g) + HCl(g) --> NH4Cl(s)

If a chemical system is at equilibrium and we add a substance (either

reactant/product), the reaction will shift so as to reestablish equilibrium by consuming
part of the added substance. Conversely,removing a substance will cause the reaction
to move in the direction that forms more of that substance.

CONCLUSION

Le Chateliers principle has been demonstrated in this experiment. An increase in the

concentration of the reactant or a decrease in the concentration of the product shifts
the direction of the reaction towards the production of more products to return to the
equilibrium position. The opposite, a decrease in the concentration of the reactants or
an increase in the concentration of the product shifts the equilibrium position towards
the production of more reactants. If temperature is treated as a reactant, in
anexothermic reaction, an increase in temperature shifts the direction towardsthe
production of more reactants. A decrease in temperature in an exothermic reaction
causes a shift towards the production of products, in order to reestablish equilibrium.

REFERENCES

Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/175800779/EXP8-Le-Chatelier

Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/8946196/Chemical_equilibrium

Retrieved from
https://faculty.ncc.edu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Y0Fxg8gg65Y%3D&tabid=1893