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 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2017) 252257

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Ecological performance of four-temperature-level absorption heat

transformer with heat resistance, heat leakage and internal
irreversibility
Xiaoyong Qin, Lingen Chen , Shaojun Xia
Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
Military Key Laboratory for Naval Ship Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Based on irreversible four-temperature-level (FTL) cycle model of absorption heat transformer (AHT)
Received 21 April 2017 plants with heat resistance, heat leakage and internal irreversibility, an exergy-based ecological criterion
Received in revised form 2 June 2017 function of is proposed, which can attain a compromise in inter restricted relations between exergy out-
Accepted 9 June 2017
put and exergy loss of AHT plants. When all losses are considered and different losses are ignored,
detailed expressions and simplified expressions among ecological function, exergy output, exergy loss,
and various loss factors are derived. Using illustrative calculations, the effects of various loss factors on
Keywords:
the general characteristics and the optimal ecological characteristics are analyzed. The expressions and
Absorption heat transformer
Irreversible cycle
conclusions obtained herein are general, which can provide some new guidelines about parameter selec-
Four-temperature-level cycle tion for practical AHT plants.
Ecological function 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Finite time thermodynamics

1. Introduction exergy-based ecological optimization objective function

Low-grade heats can be upgraded to higher temperature levels
by absorption heat transformer (AHT), and the working fluid uti-
lized by AHT can be environmental friendly. Thus, many scholars
have studied AHT technologies for industrial uses [13] and ana-
lyzed AHT cycles by using finite time thermodynamics (FTT) [4
18]. Ordinary, AHT was modeled as a three-heat-reservoir (THR)
[1922], a four-heat-reservoir (FHR) [2224] or a four-
temperature-level (FTL) cycle [25,26] (including THR cycle and
FHR cycle). An irreversible FTL AHT cycle model has been estab-
lished by Qin et al. [26], and the heating load and the COP perfor-
mance have been analyzed. Similarly, many scholars have analyzed
and optimized the performances of absorption refrigeration [27
32] and absorption heat pump [3335] cycles by using FTT.
Ecological performance analysis can obtain some important
results, which are different from the COP and the heating load per-
formance. Ecological function are introduced firstly by Angulo-
Brown [36], and then revised by Yan [37]. Ecological function can
be established by energy-based viewpoint and exergy-based view-
point, respectively. For all of the thermodynamic cycles, the
Corresponding author at: Institute of Thermal Science and Power Engineering,
Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China.
E-mail addresses: lgchenna@yahoo.com, lingenchen@hotmail.com (L. Chen).
E EX  T s r was established by Chen et al. [38], where EX is the
exergy output rate, T s is the environmental temperature, and r is
the entropy generation rate of the cycle. Different type heat engi-
nes, two-heat-reservoir, three- heat-reservoir, and four-heat-
reservoir refrigerators and heat pumps have been analyzed and
optimized by using this exergy-based ecological function as opti-
mization objective function [3960].
Based on irreversible FTL AHT cycle models [26] and the exergy-
based ecological objective function [38], the exergy-based ecologi-
cal objective function of AHT plants will be established and the eco-
logical performance will be analyzed and optimized in this paper.
2. Exergy-based ecological function and performance
2.1. Irreversible FTL AHT cycle model
An irreversible FTL AHT cycle and the corresponding irre-
versible model are shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b) [26]. The heat
exchange rates Q 0i (i a; c; e; g) between external heat reservoir
and internal working fluid are Q 0g U g Ag T g  T 0g ,
Q 0a U a Aa T 0a  T a , Q 0c U c Ac T 0c  T c , and Q 0e U e Ae T e  T 0e .
The heat leakage rates Q li (i a; c; e; g) between external heat reser-
voir and surroundings are Q lg K lg T g  T s , Q la K la T a  T s ,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.06.064
0017-9310/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 X. Qin et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2017) 252257 253

Nomenclature

A total heat transfer surface area of all heat exchangers,

m2 Greek symbols
Ai i a; c; e; g heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger, P heating load, kW
m2 w COP
b distribution ratio of the heat addition r entropy production rate
E exergy-based ecological function
EX exergy output rate
Subscripts
I irreversibility factor A after optimizing the total heat transfer surface area
K li i a; c; e; g heat leakage coefficient of heat reservoir, kW=K a absorber
Q i i e; g heat rejection rate of heat reservoir, kW c condenser
Q i i a; c heat addition rate of heat reservoir, kW
e evaporator
Q li i a; c; e; g heat leakage rate from heat reservoir, kW g generator
Q 0i i a; c; e; g heat exchange rate, kW max maximum
T i i a; c; e; g; s temperature of heat reservoir, K s surrounding
T 0i i a; c; e; g temperature of working fluid, K
UA after optimizing the total heat inventory
U i i a; c; e; g heat transfer coefficient, kW=m2  K w at maximum COP
UA total heat exchanger inventory of all heat exchangers, E at maximum E
kW=K

   
Q lc K lc T c  T s , and Q le K le T s  T e . The internal irreversibilities Ts Ts Ts 1
EX P  1  Q la Q lg Q le
are denoted by an irreversibility factor Tc Ta Tc w
 
I Q 0a =T 0a Q 0c =T 0c =Q 0g =T 0g Q 0e =T 0e P 1. The heat addition distri- Ts
Q lc 1  4
bution ratio is denoted by a parameter b Q 0e =Q 0g Q 0e . The COP Tc
(w) can be written as w Q a =Q g Q e Q 0a  Q la = The entropy production rate r of the cycle is
Q 0g Q 0e
Q lg Q le , and the heating load (P) can be written as
l l l l
P Q a Q 0a  Q la . Qa Qc Qa Qg Qe Qc Qg Qe
The expression among the heating load, the COP, the irre-
r   5
Ta Tc Ts Tg Te
versibility factors and other important characteristic parameters
of a FTL AHT can be derived as [26]
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (5) yields
!1 " #1
Ta 1 Tc 1    
w 1 1 1 1b b 1
P Q la U a Aa P  P Q la Q lg Q le w U c Ac w rP   
l
bQ g bQ e
l
Ta Tc Tc Tg Te w
" #1    
Tg 1 1 1 1 1
I   Q le   Q la Q lg Q le Q lc  6
1  bP  Q lg  Q le w U g Ag w Te Tg Tc Ts
" #1
Te 1 Substituting Eqs. (4) and (6) into Eq. (2) yields
I  0 1
bP  Q lg  Q le w U e Ae w
     
1 1 1 2 1b b 1
E PT s 2  
Tc Ta Ts Tc Tg Te w
2.2. Ecological function and expressions among E, r, P and w  
l l 1 1
 bQ g bQ e  Q le T s 
According to Ref. [38], for a FTL AHT cycle, the exergy-based Te Tg
 
ecological function is 1 1
 2Q la Q lg Q le Q lc T s  7
E EX  T s r EX a EX c  T s r 2 Ts Tc

where EX a is the absorber exergy output rate, EX a Q a 1  T s =T a ; Eqs. (1), (4), (6) and (7) are the detailed expressions among E, r,
and EX c is the condenser exergy output rate, EX c Q c 1  T s =T c . P, w and some important characteristic parameters of the irre-
According to the cycle model mentioned above, one can obtain versible FTL AHT.
Q a P;
2.3. Simplified expressions
 
P
Q g 1  b  Q lg  Q le Q lg ; (1) When heat leakages in the cycle can be ignored (i.e.,
w
K lg K le K la K lc 0), Eqs. (1), (6) and (7) become
 
P  1  1
Qe b  Q lg  Q le Q le ; 3 Ta 1 Tc 1
w w 
P U a Aa P1  w U c Ac w
 1  1 8
P1  w Tg 1 Te 1
Qc  Q la  Q lg  Q le  Q lc I  I  0
w 1  bPw U g Ag w bPw U e Ae w
Substituting Eq. (3) into exergy output rate EX yields
254 X. Qin et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2017) 252257

Surrounding Surrounding

Generator Condenser
heatreservoir heatreservoir

Generator Condenser

Absorber Evaporator

Absorber
heatreservoir Evaporator
heatreservoir

Surrounding Surrounding

(a)

Ta'
Q (U a , Aa )
'
a

Ta
Tg
Te Qg' (U g , Ag )
Qe' (U e , Ae ) T g'
Te'

Qgl ( K gl ) Qel ( K el ) Qal ( K al )

Irreversible
cycle( I )

Tc'
Q (U c , Ac )
'
c

Tc
Qcl ( K cl )
Ts

(b)
Fig. 1. An irreversible FTL AHT cycle model [26].

    !1 " #1

1 1 1 1b b 1
rP    9
w
Ta

1

Tc

1
Ta Tc Tc Tg Te w
P Q la U a Aa P  P Q la Q lg Q le w U c Ac w
" #1
Tg 1
       
1 1 1 2 1b b 1 1  bP  Q lg  Q le w U g Ag w
E PT s 2   10
Tc Ta Ts Tc Tg Te w " #1
Te 1
(2) When internal irreversibilities in the cycle can be ignored   0 11
bP  Q lg  Q le w U e Ae w
(i.e., I 1), Eq. (1) becomes
 X. Qin et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2017) 252257 255

EX / EX max
E / Emax

/ max

/ max

Fig. 4. Entropy generation rate versus the COP curves with different K li i a; c; e; g
and I.
Fig. 2. The dimensionless heating load, ecological function, exergy output rate, and
entropy generation rate versus the COP curves.

1 K gl K el K al K cl 0, I 1

2 K gl K el K al K cl 0, I 1 1
2
l l l l
3 K g K e K a K c 0, I 1 3
4
4 K gl K el K al K cl 0, I 1

Fig. 5. The dimensionless ecological function versus the COP curves before and
Fig. 3. The dimensionless ecological function versus the COP curves with different after optimizing.
K li i a; c; e; g and I.

(3) When heat leakages and internal irreversibilities in the cycle

U g U a 0:5 kW=m2  K, U c U e 1:0 kW=m2  K, Ag Aa
can be ignored (i.e., I 1 and K lg K le K la K lc 0), simul-
Ac Ae 100 m2 , I 1:01, K lg K le K la K lc 0:1kW=K, and
taneously, Eq. (1) becomes
 1  1 b 0:45 are set.
Ta 1 Tc 1 From Fig. 2, one can see that E=Emax , EX=EX max and P=Pmax ver-
w 
P U a Aa P1  w U c Ac w sus w curves are loop-shaped ones, r=rmax versus w curve is para-
 1  1 12
Tg 1 Te 1 bolic shaped one. The corresponding COPs at Emax , EX max and Pmax
   0 are different. The comparison between Emax and wmax conditions
1  bPw U g Ag w bPw U e Ae w
shows that Emax condition makes w decreases about 13% and r
Eqs. (8)(12) are simplified expressions among E, r, P,w and increases about 12%, but EX and P increase about 41% and 47%.
some important characteristic parameters of the FTL AHT when The comparison between Emax and Pmax conditions shows that
different losses can be ignored. Emax condition makes EX decreases about 23%, but w increase about
39% and r decreases about 18%. So, Emax condition attain a compro-
2.4. Ecological performance analysis and optimization mise in inter restricted relations between P and w, EX and r of AHT
plants.
Using Eqs. (1), (4), (6) and (7), the dimensionless heating load The dimensionless ecological function versus the COP curves
(P=Pmax ), the dimensionless ecological function (E=Emax ), the and the entropy generation rate versus the COP curves with differ-
dimensionless exergy output rate (EX=EX max ), and the dimension- ent K li i a; c; e; g and I are displayed in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively.
less entropy generation rate (r=rmax ) versus the COP (w) curves Comparing two different conditions when heat leakages are con-
are shown in Fig. 2. In the illustrative calculations, T g 358 K,
sidered (K li > 0) or not (K li 0), it can be seen that E versus w char-
T a 397 K, T c 307 K, T e 368 K, T s 300 K,
256 X. Qin et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 114 (2017) 252257
acteristics become a loop-shaped from a parabolic shaped curve.
Thus, heat leakage changes the characteristic of AHT cycles quali-
tatively. Comparing two different conditions when the internal
irreversibility is considered (I > 1) or not (I 1), it can be seen that
internal irreversibility changes the characteristic of AHT cycles
quantitatively. As heat leakage coefficient or internal irreversibility
factor increases, the cycle performance become bad.
When A Aa Ac Ae Ag or UA U a nAa U c Ac U e Ae U g Ag
is fixed, selecting the optimal value of Ai or U i Ai i g; a; c; e, one
can obtain the optimal ecological characteristics of AHT plants.
The optimizing distribution of A or UA changes ecological function
versus COP relationships quantitatively, and ecological function
performances are improved after optimizing distribution of A or
UA, as shown in Fig. 5.
3. Conclusions
Introducing exergy-based ecological function into irreversible
FTL AHT cycles, the ecological optimization criterion of AHT plants
is established and the ecological performance is derived. The
exergy-based ecological criterion function has a certain reference
value, which attains a compromise in inter restricted relations
between exergy output and loss of AHT plants.
The effects of various losses on the ecological characteristic of
AHT cycles are not the same. The heat leakages change the ecolog-
ical characteristic of AHT cycles qualitatively, the internal irre-
versibility changes the ecological characteristic of AHT cycles
qualitatively, and the optimizing distribution of A or UA changes
the ecological function characteristic of AHT cycles quantitatively.
The ecological relation equations and optimal performance
obtained include the results of irreversible and endoreversible
FTL, FHR and THR AHT cycles.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
This paper is supported by The National Natural Science Foun-
dation of P.R. China (Project No. 51576207). The authors wish to
thank the reviewers for their careful, unbiased and constructive
suggestions, which led to this revised manuscript.
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