Chapter 11: Compressible Flow

Lessons 28 and 29 Isentropic Flow with Area Change

Isentropic Flow with Area Change

Flow through a duct with area change can often be approximated as:
adiabatic (no heat transfer)

reversible (no friction).

Therefore isentropic

Under these conditions we can use our isentropic relations to solve the flow problems.

T0 V2 (k 1)
=1 + (k 1) =1 + Ma 2 (1)
T 2kRT 2

1 1
0 T0 ( k 1)
k 1 ( k 1)
= = 1 + Ma 2
T
(2)
2

k k
P0 T0 ( k 1)
k 1 ( k 1)
= = 1 + Ma 2 (3)
P T 2
Example:
Given Initial properties T, P, , M, k
Compute the mass flow rate (this is constant through the flow)
Compute stagnation properties at initial location (these values are
constant through the whole flow)
Assume a value of P (slightly lower for an accelerating flow)
Compute static T from eqn (3)
Compute the velocity from eqn (1)
Compute density from ideal gas law (or eqn. (2))
Compute the speed of sound from c=(kRT)1/2
Compute the area from the mass flow relation
Compute Ma from Ma=V/c
Trends in an accelerating compressible flow:
Ma and V increase
P, T, and decrease
A initially decreases and then increases again
o Ma = 1 at the area minimum. We call this location the throat
Variation of Flow Velocity with Flow Area Conservation of Mass
To investigate this effect further, we will use For steady flow, conservation of mass
the conservation of mass and conservation becomes
of energy relations. C
d C
Apply these relations to a passage with
=0
dt CV
rr
d +
CS
Vr ndA
the area varying as shown:
m = r1 AV
1 1 = rr
2 A2V2 = AV = const.

Differentiate and divide by AV

d dA dV
+ + =
0
A V

Conservation of Energy
For steady flow, No Heat Transfer, No work, negligible
changes in potential energy we get
C C
ed + ( h + V 2 + gz ) Vr ndA
d

Qnet in + W= rr
2
shaft,net in
dt CV CS

V12 V22 V2
h1 + = h2 + = h + = const.
2 2 2
Differentiate
dh + VdV =
0
For Isentropic Flow
dP
= dh
Tds

dP
dh =

Substitute into the energy relationship to get

dP
+ VdV =
0

Substitute for dV from the conservation of mass

and note that the process is isentropic

dA dP 1 d d 1
= =
V 2 dP S
Note: To accelerate from Subsonic to Supersonic the flow
dP S c
2
A
must pass through an area minimum where the Mach
number is unity (1). This location is called the critical
location and denoted by a * superscript.
dA dP
=
A V 2 (
1 Ma 2 ) =

dV
V
(
1 Ma 2
)
Property Variations as a function of Mach No.
We have previously developed the following:

T0 V2 (k 1)
=1 + (k 1) =1 + Ma 2 (1)
T 2kRT 2

1 1
0 T0 ( k 1)
k 1 ( k 1)
= = 1 + Ma 2
T
(2)
2

k k
P0 T0 ( k 1)
k 1 ( k 1)
= = 1 + Ma 2
P T
(3)
2

Evaluate the critical conditions at the sonic

location by setting Ma=1 in the equations above
T* 2 For air (k=1.4) we find
=
T0 k + 1
T*
k = 0.8333
P* 2 ( k 1) T0
=
P0 k + 1 P*
= 0.5283
1
P0
* 2 ( k 1)
*
=
0 k + 1
= 0.6340
0
Stagnation Properties for Isentropic Flow For adiabatic flow we know that T02 = T01
The conservation of energy equation tells us
that stagnation Temperature is constant in an
P
adiabatic flow. s02 s01 =
R ln 02
What about stagnation pressure? P01
Start with the Tds eqn. from Thermo In an adiabatic flow, an increase in Entropy is
directly related to an increase in stagnation
pressure.
dP dP
Tds = dh = CP dT RT For Isentropic Flow we find
P

dT dP P
ds = CP R 0 = R ln 02
T P P01

Integrate from one stagnation location at 1 to

P02 = P01
another stagnation location at 2.

Stagnation pressure is constant in an

T P
s02 s01 = CP ln 02 R ln 02 isentropic flow.
T01 P01 Similarly stagnation density is constant in
isentropic flow
Critical Location
Sonic location is located at the area minimum
where A = A*.
Called the Critical Location
A* is a convenient reference location
Mass Flow Functions
Under steady-flow conditions, the mass flow rate
of an ideal gas through a passage of cross
sectional area A is expressed as

P
m = AV =
RT

(
A Ma kRT = PAMa

k
RT
)

Using the isentropic relationships for P/P0 and

T/T0 and evaluating at a general location of area
A
AMaP0 k /( RT0 ) The maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle is
m = obtained when Ma = 1.0 and A = A* at the throat.
[1 + (k 1) Ma 2 / 2]( k +1) /[2( k 1)]
( k +1) [2( k 1)]
k 2
m max = A P0
*

RT0 k + 1
 A/A* Function
Using these two mass flow functions applied to a From Conservation of Energy we can show that
single nozzle where the mass flow rate is
constant gives
dT (k 1) Ma 2 dA
( k +1) /[2( k 1)] =
A 1 2 k 1 1 Ma 2 A
* (
= k , Ma ) 1 + Ma 2 T
A Ma k + 1 2
Substituting into the previous relation we get
Alternative derivation of A/A*
Start with the definition of Mach Number k 1
2 1 + Ma 2
1 dA (k 1) Ma dA
2 2
dMa
= 2 = 2 dA
V2 V2 2
1 Ma A 1 Ma 1 Ma
2 2 2
Ma=
2
= Ma A A
c 2 kRT
Take the natural log of both sides and then
Next integrate this equation from the critical location
differentiate. to some general location
ln( Ma 2 ) = ln(V 2 ) ln(kR ) ln(T ) = 2 ln(V ) ln(kR ) ln(T )
A
dA
Ma 2
(
1 1 Ma 2 )dMa 2
dMa 2 dV dT * A = 2 k 1 Ma 2
2
=2 A Ma =1.0 2 1 + Ma 2
Ma V T 2
From Conservation of Mass we previously found
( k +1) /[2 ( k 1)]
1 1 2 k 1 2
dV dA A
=
( ) = ( ) +
Ma k + 1
V 1 Ma A
2 k , Ma 1 Ma
A* 2
 Summary
We have developed several relationships for
isentropic flow with area change as summarized
below
(k - 1)
-1

( k , Ma=) 1 +
T
Ma 2
T0 2

-1
k -1
( k , Ma=) 1 + ( k -1)
Ma 2
0 2

-k
k -1
( k , Ma=) 1 + ( k -1)
P
Ma 2
P0 2

( k +1) /[2( k -1)]

A 1 2 k - 1
* (
= k , Ma ) 1 + Ma 2
A Ma k + 1 2

Isentropic Flow Functions

We see that all four of these are functions
of k and Ma. Reference Conditions
Tabulated for k=1.4 (air)
All stagnation properties are constant in
isentropic flow
A* is constant in isentropic flow
Look Closer at A/A*
Minimum value is A/A* = 1 which occurs at
Ma = 1
A/A* is double valued
For any given value of A/A* there are two
possible values of Ma
Supersonic branch
Subsonic branch
A/A* is a key function for solving isentropic
flow with area change problems
The A* location may not physically exist in
the flow field (similar to stagnation
location)
Example Soln
Calculate the Mach number at location 1

V1
Ma1 =
kRT1

100m / s
= = 0.288
m2
(1.4) 287 2 (300 K )
s K
Air flows in the converging duct show from
From Appendix A-13 at Ma1 = 0.288 we find
cross sectional area A1 to A2.

At location 1 A1 P1 T1
= =
0.211 =
0.944 0.984
A1 = 50 cm2, T1 = 300 K, A* P01 T01
P1 = 100 kPa, V1 = 100 m/s
Find A2/A*
At location 2
A2 = 40 cm2
A2 A2 A1 40
= =
= (2.111) 1.689
Find A* A1 A* Isen
M = 0.288
50
1

Ma2, P2, T2
Go back to Appendix A-13 to find the M2 that corresponds
to A2/A* = 1.689. You will find two possible values
 Solving for P2 and T2

P P P
P2 = 2 02 01 P1
P02 isen
M
P01 P1 isen
M
2 1

1
= (0.909)(1.0)
= 100kPa 96.3kPa
0.944

Subsonic branch M2 = 0.372 T T T

T2 = 2 02 01 T1
Supersonic branch M2 = 2.0 T02 isen
M
T01 T1 isen
M
2 1

Select the subsonic solution since subsonic flow

entering a converging channel = 1
cannot accelerate =
(0.973)(1.0) 300 K 296.7 K
past Mach 1. 0.984

From Appendix A-13 we find for M2 = 0.372 Solve for A*

P2 T2 A* = A1 / (A1/A*) = 50cm2 / 2.111 = 23.7 cm2

= =
0.909 0.973
P02 T02
Note: A* is NOT a physical location in the flow
 Hold reservoir pressure and temp fixed while 3) Lower back pressure to the critical value
lowering the back pressure =
PB P=
*
=
, m m max , Pe PB =
, Ma 1
1) No Flow Condition:
4, 5) Continue lowering back pressure
=
PB P= =
0.0,
0, m Pe PB , Ma < 1
PB =P* , m =m max , Pe < PB , Ma < 1
2) Lower back pressure:
Flow insider the nozzle does not change.
P0 < PB < P* , 0<m < m max ,=
Pe PB , Ma < 1
Adjustment to back pressure occurs outside nozzle
Physical Explanation:
At condition (3) the flow at the exit reaches
Ma=1.0.
Called Choked Nozzle
Sonic condition is a barrier to upstream
traveling pressure disturbances (these travel at
the speed of sound)
When the back pressure is lower than P*, this
information cannot travel upstream past the
sonic location.
No additional flow rate is supplied from the
nozzle.
Note: flow rate can be increase by adjusting
the upstream reservoir pressure and
temperature (see Figure 12-22 in text)
 Converging-Diverging (CD) Nozzle Performance:
Hold reservoir pressure and temp fixed while
lowering the back pressure
A) No Flow Condition:
=Pb P= =
0.0,
0, m Pe Pb , Maexit < 1
B) Lower back pressure a little
Pt < P* , 0<m
<m
max , Pe = PB , Maexit < 1
C) Subsonic Design Point
=Pt P=
*
m
, m =
max , Pe PB , Maexit < 1
D) Normal Shock in Diverging Channel

=Pt P=
*
=
, m m max , Pe PB , Maexit < 1
E) Overexpanded Nozzle
Pt =
P* , m =
max , Pe < PB , Maexit =
m Masupersonic
design

F) Supersonic Design Point

=Pt P=
*
=
, m m max =
, Pe PB , Maexit Masupersonic
design

G) Underexpanded Nozzle
Pt = =
P* , m max , Pe > PB , Maexit =
m Masupersonic
design