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Dr. Miguel Ojeda Rios
Chromosome 3 pairs in
each set of twins are
digitally superimposed. One
twin's epigenetic tags are
dyed red and the other
twin's tags are dyed green.
When red and green
overlap, that region shows
up as yellow. The 50-year
old twins have more
epigenetic tags in different
places than do 3-year-old
twins.
!
Fig. 2
Conception!
Fig.%3%Development!from!the!first!till!the!third!day!after!conception!(morula)!
Fig.%4! Fourth!and!fifth!(sixth)!day!of!the!
development!(approximately):!blastocyst!
E!Embryoblast!(inner!cell!mass)!
T!Trophoblast!!
!
T
K
E
A"
B B
Fig."5"and"6! Nidation!(approximately!sixth!day)!and!(approximately)!seventh!day!of!development!!
E!Embryoblast!!!T!Trophoblast! B!Uterine!mucous!membrane! A!Amniotic!cavity!!K!Embryonic!disc!
!
Fig.%7! Ninth!day!of!development!
K!!!Embryonic!disc!
sT!en!cT!Trophoblast!
A!!!Amniotic!cavity!
D!!!Yolk!sac!(primary)!
Diameter:)0,15)mm) D
K%
A
cT%
sT%
!
D Fig.#8! Twelfth!day!of!development!
K!!!Embryonic!disc!
sT!en!cT!Trophoblast!
A!!!Amniotic!cavity!
K D!!!Yolk!sac!(primary)!
A Ect!Ectoderm!!
End!Endoderm!
cT# Ect# Diameter: 0,20 mm
End#
sT#
!
Fig.%9! Thirteenth!day!of!development!
A!!!Amniotic!cavity! Ch
D!!!Yolk!sac!(secondary)!
Ch!Chorionic!cavity!!
(extra;embryonic!coelom)!
K!!!Embryonic!disc! D
H!!!Connecting!stalk!
Diameter: 0,25 mm A
H
K%
! Fig.%11! End!of!fourth!week:!!
Embryo!with!chorionic!sac!
A!!!!Amniotic!cavity!
D!!!!Yolk!sac!
Ch!Chorionic!cavity!
E!!!!Embryo! Ch
N!!!!Umbilical!cord!
Embryo'4'mm'(crown-rump)'
A%
E
D N
!
Fig.%12! Third!month!
% Fetus!with!membranes!and!
placenta!
! Fetus&10&cm&
GRAVITACION Y LEVITACION Dr. Miguel Ojeda Rios
a.#
b.#
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DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0418
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Abstract
The gene for the human poliovirus receptor (hPVR/CD155) is the founding member of a new family of genes encoding proteins belonging to the
immunoglobulin superfamily. To determine whether CD155 is expressed during mammalian development, we have made use of the previously
characterized promoter of the CD155 gene and generated mice transgenic for a CD155 promoter-driven -galactosidase reporter gene. Expression
of the reporter gene in transgenic embryos was observed during midgestation in anterior midline structures of the developing central nervous system
and in the neuroretina. During that period, reporter gene expression appeared within the notochord and floor plate along the entire spinal cord
reaching into the caudal diencephalon. In addition, transgene expression was observed in axonal projections emanating from retinal ganglion cells
forming the optic nerve to reach the future region of the optic chiasm. Analysis of expression of CD155 during human embryonic development
confirmed the distribution of reporter gene expression specified by CD155 promoter activity. The anatomical distribution of CD155 promoter activity
during embryogenesis matches that of transacting factors previously identified to regulate transcription of the CD155 gene. Expression of CD155
within embryonic structures giving rise to spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons may explain the restrictive host cell tropism of poliovirus for this
cellular compartment of the CNS.
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Dr. Miguel Ojeda Rios
Dr. Miguel Ojeda Rios
Dr. Miguel Ojeda Rios
Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is essential for early embryonic cardiac
development
Abnormalities of the heart of CAR-deficent embryos. (A) Whole mounts of wild type (+/+) and CAR-deficient (/) E11.5 embryos of the same litter are shown. The asterisk
marks the enlarged pericard in the CAR-/- embryo. Hemorrhages resulting from preparing the embryos were more often observed in CAR-/- embryos than in wild-type embryos.
(B) Paraffin sections of E11.5 embryos of the same litter were counterstained with hematoxylin. The micrographs show the heart region. CAR-/- embryos showed enlarged
endocardial cushions and a single persistent atrioventricular canal instead of two canals in the wild-type embryo. Key: a, atrium; v, ventricle; e, endocardial cushion; *,
atrioventricular canal. Bar, 100 m.
Ligand-receptor signaling with endocannabinoids in
preimplantation embryo development and implantation.
Paria BC1, Dey SK.
Author information
Abstract
Although adverse effects of cannabinoids on pregnancy have been indicated for many
years, the mechanisms by which they exert their actions were not clearly understood.
Only recently, molecular and biochemical approaches have led to the identification of
two types of cannabinoid receptors, brain-type receptors (CB1-R) and spleen-type
receptors (CB2-R), which mediate cannabinoid effects. These findings were followed by
the discovery of endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).
The natural cannabinoids and endocannabinoids exert their effects via cannabinoid
receptors and share similar pharmacological and physiological properties. Recent
demonstration of expression of functional CB1-R in the preimplantation embryo and
synthesis of anandamide in the pregnant uterus of mice suggests that cannabinoid
ligand-receptor signaling is operative in the regulation of preimplantation embryo
development and implantation. This review describes recent observations and their
significance in embryo-uterine interactions during implantation and future research
directions in this emerging area of interest.
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Dr. Miguel Ojeda Rios
CADENAS
MUSCULARES
Cifosis
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Cifosis
Lordosis
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