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  • Summary of Lecture 21, 22, 23 & 24: Thermometers

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    StevenChandra
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    1) The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other, meaning there is no net heat flow between the objects. 2) Temperature cannot be measured directly, but rather through measurable properties that change with temperature such as volume, resistance, or pressure. Fixed point scales like Celsius and Kelvin relate measurable properties to temperature. 3) The internal energy of an ideal gas is solely from kinetic energy of molecules, while for real gases it includes both kinetic and potential energy from molecular interactions. Their behavior can be approximated by the ideal gas equation at low pressures and densities.

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    1) The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other, meaning there is no net heat flow between the objects. 2) Temperature cannot be measured directly, but rather through measurable properties that change with temperature such as volume, resistance, or pressure. Fixed point scales like Celsius and Kelvin relate measurable properties to temperature. 3) The internal energy of an ideal gas is solely from kinetic energy of molecules, while for real gases it includes both kinetic and potential energy from molecular interactions. Their behavior can be approximated by the ideal gas equation at low pressures and densities.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca DOCX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    36 vizualizări4 pagini

    Summary of Lecture 21, 22, 23 & 24: Thermometers

    Încărcat de

    StevenChandra
    1) The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two objects are each in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other, meaning there is no net heat flow between the objects. 2) Temperature cannot be measured directly, but rather through measurable properties that change with temperature such as volume, resistance, or pressure. Fixed point scales like Celsius and Kelvin relate measurable properties to temperature. 3) The internal energy of an ideal gas is solely from kinetic energy of molecules, while for real gases it includes both kinetic and potential energy from molecular interactions. Their behavior can be approximated by the ideal gas equation at low pressures and densities.

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    Descărcați ca DOCX, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    din 4

    Summary of Lecture 21, 22, 23 & 24

    Zeroth Law : Law of thermal equilibrium, n = no. of moles


    i.e no net heat flow between 2 objects. V = Volume in m3
    Linear Expansion : L = Lo +Lo T P = Pressure in Pa
    Where
    L = expanded length Thermometers
    Lo = original length Temperature is related to KE of the
    = coefficient of linear expansion molecules.
    Temperature cant be measured
    Volume expansion : V = Vo + VoT directly so we measure properties that
    V = expanded volume change with temperature.
    Vo = original volume
    = coefficient of volume expansion Thermometric properties => volume
    change, resistance change, EMF change,

    Simplest approximation : = 3 pressure change at constant volume.

    Mole concept : 1 mole of something = 1 Celsius Scale

    Avogadros number of that something ( ) ()


    =
    () ()
    Avogradros Number NA = 6.022 X 1023
    2 fixed points are ice point and steam point
    Not scientific because ice & steam points
    No of moles = mass of sample (in gram) /
    are not unique.
    molar mass (in g)

    Kelvin Scale
    Ideal Gas : A gas with KE only (no PE) =>
    Fixed scale is triple point of water, set it as
    molecules do not interact.
    273.16 K.
    Real gases ideal when the real gases are
    Measured with the constant volume gas
    at low pressure and/or low density.
    thermometer. (but with a real gas inside)

    Ideal gas equation of state


    Short answer to the problem of using real
    =
    gases :
    T = thermodynamic temperature (K)
    Measure with decreasing pressure
    R = molar gas constant 8.31 J/mol K
    Then extrapolate the graph to zero Internal energy : For real gas, internal
    pressure. energy = KE + PE, for ideal gas, internal
    The extrapolated temperature is the energy = KE only.
    Kelvin temperature. Monoatomic ideal Gas
    3 3
    = =
    2 2
    For processes that change in Temperature :
    Diatomic ideal Gas
    =
    5 5
    = =
    2 2
    For processes that change in state : Heat exchange Q
    = Q > 0 when heat enters gas
    l = lf(fusion) & lv (vaporization) Q < 0 when heat leaves gas
    Q = heat exchange
    c = specific heat capacity Work Done by gas

    =
    Gas equation in kinetic theory :

    = < >

    First Law of thermodynamics
    Vrms = root <v2>
    = ()
    Combine PV = nRT with PV = 1/3 Nm
    Process 1: Isochoric (constant volume)
    <v2>

    < > =


    = =

    m = mass of 1 molecule (in kg)


    M = molar mass (in kg)

    Work done by Gas :


    Processes in gas are presented on PV
    diagram. (P in y axis, V in x axis) => W=0 (no area under graph)

    = =
    WD by gas : positive when there is
    expansion, negative when there is From 1st Law : Q = U
    compression. For this process, a new definition can be
    given
    =
    Cv = 3/2 R (mono) or 5/2R (dia)

    Process 2 Isobaric (constant pressure)

    Expansion => left to right, Compression


    => right to left
    T = 0, U = 0
    Q = W => 1st law

    = =

    Process 4 Adiabatic Process (definition
    = ( )
    Q=0)

    = Equation: PV = constant => steeper than

    5 isothermal curves
    For mono, = 2
    7 = Cp/Cv
    For dia, =
    2

    For this process, a new definition can be


    given
    =
    Cv = 5/2 R (mono) or 7/2R (dia)

    Mayers relation : Cp- Cv = R


    Extra definition : = Cp/Cv


    Process 3 Isothermal (constant
    = =
    temperature)
    From PV = nRT, P = nRT/V => y=k/x U = -W
    reciprocal graphs = isothermal lines Note that PV = nRT applies to any
    process

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