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ABSTRACT: The operation of nonlinear devices under un- In this paper, a multiphase harmonic load flow (MHLF)
balanced conditions may cause harmonic problems in power sys- technique is described which solves the network at fundamental
tems. A multiphase harmonic load flow solution technique for and harmonic frequencies in ,the presence of nonlinear elements
analyzing such problems is described in this paper. The harmonic and unbalances. It is based on the harmonic iteration scheme
load flows are obtained from iterations between the Norton equiv- which has been used earlier to compute harmonics from HVDC
alent circuits of the nonlinear elements and the linear network converters, transformer saturation and thyristor-controlled reac- ,
solutions at harmonic frequencies. Harmonics generated by static tors [7, 8, 91. The harmonics caused by static compensators with
compensators with thyristor-controlled reactors under unbalanced thyristor-controlled reactors under balanced and unbalanced con-
conditions are used to illustrate the method. The inclusion of the ditions are used to illustrate the method. This technique was
control characteristics of the static compensator and comparisons primarily developed as an improved initialiaation procedure for
with field test results are described in a companion paper. EMTP simulations, but it is also a useful tool by itself for multi-
phase harmonic load flow analysis with unbalanced conditions.
KEYWORDS: network unbalances, harmonics, harmonic
load flow, multiphase solution, static compensator. The multiphase harmonic load flow technique is simple in
concept. Besides static compensators, other harmonic-producing
nonlinearities with or without control specifications can be in-
cluded. In order to keep the explanation of the method simple,
only static compensator operation with known conduction angles
The voltage and current waveforms in power systems are fre- is considered in this paper. The inclusion of the control charac-
quently distorted by harmonics. This distortion can cause various teristics of the static compensator and case study results as well
problems, ranging from capacitor failure to communications in- as field test comparisons are presented in a companion paper [lo].
terference [l]. The propagation of these harmonics through the
network must be assessed so that harmonic counter-measures can
be properly designed. Harmonic load flow programs are an im- 2. PRINCIPLE OF HARMONIC ITERATION
portant tool for such harmonic propagation studies. The work on
harmonic load flow solution techniques was pioneered by Heydt et To explain the principle of harmonic iteration, a static com-
al [l].Their well-known HARMFLO program can be used to an- pensator with thyristor-controlled reactors (TCR) will be used as
alyze harmonic load flows caused by rectifiers, HVDC converters, the source of harmonics. This device is essentially a reactor in se-
and other nonlinear devices [2,3]. Similar techniques are described ries with anti-parallel thyristor valves, as shown in Figure 1. The
in [4,51. valves conduct on alternate half-cycles of the supply frequency, for
durations which depend on their firing angles a,thereby creating
There are also many harmonic problems related to the unbal-
adjustable reactive power generation or consumption [ll]. The
anced operation of power systems. With unbalanced conditions,
operating range goes from no conduction at a = 180" to full con-
the generation and propagation of harmonics are more compli-
duction at a = 90". The duration of conduction is defined by the
cated. For example, extra so-called non-characteristic harmonics
conduction angle
may be produced. It is important to evaluate the effects of these
D = 2(180° - a).
harmonics since no filters are generally installed to alleviate them.
In view of the fact that there is always some degree of unbalance If Q is less than 180°, harmonic currents are generated, aa shown
and that the harmonics are more sensitive to unbalances than the in Figure 1.
fundamental frequency component, unbalanced harmonic analysis
has received more attention recently. Unbalance effects have been 2.1 Harmonic Norton Equivalent Circuit
induded in the three-phase frequency scan technique proposed by of Thyristor-Controlled Reactor
Densem, Bodger and Arrillaga [5] and in the computation of non-
characteristic harmonics from rectifiers [6]. To compute the harmonic currents with the harmonic itera-
tion scheme, an equivalent linear model of the TCR shall be de-
rived first. In general, the voltages appearing across this element
will be distorted with harmonics,
90 W! 098-4 FWRS A paper recommended and approved
by t h e IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of n
the IEEX Power Engineering Society f o r preaentation
a t the IEEE/PES 1990 Winter Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia,
i(t) =
h= 1
+
(Vh(COs(hWt $h). (1)
February 4 - 8, 1990. Manuscript aubmitted
August 31, 1989; made a v a i l a b l e f o r p r i n t i n g With the valve fired at tf, the current through the reactor during
November 17, 1989.
one half of a cycle is determined by
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- A the Norton equivalent circuit are easily found from Eq. ( 7 ) , after
I[, has been obtained from the Fourier analysis of Eq. (3). This
relationship is symbolically expressed as
175
4
Figure 1: Thyristor-controlled reactor and waveforms.
Note that there is no coupling among the equivalent circuits of the
different harmonic frequencies. They are also independent of any
network unbalances.
iharmonce(t) =
h= I
(Ihlcos(hwt + oh), (4) 3. MULTIPHASE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
LOAD FLOW SOLUTIQNS
which was used as a current source model in [9] to represent the
harmonic effects of the TCR. It is better to model the TCR as The multiphase load flow solution must be able to handle
a Norton equivalent circuit, however. It can be shown that the unbalanced conditions. Unbalanced load flow analysis was first
equivalent inductance of a TCR for a purely sinusoidal voltage at introduced by El-Abiad and Tarsi two decades ago 1121. Since
fundamental frequency is [Ill: then, much progress has been made [13, 141. An excellent sum-
Le, = nL(u - sina)-1 mary of the state-of-the-art of three-phase load flow analysis can
(5)
be found in [13].
This equivalent inductance represents the TCR very well at funda-
mental frequency, and reasonably well at other frequencies. The 3.1 Modelling of Network Components
differences between the current absorbed in jhwL,, and the ac-
tual current from Eq. (4) become the parallel current sources in In contrast to most existing techniques, the load flow con-
the Norton equivalent circuit representation of Figure 2, with straints for each power system component are expressed as branch
equations here, instead of constraints on node quantities. ' Since
Y L e q = (jhwLJ' (6) branches can be connected in any way by the user, this provides
1h-q = (jhwLeq)-'Vh - I h (7) greater flexibility.
where vh = IVh(e36hand I h = IIhleJeh.
3.1.1 Three-phase Synchronous Machines
For given voltages at the TCR teriuinal, current sources of
The response of a synchronous machine is different for pos-
itive, negative, or zero sequence current injections. This must be
4
taken into account in unbalanced load flow studies. Reference [12]
has developed such a model (Figure 3(a)), with the branch equa-
tions
= [Ygl([Vkl - [Vml - [El) (10)
where
[V,] = [Vk-a V k - b Vk-=IT, voltages on side k,
[V,] = [V,,-, Vm-b Vm_,.IT,voltages on side m,
[ l k m ] = [Ikm-@ 1km-b Ikm-eIT, currents from side k to side ni,
Figure 2: TCR equivalent model for multiphase [E] = [Ep .'Ep uE,IT, internal voltages,
harmonic load flow analysis. [Yglmutual = (yo - w 3 ,
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, 'I,
176
0 0
_I. .
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177
Transforniing Eqs. (20), (21) and (22) into the phase domain Collecting all the related equations tbgether, the multiphase
and including the built-in load flow constraints, this load load flow problem can be formulated as:
model can be defined as:
[Yglsclf = (K + 2ro)/3,
Note that with the introduction of E,, this type of load has
the same structure as the P Q synchronous machine. It can The general form of these equations can be written as
then be siinply treated as a PQ machine with negative power
geiiFrat ion
By specifying the load flow cpnstraints at the branch level,
the loads can be arbitrary connected between nodes or from node
to ground. Loads can also be connected to the same node.
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178
The procedure for obtaining the submatrices in this Jaco- machines act as frequency converters. For example, a negative
bian matrix is the same as in conventional load flow techniques. sequence current at fundamental frequency induces second har-
Once the Jacobian matrix is obtained, Eq. (35) is solved by Gauss monics in the rotor circuits, which in turn induce third harmonic
elimination with sparsity techniques. The largest component in voltages in the stator. This can be taken into account with the
the residual vector is used to test for convergence. method suggested by Semlyen, Eggleston, a.nd Arrillaga [18].
2. Loads. The behaviour of loads under the combined effects
3.3 Initialization
of unbalanced and harmonic conditions is usually not well known.
Choosing an initial guess [z,]for the iterations is more com- Using the load modelling techniques of reference [19], a multiphase
plicated in the multiphase case. The traditional initialization tech- load can be modelled as a combination of lumped R,L,C elements.
nique, which uses 1.0 per-unit node voltage magnitudes with re- If the test data needed for this representation is not available, the
spective 120" phase shifts among phases a, b, and c, becomes un- recommendations of reference [17] can be used. This reference sug-
reliable if there are phase shifting effects through wye-delta trans- gests that the harmonic characteristics of a load can be modelled
former connections. Since the convergence of the Newton-Raphson as
method is sensitive to the initial guess, a special initialization pro- Zlwd-h = (Ra + jx#)//jXp, (39)
cedure is used before entering the iteration loop. where
The procedure is based on the observation that the load flow
equations become linear if there are no PV or PQ constraints. To
approximate the network this way, the components with PQ and
PV constraints are modified as follows:
1. Machines with PV and P Q constraints and rotating machine Using these approximations, the single-phase P Q load is replaced
loads are represent,ed as admittance matrices of very small by &,,,d-h, and the static load is represented as
ruagnitude. This approximates open-circuit conditions.
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179
Norton equivalent circuits for the nonlinear elements (a TCR is Thus the size of the Jacobian matrix is reduced considerably
used as an example). The second part performs the network so- and the computational burden is only linearly proportional
lutions at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies. These two to the total number of harmonics. Thirdly, the technique
parts are interfaced through the process of harmonic iteration. has good convergence behaviour [lo].
hsn+
setupcomponent models for harmonic h
Call NETWORK-SOLUTION
TCR
8@IIQ
T
TSC
8 T TT TT T
filters
. .
filters
.
T
TSC
(a) Static compensator stxucturc (single-phase diagram)
"CR
NETWOFUC-SOLUTION is a subroutine
whose function is to form F ( [ x l ) = 0 equation
and to solve it by Newton-Raphson method.
2. Harmonics from other nonlinear elements can be analyzed The second complication is the three-winding transformer
with the technique. The linear equivalent circuit models for connection. The phase shifting effects of the connection are crit-
nonlinear elements not included internally in the program ical for the cancellation of the 5th and 7th harmonics generated
can be supplied by the user externally in the form of a sub- by the TCR's at the two secondary windings. With the multi-
routine. The MHLF program has been structured to make phase modelling of transformers, the phase shift is automatically
such interfaces easy. included [15]. Since the voltage ratio can also be included in the
3. The MHLF technique is computationally efficient. First of transformer model, the load flow analysis can be performed in
all, its initialization is simple and reliable. Secondly, because either per-unit or physical quantities.
the Norton equivalent circuits are harmonically-decoupled,
the network solutions are performed one frequency at a time.
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180
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181
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182
tions in Thyristor Controlled Reactor Circuits’, IEEE Trans- an iteratively adjusted harmonic current source The system is
actions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1919-1926,July solved for one harmonic frequency at a time. The solution is then
compared with the characteristic of each nonlinear element and corrections
1989. are added to the element’s harmonic current source.
Dr.Acha:
[B]A. Medina, J. Arrillaga and E. Acha.(Sparsity-Oriented We observed significant improvement of the convergence rate by mov-
Hybrid Formulation of Linear Multiports and its Application ing from a current source model to a Norton equivalent model. The
to Harmonic Analysis’, To be presented at the IEEE PES Win- improvement is due to a more accurate estimation of the fundamental
frequency voltage at the TCR terminal. We completely agree with Dr.
ter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Feb 4-8,1990. Acha’s harmonic-domain linearization analysis. According to our numer-
ous test runs,it is very likely that convergence can be further improved if
Manuscript received February 20, 1990. the diagonal elements of the harmonic-domain Jacobian matrix are as
the equivalent admittances in the harmonic iteration scheme with nonlinear
inductors has been presented in reference (I). In general, we have found
that the convergence rate is inversely affectedby the degrees of saturation
and network harmonic voltage resonances.
Wenyuan Xu, Jose Marti and Hermann W. Dommel: We would like to
thank all the discussers for their interest in the paper and for their valuable Reference
comments. We hope that the following comments will help to clarify some
of the raised issues.
Professor Semlyen:
m W. Xu, “A Multiphase Harmonic Load Flow Technique”, Ph.D.
Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.,
Professor Semlyen is correct in pointing out the harmonic coupling Canada, February. 1990.
nature of nonlinear devices. The harmonic Norton equivalent curcuit for
the TCR presented in the paper includes the coupling effects in the form of Manuscript received April 12,1990.
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