15 Participle, to-infinitive and reduced clauses

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1. and after quoted speech, to say what someone was doing while they were talking
EX: 'Wait for me here,' said Frank, running out of the house.
2. In formal English, a participle clause can have its own subject, which is often a pronoun or a noun phrase including a pronoun:
sometimes Scorpions in North Africa, some measuring up to 20 centimetres, can kill adults.
(Scorpions in North Africa =subject of the main clause;some = subject of the
participle)
3. A participle usually refers to the subject of the main clause
4. past participle clause : to talk about reasons and conditions
5. Past participles combine with forms of be ...
and have to create passives and perfect
forms
6. A present participle clause can be used to give background information
EX: Living mainly in warm climates, scorpions have existed for over 400 million years.
7. Present participle dauses can also be used to talk about a reason or result:
EX:Arriving in Amalfi early in the afternoon,! had time to look around the town. (=
because I arrived in Amalfi early in the afternoon)
8. We avoid using a participle clause when the subjects are different:
Snarling aggressively, I kept away from
the dogs.
In this example, the writer is trying to say that the dogs were snarling and he kept
away from them.
However, it sounds as if he was snarling! The more accurate alternative is: The dogs
were snarling aggressively, so I kept away from them.
9. We can use a present participle clause to something that takes place at the same time as, or just before, an action in the main
talk about clause
EX: Opening up my sleeping bag I discovered a scorpion
10. When we use not in a participle clause it usually comes before the participle