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EK 481 Fall 2017

HOMEWORK SET 2 Due Thu, Oct 5 (in class)

1. -Carotene (1) is a linear polyene in which 10 single and 11 double bonds alternate along a chain of
22 carbon atoms. If we take each C-C bond length to be about 140 pm then the length of the
molecular box in -Carotene is L = 2.94 nm. Estimate the wavelength of light absorbed by this
molecule from its ground state to the next higher excited state. See Lecture 4 Slides for solving such
system. See image of molecule at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene

2. Consider a 1D rectangular potential barrier extends from 0 to b and has a height of V > E an incoming
particle from the left side of the barrier
a. Verify that the accurate transmission equation reduces to the simple version when the barrier
is very high and wide.
b. Use the simple version to predict the tunneling probability produced by an STM tip that is 1
away from a metal surface. Note that the tunneling particle is an electron (m=me) and a
typical barrier heig is V=5 eV (1 eV = 1.6 10-19 J). You may assume that the electrons have
a typical energy of E=kBT = kB 300 K due to the thermal energy, which is equivalent to E =
1/40 eV, and thus V - E V.
c. Use the simple version to estimate the tunneling probability of a proton with thermal energy
of E=kBT = kB 300 K 300 K when it encounters a barrier of height V=2E and a width of 1
as is typically the case for proton tunneling in a hydrogen bonded system.

3. Suppose that a proton of an acidic hydrogen atom is confined to an acid that can be represented by a
barrier of height 2.0 eV and length 100 pm. Use the accurate transmission probability equation to
calculate the probability that a proton with energy 1.995 eV can escape from the acid.

4. Following questions are based on 1981 PRL paper (See Rectangular Barrier STM under Reading
folder in Blackboard).
a. Equation 1 is the key working principle for STM. Verify that equation 1 is consistent with
what we learned for tunneling through a rectangular barrier.
b. The paper states a lateral resolution considerably below 100 requires tip radii of the order
of 100 . Verify this statement by estimating the lateral resolution for a tip radius of 100 .
c. The paper also discussed that it is possible to achieve a lateral resolution of 10 if using
a very fine tip. Why achieving 10 is significant? Estimate the tip radius required for 10
resolution.

5. Show that the density of states for free electrons in two dimensions is nE
m
.
2
6. Follow notes in Reference\Lec 6 Density of States (starting slide 20) to verify the DOS for
graphene. Why it is not resembling the flat line of 2D DOS you calculated in problem 4?

7. The gas molecule undergoes random motions in a closed system. It can be derived from
Maxwell velocity distribution function that the collision rate per unit area, F, is
N RT
F ,
V 2 M
where N is the number of the molecules and M is the mole weight of the molecule (unit
1
kg/mol). Show F p , where m is the mass of the molecule (unit kg).
2k B mT
EK 481 Fall 2017

Assuming a sticking coefficient of unity (i.e., once it collides to the surface of substrate, it
will stick to the substrate.), estimate growth rate in terms of monolayer per second. Consider
a base pressure (the partial pressure for the residual gas) of 10-5 torr, m 5 1026 kg , verify
that the growth rate of the residual gas molecule is much larger than the growth rate of a
typical epitaxial film, i.e. one monolayer per second.

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