Solidaire avec Europe

M. N. G. Einstein

14. November, 2017

Pour Europe

If there any questions, feel free to ask! Although I am usually not reachable.

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Spain
Solidaire avec Espagne Jour II.

Solidaire avec Europe Second Jour. Now lets see how we can improve. Of course
it is an increase to last time! It does not matter! Spain was also hit hard with a
couple of terrorist attacks. Thus, today we remember what Espae stands for.

Numro douze
12. Jos Ortega y Gasset (09.05.1883 18.10.1955) La rebelin de las masas
The Revolt of the Masses. In his book The Revolt of the Masses he critisizes
the nationalism, in which people only stand for a national state with which they
can identify themselves via an ethnical or a linguistic reason, respectively a state
that defines itself over either one. He suggested instead of many European states
to create one European national state. This was in 1929, a time when Europe had
a realistic chance to avoid the catastrophe of the Second World War, which would
arrive ten years later.

Numro onze
11. El Cantar de Mio id A Twelfth/Thirteenth Century Spanish Epic. The
only words needed are:

Mo id Ruy Daz el que en buen ora inx espada

pos en la glera quando no lcoge nadi en casa,
derredor dl una buena conpanna.
Ass pos Mo id commo si fuesse en montanna.
Vedada lan compra dentro en Burgos la casa
de todas cosas quantas son de vianda;
non le osaren vender al menos dinarada.,

My Cid Ruy Daz, he who in a fortunate hour girded sword,

camped on the river bank because no one takes him in,
around him a goodly army,
the Cid camped this way, as if he were in the wilderness.
They have forbidden him purchase in the town of Burgos,
of all things that serve as food,
they wouldnt dare sell him even a pennys worth.

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Numro dix
10. Old spanish very old indeed. The origin of Castellano lies in the absorp-
tion of many local dialects, that all influenced more or less the modern Spanish
language. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths took over and
were defeated by the Moor, leading to the wider spread of the local dialect: Ga-
lician, Basque, Aragonese, Leonese, Catalan, Castilian and Mozarabic, as they
were the dominant counties. As the power and influence of the Castilian kingdom
grew (and the Mozarabic declined), so did the Castellano, which was propagated
by some of their battle heroes of the Reconquista among them were Fernn
Gonzlez and Rodrigo Daz de Vivar better known as El Cid. The poetry about
those heroes were written in Castilian, even outside of the kingdom. Today almost
one tenth of the vocabulary of the Spanish language is of Arabic origin (most of
all European languages), which is the second most important influence after Latin.

Numro neuf
9. Pelayo ( 737) a Spanish hero of no Spanish descent. Pelayo was a Visigoth
aristocrat that arranged himself with the new Arabic invaders, after they con-
quered almost the entire Iberian peninsula. But a private dispute with the local
governor Munuza (probably over the marriage of his sister to him) lead to a rebel-
lion, which was the beginning of the Reconquista. Before organizing his uprising
he let his supporters vote him to become their prince. It followed the battle of
Covadonga, which was more than anything a symbolic win and affirmation of his
dominion, starting the kingdom of Asturias.

Numro huit
8. Jordi PratCamps The first person to create a magnetic wormhole. Worm-
holes are theoretical cosmological objects, that can connect two distant regions
of the universe. A magnetic wormhole is a device that transfers a magnetic field
from one point in space to another through a path (tunnel) that is magnetically
undetectable. More on this new scientific subject can be found here:

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep12488

It includes also information about the difficulties trying to construct such a device.

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Numro sept
7. Luis Antonio Santal Sors (09.10.1911 22.11.2001) a master of Integral
Geometry. As a PhD student of Blaschke he came across the BlaschkeSantal
inequation for the two and three dimensional case, which he managed to prove
thirteen years later for all common cases. The BlaschkeSantal inequation states
that, if B denotes the Euclidean unit ball of RN . Then, for every convex body K
in RN the equality:
P (K) P (B)
holds if and only if K is an ellipsoid, which means nothing more, than that the
ellipsoid has the maximal volume product among all central symmetric konvex
bodies. He is one of the fathers of the theory of volume product.

Numro six
6. Baltasar Gracin (08.01.1601 06.12.1658) El Criticn. Most of his life he
was a preacher, who acquired some fame and showed quite a bit of defiance to-
wards his superiors, whom he disobeyed repeatedly. Almost at the end of his life,
he published the first part of the Criticn, which lead him into a lot of trouble as
this was without the permission of his superiors. In its satirical take on society,
the Criticn is of such high quality, because it stands the critical man and the
natural man next to each other in their common endeavour; revealing so a phi-
losophy of pessimism.

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Numro cinq
5. Miguel de Cervantes (29.09.1547 22.04.1616) El ingenioso hidalgo Don Qui-
jote de la Mancha. The only words needed are:

En esto, descubrieron treinta o cuarenta molinos de viento que hay en aquel cam-
po; y, as como don Quijote los vio, dijo a su escudero:

La ventura va guiando nuestras cosas mejor de lo que acertramos a desear,

porque ves all, amigo Sancho Panza, donde se descubren treinta, o pocos ms,
desaforados gigantes, con quien pienso hacer batalla y quitarles a todos las vidas,
con cuyos despojos comenzaremos a enriquecer; que sta es buena guerra, y es
gran servicio de Dios quitar tan mala simiente de sobre la faz de la tierra.

Qu gigantes? dijo Sancho Panza.

Aquellos que all ves respondi su amo de los brazos largos, que los suelen
tener algunos de casi dos leguas.
Mire vuestra merced respondi Sancho que aquellos que all se parecen no
son gigantes, sino molinos de viento, y lo que en ellos parecen brazos son las aspas,
que, volteadas del viento, hacen andar la piedra del molino.
Bien parece respondi don Quijote que no ests cursado en esto de las
aventuras: ellos son gigantes; y si tienes miedo, qutate de ah, y ponte en oracin
en el espacio que yo voy a entrar con ellos en fiera y desigual batalla.

Y, diciendo esto, dio de espuelas a su caballo Rocinante, sin atender a las voces
que su escudero Sancho le daba, advirtindole que, sin duda alguna, eran molinos
de viento, y no gigantes, aquellos que iba a acometer. Pero l iba tan puesto en
que eran gigantes, que ni oa las voces de su escudero Sancho ni echaba de ver,
aunque estaba ya bien cerca, lo que eran; antes, iba diciendo en voces altas: Non
fuyades, cobardes y viles criaturas, que un solo caballero es el que os acomete.

Translation:

At this point they came in sight of thirty forty windmills that there are on plain,
and as soon as Don Quixote saw them he said to his squire:

Fortune is arranging matters for us better than we could have shaped our desires
ourselves, for look there, friend Sancho Panza, where thirty or more monstrous
giants present themselves, all of whom I mean to engage in battle and slay, and
with whose spoils we shall begin to make our fortunes; for this is righteous warfare,
and it is Gods good service to sweep so evil a breed from off the face of the earth.

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What giants? said Sancho Panza.
Those thou seest there, answered his master, with the long arms, and some have
them nearly two leagues long.
Look, your worship, said Sancho; what we see there are not giants but windmills,
and what seem to be their arms are the sails that turned by the wind make the
millstone go.
It is easy to see, replied Don Quixote, that thou art not used to this business
of adventures; those are giants; and if thou art afraid, away with thee out of this
and betake thyself to prayer while I engage them in fierce and unequal combat.

So saying, he gave the spur to his steed Rocinante, heedless of the cries his squire
Sancho sent after him, warning him that most certainly they were windmills and
not giants he was going to attack. He, however, was so positive they were giants
that he neither heard the cries of Sancho, nor perceived, near as he was, what they
were, but made at them shouting, Fly not, cowards and vile beings, for a single
knight attacks you.

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Numro quatre
4. Spanish languages a testimony of history. There are quite a number of lan-
guages spoken around the Iberian peninsula, which are part of the indoeuropean
language tree:

GalloIberian (major part/branch of the Italic arch)

. Gallic
Cisalpine (a branch of the Gallic arch)
 Emilian
 Ligurian
 Lombard
 Piedmontese
 Venetian
Langue Dol (a branch of the Gallic arch)
 French
 Gallo
 Norman
 Wallon
Occitan (a branch of the Gallic arch)
 Catalan
 Occitan
Arpitan
() Rhaetian
Friulian
Ladin
Romansh
. Iberian
Aragonese
() AsturLeonese
 Asturian
 Extremaduran
 Leonese
 Mirandese
() GalicianPortuguese
 Eonavian

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  Fala
 Galician
 Portuguese
() Mozarabic
 () OldSpanish
? Ladino
? Spanish

This is a direct consequence of the history of the Peninsula of Iberia. First the Pu-
nics, a group of sea trader, build colonies along the coast, shortly followed by the
Greeks, which then got both into conflict with the Romans as their conquest for
domination in the mediterranean sea began, leading of course to the three Punic
Wars. The collapse/withdraw of the Romans lead, in the time of the great mi-
gration of people, then to the Visigoth conquest of the Peninsula of Iberia, which
fought later against the Moors/Berber (people of north Africa). Their caliphates
got reconquered step by step in the so called Reconquista that took until 1492.
Each of the occupants of the Peninsula of Iberia brought their own language with
them. Hence, those who succeed and stayed enriched the language tree a bit. This
is true for all but the Basque. Their language is not connected to any known lan-
guage today. Thus, we have no idea about their origin.

Numro trois
3. Crnica Albeldense (866 910) The Chronicle of Albelda. Although the
chronicle is deliberately forged and contains a lot of false statements, it is import-
ant, because from the eighth and ninth century there are no chronicle sources
available for the Peninsula of Iberia. Hence, without them we would have almost
no knowledge about the beginning of the Reconquista. The content goes beyond
that as the chronicle contains the name of kings, geographical statements, council
files, a directory of the general councils, affirmations about the canon as well as
the civil codex, decrees of the popes and a history. It also contains a collection of
laws of the Visigoth epoch.

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Numro deux
2. Juan Bautista Villalpando (1552 22.05.1608) the father of the gravitational
theory. Although Isaac Newton is often perpetuated as the inventor of the gravi-
tational theory, he actually was highly influenced by Juan Bautista Villalpando,
who produced twentyone original propositions on the center of gravity and the
line of direction. Due to the lack of mathematics, as differential calculus was not
invented yet, it is associated with Isaac Newton who gave its final form.

&

Miguel Serveto y Reves (29.09.1509/1511 27.10.1553) he was the first Euro-

pean to describe the pulmonary circulation. His books were burned by the council
of Basel due to heresy, while his views later lead to his death, which sparked Sebas-
tian Castellio to be very critical about the persecution of Miguel Serveto y Reves
and later allowed him to establish a theory of religious tolerance, which manifested
itself in whole of Europe during the enlightenment.

Numro un
1. The School of Salamanca (1492 1600) The father of modern human rights,
the law of nations and economy. Although the Magna Carta Libertatum was the
birth of human rights, the scholars of the school of Salamanca set the final blow
on the concept of law of medieval time by simply demanding more rights (the
right of life, private property, freedom of opinion); especially the claim of the
right of private property came as a shock, as by law in the middle ages, this was
exclusive to the nobility, leading to an incredible exploitation of the majority of
people. The new point of view was that, since all people are part of human nature,
they should have part of the same rights as equality and freedom, which again was
by law reserved for the aristocracy. They went even so far to say, that the indians,
which were slaughtered, murdered and worse by the Spanish sea conquerors, had
the same rights. Thus, laying the foundation of the law of nations. Moreover, they
argued that the worst malady of humanity is war. The demand of private property
by the school of Salamanca lead to basic arguments of economy as for example
that the possession of private property stimulates the economic activity. It also
established a value theory, a forerunner of the quantitative theory of money by
Jean Bodin and theory of subjective value (the free market), where the price of
a good was established via offer and demand.

Until then! #JeSuisEurope

France, je taime. Paris, je tadore.