Antennas and Propagation Chapter 1: Introduction: Dr. Dung Trinh

Dr.
Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Antennas and Propagation

Chapter 1: Introduction
Dr. Dung Trinh
1
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Course Overview
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Fundamental parameters of
Antennas.
Chapter 3: Linear Wire Antennas.
Chapter 4: Popular Antennas.
Chapter 5: Waveguide.
Chapter 6: Wave propagation.
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Assessment
Continuous assessment.
Homework: 20%
Project: two projects (in group): 20%
- Project 1: Antenna design (CST).
- Project 2: Wave propagation in urban
areas (Matlab).
Exam: 60%.
3
References
Thuong Le-Tien, Su Tran-Van, Truyn sng
v anten, NXB DHQG, 2009.
C.A Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design,
Wiley, 2006.
Tools
Matlab.
CST (Computer Simulation Technology).
Instructor: Dr. Dung Trinh. BMVT: 114B3.
Email: xuan.trinh2@mail.dcu.ie
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Electromagnetics
it all starts with Maxwell
(1831-1879)
5
A Bit of History
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Clerk_Maxwell.png 6
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg 7
Electromagnetic Waves
f = lc
8
Common Radio Bands

Name Wavelength Frequency
Very Low Frequency 100 km to 10 km 3 kHz to 30 kHz
Low Frequency 10 km to 1 km 30 kHz to 300 kHz
Medium Frequency 1000 m to 100 m 300 kHz to 3 MHz
High Frequency (HF) 100 m to 10 m 3 MHz to 30 MHz
Very High Frequency 10 m to 1 m 30 MHz to
(VHF) 300 MHz
Ultra High Frequency 1 m to 100 mm 300 MHz to 3 GHz
(UHF)
Microwave 100 mm to 1 mm 3 GHz to 300 GHz
Millimeter Wave < 1 mm > 300 GHz
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Travel Around the World with HF

Wavelengths greater than
10 m tend to travel around
the world because the
signals reflect off of the
atmosphere.
During the day, wavelengths
between 40 m and 10 m tend
to travel the farthest.
During the night,
wavelengths between 1 km
and 40 m tend to travel the
farthest.
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VHF/UHF Communications
Wavelengths less than 10 m tend to work on a line-of-sight basis,
and regular atmospheric propagation is less common.
Hence, VHF and UHF propagation is much more predictable and
localized.
VHF and UHF is useful for short-range wireless communications.
Antenna size is very reasonable: between a few centimeters and a
meter depending on the frequency.
Common users of the VHF and UHF bands include cellular/mobile
phones, two-way radio, broadcast television and radio stations,
some satellite systems (e.g., GPS), aircraft landing systems (e.g.,
ILS and VOR), and radio amateurs.
11
Point to Point with Microwaves

Microwave typically refers to systems operating
between 3 GHz and 300 GHz.
Losses are higher and typically higher gain,
directional antennas are used.
Signals are much more susceptible to rain fade
and to multipath in fixed links
(e.g., ground reflections).
Examples of microwave systems include point-
to-point communications circuits, many satellite
communications systems, radar, and consumer
wireless systems such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
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Wireless Radio Systems:

The Big Picture
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Wireless Systems: The Big Picture

Antenna Antenna
The Channel
Transmitter Receiver
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A Complete Wireless System

Transmitter: Generates the radio signal,
amplifies it, and drives the antenna.
Receiver: Takes the signal delivered by the
receive antenna and turns it back into useful
information.
Antenna: Converts between electrical energy
and electromagnetic waves.
Channel: Accounts for all changes to the signal
between the transmitter and receiver, including
attenuation, multipath, fading, and other less
common phenomena.
15
Transmitters and Receivers
Left: The transmitter for WSLC-FM, a 35 kW FM radio transmitter in Virginia (94.9 MHz).
Right: A Motorola WBR 500 LTE eNodeB (Base Station).
Right Image Source:
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http://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Solutions/Industry%20Solutions/Service%20Providers/Network%20Operators/LTE/WBR_500_Series/Documents/_Static_files/WBR%20500%20Series%20Brochure%20FIN
Transmitters
Transmitters take information and convert it
into radio signals.
This process involves multiple steps, including
modulation, upconversion, and amplification.
Transmitters come in all shapes and sizes,
from single chips to large boxes meters wide.
Power outputs can range from microwatts to
megawatts.
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Transmitters
Power level Power Notes
Typical transmission
80 dBm 100 kW power of FM radio station with
50-km.
Typical combined radiated RF
60 dBm 1 kW power of microwave
oven elements.
Maximum output from
33 dBm 2W a UMTS/3G mobile phone.
Typical cellular
27 dBm 500 mW phone transmission power.
IEEE 802.11b/g Wireless LAN
20 dBm 100 mW 20 MHz-wide channels in the
2.4 GHz ISM band.
Typical received signal power
127.5 dBm 0.178 fW = 178 aW
from a GPS satellite.
Thermal noise floor for 1 Hz
174 dBm 0.004 aW = 4 zW bandwidth at room
temperature (20 C).
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Receivers
Receivers perform the opposite function of
transmitters: they convert radio signals back
into useful information.
Receivers are commonly more complicated
than transmitters in an effort to improve
system performance.
There are numerous receiver architectures in
existence, and some are better than others.
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Antennas
Antennas come in all shapes and sizes.
All share a common purpose: to convert free-
space radiation into an electrical voltage and
current at its terminals.
Antennas are generally designed to operate
over specific, typically narrow frequency
bands.
Wideband antennas are only practical for
frequencies greater than a few hundred MHz.
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Antenna Configurations
Dipoles
Examples of stationary, retractable/telescopic

Field radiated by a dipole and embedded/hidden antennas used
in commercial cellular and cordless
telephones, walkie-talkies, and CB radios.
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Dipoles
Triangular array of linear dipoles for wireless

mobile communication base stations.
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Yagi-Uda Antennas
Driven element induces currents in
parasitic elements
When a parasitic element is slightly
longer than /2, the element acts
inductively and thus as a reflector --
current phased to reinforce radiation
in the maximum direction and cancel
in the opposite direction
The director element is slightly
shorter than/2, the element acts
inductively and thus as a director --
current phased to reinforce radiation
in the maximum direction and cancel
in the opposite direction
The elements are separated by
0.25
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Reflector Antennas
A parabolic reflector
operates much the
same way a reflecting
telescope does
Reflections of rays from
the feed point all
contribute in phase to a
plane wave leaving the
antenna along the
antenna bore sight
(axis)
Typically used at UHF
and higher frequencies
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Reflector Antenna
Organization: National
Radio Astronomy
Observatory
Location:Socorro NM
Wavelength:
radio 7 mm.
Number & Diameter
27 x 25 m
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Microstrip Antennas
Advantages:
- Simple and inexpensive.
- Mechanically robust.
- Conformal to non-planar
surfaces.
- Very versatile.
Signal Input Radiator
Disvantages: Coaxial
- Low power. Cable
- Narrow bandwidth.
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Microstrip Antenna - PIFA
Galaxy Nexus
Galaxy S
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Apple Antennagate
Stainless steel frame as multi-band antennas.
Iphone 4
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Advancement and Future Technologies
30
The Radio Channel

The set of transformations a radio wave goes
through between the transmit antenna and the
receive antenna is known as the radio channel.
Channels are passive, and can impart a number
of changes to the signal including multipath,
attenuation, fading, and propagation
enhancement.
Motion of the receiver (RX) or transmitter (TX) or
even the surrounding environment can impart a
Doppler frequency shift on the signal that the
receiver will need to eliminate.
31
Path Loss
As radio waves travel from one place to another, the
energy spreads outward.
This leads to path loss, meaning the amount of signal
appearing at the receive signal is significantly less than
the amount of signal the transmitter generated.
32
Absorption/Penetration
Rain, buildings, trees, and other obstructions
absorb radio energysome better than others.
Generally speaking, higher frequencies are
absorbed more than lower ones, but even at
900 MHz trees and vegetation can cause
significant issues.
Seasonal changes impact vegetation and
requires consideration in network planning.
Example: Wet forests can cause significant losses.
Microwave systems may need variable power
amplifiers to compensate for rain fade and trees.
33
Scattering
Propagation effects given that the
electromagnetic wave of interest is incident
on a rough surface.
Path loss due to scattering estimated using
radar cross section model
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Propagation Models (1)

Propagation models are approximations of
observed real-world behavior.
Empirical models: Okumara and Hata Models,
COST 231, etc
Semi-physical models: Ray Tracing.
Fullwave models: Finite Difference Time
Domain method, Integral Equation method,
etc.
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Propagation Models (2)

Propagation models have been proposed:
1 Empirical models: COST-231, Hata-Okumura, etc
2 Ray Tracing Models: vertical, horizontal, 3D RT
3 Full-wave method: provides high accuracy results.
Illustration of COST 231 Model
Trade-off: massive computational burden.

Acceleration techniques:
- FBM (Forward Backward Method), FBM-SA.
Illustration of Ray Tracing - FMM (Fast Multiple Method).
- CBFM (Characteristic Basis Function Method)
- etc
Propose new algorithms ?

higher convergence rate, more
Illustration of Full-wave Method
robust, faster.
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Q&A
Thank you for your attention
37

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Dr.

Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Antennas and Propagation

Dr. Dung Trinh

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Common Radio Bands

Travel Around the World with HF

Point to Point with Microwaves

Wireless Radio Systems:

Wireless Systems: The Big Picture

A Complete Wireless System

Transmitters and Receivers

Examples of stationary, retractable/telescopic

Triangular array of linear dipoles for wireless

Microstrip Antenna - PIFA

Advancement and Future Technologies

The Radio Channel

Propagation Models (1)

Propagation Models (2)

Trade-off: massive computational burden.

Propose new algorithms ?

Thank you for your attention

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