Moderators report

E&E Congress 2012, Istanbul, Session Resource use and Recycling

Erik Nielsen, Danish Road directorate

This is the first moderators report in the session on Resource use and Recycling, and I have the pleasure
of presenting a summary of the first group of papers on this subject.

But let me as a start mention that I am fond of the ironic opening statement in paper No. 433 There is
nothing new about adding recycled asphalt pavement to asphaltic mixtures. But I have never the less
received 23 innovative papers or papers that deal with aspects or opportunities in the subject of asphalt or
materials that can be utilized in bituminous materials.

The 23 articles represent 17 countries from America, Eurasia and Europe. The distribution is Austria (1),
Belgium (2), Brazil (1), Denmark (1), France (3), Germany (1), Italy (1), Latvia (1), Lithuania (1), Netherlands
(2), Poland (1), Turkey (2) and USA (1). On top of this there are 5 transnational EU papers include addition
of countries like Hungary, Ireland, Portugal and Slovenia. In total a huge scientific work load has been
documented.

Many themes are dealt with in this part just to mention a few
Use of industrial waste materials
Use of surplus deposits materials
Aggregate properties in RAP
Upgrading materials
Extending lifetime
Rejuvenators
Cold recycling
Properties obtained by using RAP

It shows there are many facets in the use of reclaimed asphalt. But it does not have to look like asphalt.
Recycling of old asphalt pavement can also contribute to a composite material where reclaimed asphalt is
blended with cement concrete and steel fibres. The new material with either 40 % or 80 % reclaimed
asphalt has properties that reflect the viscoelastic properties of the asphalt part. According to Bilido et al. in
paper No. 0122 even the Time-Temperature Superposition principle applies for this material.

Paper No. 0122 Figure 8

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

Van den Kerkhof in paper No. 0137 reflects over the past 30 years of experience of recycling in Belgium and
points among other to better reclaimed asphalt management in order to reach the next level in the near
future.

Better reclaimed asphalt management is also the conclusion in paper No. 0154 from Denmark by Jensen as
a mean of obtaining positive results and a higher level of acceptance in surface layer. Until now the national
road administration has some reservations against the utilization of reclaimed asphalt in surface layers due
the potential introduction of some aggregate of gravel origin from lower bituminous bound layers which
are undesired due to frost resistance.

Paper No. 0154 Figure 1 Reclaimed asphalt waiting for processing.

The next four deal with the introduction of waste or surplus materials as aggregate part of the new asphalt
mix. These materials originate from production of other construction product or from the metallurgic
industry in form of slags of different kinds.

Terzi et al. in paper No. 0186 investigate the utilization of Andersite aggregate with reference to or in
combination with limestone

Paper No. 0186 Figure 5 Flow Marshall

Harinovs et al. on the other hand in paper No. 0207 focus on the combination of two waste materials in
Latvia: steel slag from Basic Oxygen Furnaces (BOF) and Dolomite waste sand. 100 % steel slag and
dolomite sand can give good resistance to permanent deformation but high binder content is needed.
Further research when adding conventional aggregates in some portion is expected to reduce the binder
demand without endangering the properties like permanent deformation, fatigue and thermal cracking.

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

 Paper No. 0207 Figure 4 Wheel Tracking Test equipment

Steel slag is also utilized in the next paper No. 0351 by Pasetto et al. Here a gradation of more than 89 %
steel slag for Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and bituminous base course is combined with three modified
binders. Crumb rubber modified bitumen after the wet process is used in comparison with hard and soft
polymer modified binder. The crumb rubber gave improved fatigue performance.

Yilmaz et al. investigate in this third paper on utilization of slag the potential in Electric Arc Furnace slag as
filler. Paper No. 0377 demonstrate the ability of Ferro Chromium slag filler to replace limestone filler and
the slag filler can be used in up to 7 % in the aggregate part of the hot mix with no negative influence on
the properties.

Paper No. 0377 Figure 3 SEM picture of filler ( x 1680 )

Jacobs et al. concentrate on a particular aspect of the aggregate in reclaimed asphalt. The angularity of the
aggregate can in the Netherlands impose a limitation to reach high levels of recycling in surface layers. The
result in paper No. 0128 show that deformation resistance is the only of several properties that is
significantly influenced by the round gravel in the aggregate

The paper by Coulon et al. focus on the 2/4 mm fraction because it is a fraction with a high cost and a
significant carbon footprint. Paper No. 0511 examines the use of fraction 2/4 and 4/6 mm for production of

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

surface dressing there due to the small aggregate size also have a noise reducing potential with reference
to sections with aggregates up to 10 mm.

Rejuvenation is the item for the next two papers. Preventive maintenance or in-place rejuvenation is the
subject for Su et al. in Paper No. 0241, where durability extension of porous asphalt pavements is
presented in field trials. An LCA study or comparison is included to demonstrate the advantages.

Tanghe et al. have examined the influence of a series of rejuvenator additives; predominantly oil of petro-
and biochemical origin. Paper No. 0416 deals with the impact on virgin binders while a next step in the
project will look into the impact on properties when used in asphalt mixes with reclaimed asphalt of 15
years old dense graded asphalt concrete. The paper describes several findings among other that some of
the additives continue to age or oxidise the old binder further than it would have continued by itself.

Paper No. 0416 Figure 2 Influence of various rejuvenators on penetration

Introduction to new series of papers

EU 7th frame work programme logo + DIRECT-MAT + Re-Road

The subject of recycling and sustainability has inspired to several transnational projects like DIRECT-MAT
and Re-Road under the 7th frame work programme of the EU Commission. The DIRECT-Mat project has just
ended and the four year research project Re-Road will come to an end by New Years Eve 2012.

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

Ipavec et al. in paper No. 0442 give from the DIRECT-MAT project a good overview and insight in European
national requirements and practises for recycling in Hot Mix Asphalt and Warm Mix Asphalt. The impact of
European product specifications like EN 13108-8 on the reclaimed asphalt and the binder mix properties
detailed in EN 13108-1 Asphalt Concrete are highlighted. But in spite of European standardisation diversity
still occurs; probably due to national conditions and traditions among other in tendering for road works.

Batista et al. in paper No. 0466 continues under the auspices of DIRECT-MAT with a best practise guide of
cold recycling. The guide set out important steps embracing the experiences collected in 15 European
countries.

Mollenhauer et al. present the third paper from DIRECT-MAT. Paper No. 0472 contains a synthesis on
recycling options and best practises. The paper include in the end a good overview of research needs
clearly divided in relevant themes for the subject.

From the Re-Road project which focuses on the recycling of reclaimed asphalt in high percentages for
surface layers for high trafficked roads the next two papers are presented in this session. In order to
optimize the characterisation and the utilization of polymer containing reclaimed asphalt Mouillet et al. in
paper No. 0246 have organized a Round Robin. The inter-laboratory experiment is aimed at binder content
and properties of the three different mixes which also include polymer modified binder. The six
participating laboratories have used varying versions of the options described in EN 12697-1- and -3 that is
binder content by extraction and recovery of the binder.

Paper No. 0246, Figure 1 Deviation of binder content determination

Mollenhauer et al. have in paper No. 0273 compared procedures for artificial ageing of asphalt to access
the potential of durability and recyclability. Four procedures have been used to simulate long term ageing

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

on three asphalt mixes one plant produced and two laboratory produced mixes. The four procedures
originate from BRRC, RILEM and the use of Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV) and the last is an ultraviolet (UV)
version of the BRRC procedure. Two of the mixes contained polymer modified binder. The properties were
tested on extracted binder and low temperature properties by Temperature Stress Restrained Specimen
test on compacted aged mix. The procedures form BRRC and RILEM are good for ageing large quantities but
reflects a small difference in impact on the polymer part.

Paper No. 0273 Figure 1 Effect of laboratory aging of binders recovered from SMA

The Austrians have performed an extensive assessment of mechanical properties on plant produced
asphalt concrete with nominal maximum aggregates size 22 and 32 mm for binder and base course
respectively. Hofko et al. report on reclaimed asphalt percentages from 15 30 using cold addition and
superheated virgin aggregate. The fatigue study indicates that base course material with 30 % cold added
reclaimed asphalt and a virgin 160/220 binder cant be recommended.

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

 Paper No. 0333 Figure 8 Fatigue behaviour of two layers

Azurangzeb et al. from Illinois, USA, observed contradictive interpretations using conventional fatigue curve
approach and plateau value (PV) approach when both classical beam fatigue and push-pull fatigue were
used to assess durability aspects of asphalt with high level of reclaimed asphalt (30 50 %). The push-pull
test seems advantageous to evaluate reclaimed asphalt containing mixtures due to the larger dimensions
compared to traditional beam fatigue.

Paper No. 0395 Figure 6 Fatigue curves for different % of RAP

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

Iwanski et al. are looking at cold techniques and whether or not the technology with the use of foamed
bitumen and cement concrete with respect to moisture and frost resistance can meet the climatic
conditions. Through optimization paper No. 0357 demonstrates the physical and mechanical properties can
fulfil the required levels.

Bulevicius et al. have applied the cold recycling technique on a full scale operation by reconstruction of 3
kilometres four lane highway in Lithuania. As opposed to the former paper this project in paper No. 0379
utilizes bitumen emulsion as binder to construct 20 cm bituminous base layer which together with 12 cm
thick unbound stress absorbing interlayer is produced to cope with the reflective cracking from the old
stabilized base which was left in place.

Ribeiro et al. from Brazil have studied 2 % addition of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) to the bitumen and the
impact on moisture damage when the liquid is used. Due to the chemical nature of the liquid it has some
potential as adhesion improver. Modified Lottman and Digital Image Processing show improved properties
compared with a reference with or without hydrated lime.

Port et al. show in paper 0126 how technology in granulators can process RAP to provide the needed
fraction for mix design of new mixes containing RAP.

Carbonneau et al. have examined the laboratory mixing protocol in the European standard EN 12697-35
with respect to handling introduction of reclaimed asphalt in the mix. In paper No. 0433 more stringent
recommendations in heating and handling reclaimed asphalt is suggested to improve proper impact of the
resulting asphalt mix. Some of the recommendation for instance mixing time must be evaluated depending
on the efficiency of the laboratory mixer used, as the result from Re-Road project with regard to mixing
time for laboratory mixing has shown.

In the short time available for me as moderator I have not had the possibility to give full credit to the
authors of the many papers so I advise you to use the opportunity to meet some of the authors at the
poster session.

The papers in this part cover a variety of technical issues but I will try to highlight some areas where even
further advances are desired:
Better and more optimal RAP management is needed to fully utilise the recycling potential
Better assessment of durability of pavement containing recycled material (not only RAP and not
only one cycle)
Improvement in cold recycling techniques also for surface layers on high trafficked roads

References

0122
Kevin Bilodeau, Cedric Sauzeat, Herve Di Benedetto, Franois Olard
Effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on cement treated materials for road base layer

0126
Ralf Port, Klaus Schober
Careful crushing of reclaimed asphalt according to TL AG-StB 06 (Germany) (technical delivery conditions,
asphalt granulate)

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

0137
Eric Van den Kerkhof
Warm waste asphalt recycling in Belgium 30 years of experience and full confidence in the future

0154
Bjarne Bo Jensen
The effect of adding reclaimed asphalt in different types of asphalt in different amount

0186
Serdal Terzi, smail Uzun
Evaluation of Andesite Waste in the Mixture of Asphaltic Concrete as Aggregate

0207
Viktors Haritonovs, Martins Zaumanis, Guntis Brencis, Juris Smirnovs
Research on the use of BOF steel slag aggregates with dolomite sand waste to develop high performance
asphalt concrete

0218
Maarten M.j. Jacobs1, Berwich W. Sluer1, Stefan R. De Munck
Influence of the quality of reclaimed asphalt on the functional properties of the new asphalt mix

0241
Zhao Su, Wietze Giezen, Frits Zandvoort
Technical and Environmental Benefits of Rejuvenation Maintenance Solutions for Porous Asphalt
Pavements

0246
Virginie Laurence Mouillet, Nathalie Pirard, Konrad Mollenhauer, Marc Stphane Ginoux, Thomas Gabet,
Fabienne Farcas, Krzysztof Mirski, Ema Kemperle
European project RE-ROAD: round robin test on extraction and recovery methods for Reclaimed Asphalts
with Polymer modified Bitumens

0273
Konrad Mollenhauer, Virginie Moulliet, Nathalie Pirard, Marjan Tusar, Thomas Gabet
Laboratory aging of asphalt mixtures simulation of reclaimed asphalt and application as test method for
durability

0333
Bernhard Hofko, Ronald Blab, Markus Spiegl
Enhancing the high quality Recycling of Asphalt in Austria by means of Perforamcne Based Testing

0351
Marco Pasetto, Nicola Baldo
Fatigue behaviour and stiffness properties of asphalt rubber mixtures made with steel slags

0357
Marek Iwanski, Anna Chomicz Kowalska
Experimental study of water and frost resistance of foamed bitumen mixes in the cold recycling technology

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul

0377
Altan Yilmaz, Ilhan Sutas
Electric-Arc Furnace Slag Utilization in Hot Mix Asphalt

0379
Matas Bulevicius, Zigmantas Perveneckas, Darjusas Mucinis
The reconstruction of highway A1 Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipda for the construction of base course by using the
cold recycling technology

0386
Edeilto Almeida Ribeiro, Fernando Felipe Lopes Antunes, Vernica Teixeira Franco Castelo Branco, Sandra
Aguiar Soares, Jorge Barbosa Soares
Evaluation of moisture damage in asphalt containing cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) modified bitumen

0395
Qazi Aurangzeb, Imad L Al Qadi, Hasan Ozer
Effect of Testing Method on the Fatigue Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures with High Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement (RAP) Content

0416
Tine Tanghe, Geert Lemoine, Ingo Nsler, Belinda Kloet
Influence of rejuvenating additives on Recycled Asphalt ( RAP ) Properties

0433
Xavier Carbonneau, Jean Francois Gal
Laboratory methodology for tests on asphalt mix containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)

0442
Aleksander Ipavec, Paul Marsac, Konrad Mollenhauer
Synthesis of the European national requirements and practices for recycling in HMA and WMA
(DIRECT_MAT Project)

0466
Ftima Alexandra Batista, Maria De Lurdes Antunes, Konrad Mollenhauer, Ciaran Mc Nally
Building blocks for a best practice guide on cold in-place recycling

0472
Konrad Mollenhauer, Laszlo Gaspar
Synthesis of European knowledge on asphalt recycling: options, best practices and research needs

0511
Nathalie Coulon, Nicolas Vernhes, Jean Pierre Guilleminot, Pierre Dupont, Pierre Dey, Cyril Bonneau,
Nicolas Boyer, Jean Paul Martinho
Surface dressing of low granularity (single 2/4 mm and single double chipping 4/6-2/4 mm)

5th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, 13-15th June 2012, Istanbul