EN LA CAJA DE

HERRAMIENTAS DEL
TRADUCTOR: EL ANLISIS DEL
DISCURSO

Autora: Aldana Santarelli

Ctedra: Anlisis del Discurso
Profesores a cargo: Silvia Iummato, Javier valdivia
Carrera: Traductorado Pblico en Idioma Ingls

16/11/16
Introduccin

En los ltimos aos, la traductologa ha utilizado diversos enfoques de investigacin para

desentraar el proceso de decodificacin de los textos y entender su repercusin sobre la
traduccin. Siguiendo esta lnea, dentro de los objetivos de aprendizaje que propone
Hurtado Albir para la adquisicin de la competencia traductora se encuentra:

[d]etectar y resolver problemas de traduccin de los discursos: a) Captar los

elementos de un discurso diferente: la expresin de actitudes ideolgicas
determinadas; su relacin con el gnero y el tono textual. b) Detectar y resolver
los problemas de traduccin de los discursos en cada cultura. (Hurtado Albir
1999: 105)

Ms all de los rastros ideolgicos que presente un texto, est claro que si se entiende a la
traduccin como un proceso de traslado de un mensaje de una lengua fuente a una lengua
meta, ser necesario aplicar un modelo de anlisis textual que permita identificar los
instrumentos lingsticos de los que se ha valido el autor del texto de origen para expresar
dicho mensaje. Uno de los enfoques propuestos para llevar a cabo este anlisis, es el Anlisis
del Discurso. El Anlisis del Discurso (AD) es una rama de la lingstica aplicada que estudia
la relacin entre el lenguaje y su contexto. Es decir, es una disciplina que estudia el uso del
lenguaje en la comunicacin, la relacin entre la forma que toma el lenguaje y la funcin
que cumple. En este trabajo me propongo utilizar los aportes del AD para analizar textos
pertenecientes al mbito tcnico, jurdico y comercial con el propsito de observar su
relevancia para la traduccin. A travs de los conceptos lingsticos extraidos del AD,
pretendo demostrar que este enfoque permite a los traductores alcanzar una comprensin
ms profunda de los mecanismos internos de un texto, facilitando as su tarea traductora.

Las caractersticas del texto tcnico

La traduccin tcnica suele incluirse dentro de la traduccin especializada, junto con la

traduccin cientfica, jurdica, econmica, comercial, etc. Esto se debe a que el tipo de texto
a que se refiere est caracterizado fundamentalmente por los lenguajes de especialidad:
lenguaje tcnico, cientfico, jurdico, econmico, administrativo, etc. Su utilizacin en los
textos obliga al traductor a adquirir una serie de conocimientos sobre el campo temtico
correspondiente y a dominar la terminologa especfica. A su vez, la amplia diversidad de
reas temticas que aborda la traduccin especializada se torna an ms compleja
cuando consideramos la diversidad de tipologas textuales presentes en las diferentes
reas temticas. En los siguientes apartados se explicarn brevemente los rasgos
caractersticos del gnero tcnico, jurdico y comercial, y se sealarn caractersticas
particulares del tipo de texto seleccionado para este anlisis, el folleto Hydraulic Fracturing
and Your Health: Air Contamination.

El discurso tcnico se caracteriza por reflejar una realidad ms o menos objetiva y por la
presencia del lenguaje denotativo. En este discurso prima la funcin informativa del
lenguaje, y los textos suelen generar una nica interpretacin del mensaje. Con el fin de
fomentar la claridad, los textos tcnicos suelen presentar una estructura lgica dividida en
secciones para facilitar la lectura y la comprensin. Asimismo, el vocabulario es preciso y
detallado, se tiende a la economa lingstica, aunque en ocasiones se repiten los trminos
especializados o se insertan frases explicativas para evitar la ambigedad.

Siguiendo la clasificacin de Hatim y Mason (1990) de funcin textual en la dimensin

pragmtica (es decir, la que analiza la intencin perseguida por el emisor del texto),
podemos decir que el folleto persigue un foco dominante expositivo con foco secundario
exhortativo. La exposicin alude a conceptos referentes a los campos temticos (la fractura
hidrulica, la contaminacin medioambiental y la salud), provee datos concretos,
informacin objetiva, mientras que el foco exhortativo apunta a regular el modo de pensar
de las personas, incentivndolas a reaccionar en contra de esta prctica de extraccin. Al
delinear la intencin del texto, podemos anticipar la aparicin de otros rasgos lingsticos
particulares que contribuyen a la modalizacin discursiva.

Por un lado, y en coherencia con el foco expositivo del folleto, podemos identificar rasgos
que marcan un alto grado de objetividad. Respecto al tipo de oraciones, encontramos
construcciones predominantemente enunciativas (Methane leaks occur at multiple points
during fracking operations), construcciones pasivas e impersonales (Many chemicals
known to be used in hydraulic fracturing fluid, A growing body of scientific evidence links
the fracking boom to serious risks to air quality and health), modales de posibilidad que
reducen el compromiso enunciativo (Smog exposure can cause irreversible damage to the
lungs, [Benzene] May cause anemia; can lessen white blood cell count) y fraseologa de
especialidad generalmente expresada mediante nominalizaciones (shale rock formations,
natural gas operations, natural gas production, oil extraction, smog exposure, disclosure
of the chemicals and chemical mixtures, waste disposal).
Por otro lado, tambin se encuentran rasgos subjetivos que responden al entrelazamiento
de la funcin exhortativa con la exposicin, sobre todo en la seccin final del folleto, donde
se observan construcciones exhortativas (Physicians for Social Responsibility calls for a
ban on fracking, the oil and gas industry must make significant changes in their
operations). Tambin est presente el uso extensivo de adjetivos y adverbios de modalidad
axiolgica (Unfortunately, exceptionally high levels of VOCs, significantly exceeded the
EPAs healthy limit, dangerously high levels of VOCs, excessive amounts of many toxic
chemicals, extremely high-risk pollutant, have found surprisinglyand dangerously, for
climate changehigh methane leak rates)

Los rasgos lingsticos mencionados no parecieran tener, de manera individual, ninguna

relevancia para la interpretacin del texto. Sin embargo, es el conjunto de estos rasgos lo que
le da forma al texto y permite cumplir con la intencin del emisor. Es importante que el
traductor desarrolle su competencia lingstica para entender el propsito de estos
conceptos aislados, de manera que la interaccin entre las distintas piezas permita que el
texto cobre sentido. Entonces, en los ojos de un traductor, una construccin pasiva no ser
meramente una forma distinta de moldear el discurso, sino una forma de desagentivizar la
construccin, sea porque se desconoce el agente, o porque no es importante. En el contexto
de un folleto que aboga contra la fractura hidrulica, se puede deducir que la construccin
pasiva cumple una funcin colectivizadora: la prctica de fractura tiene consecuencias
negativas independientemente de quin en particular la lleve a cabo. Asimismo, los modales
de posibilidad le darn la pauta al traductor de que el dato que se expresa es hipottico, por
lo que sera incorrecto reexpresar la idea como una certeza. Por su parte, los marcadores de
actitud y modales denticos transmiten informacin relevante respecto de la opinin del
autor sobre el tema, y explicitan el curso de accin que este considera propicio tomar (en
este caso es prohibir la fractura). Queda claro, entonces, que el paso previo a la reexpresin
en otro idioma es la comprensin minuciosa de todas estas variables.

Las caractersticas del texto comercial y el texto jurdico

Hay un gran nivel de solapamiento entre los textos comerciales y jurdicos, dado a que el
rea temtica correspondiente a la actividad mercantil est en gran medida asimilada dentro
del derecho comercial. Desafortunadamente, el rango de variacin temtica que pueden
presentar los textos jurdicos y comerciales es casi infinita, lo que resulta un problema a la
hora de clasificar este tipo de textos. Sumado a esto, y como seala Mayoral Asensio, El
repertorio de tipos textuales es relativamente reducido en el caso de la ciencia y de la
tecnologa y relativamente muy voluminoso en el caso del derecho general y del comercio en
particular. Aunque en un primer momento la gran variacin tipolgica puede resultar
abrumadora, la uniformidad dentro de los tipos textuales es muy alta, probablemente a raz
de un esfuerzo deliberado para estandarizar el comercio internacional y las prcticas
jurdicas. Es por ello que en el caso de la traduccin de estos textos es mucho ms relevante
conocer el tipo de texto que su tema u objeto.

A los fines de este trabajo, no voy a profundizar en el detalle fino de la clasificacin y

diferencias entre textos comerciales y jurdicos. Bastar con decir que, en un sentido muy
amplio, los textos comerciales son aquellos escritos financieros, econmicos, contables y
todos los generados por la operacin de comercio, como documentos de pago, avales,
documentos de transporte, facturas, documentos de aduanas, documentos de seguro,
contratos, entre otros. Por otro lado, los textos jurdicos sern aquellos que, segn el
propsito que cumplan, pueden agruparse en textos normativos, judiciales, jurisprudencia,
obras de referencia, textos doctrinales y textos de aplicacin del derecho, y que pueden ser
pertenecer a una variedad amplsima de tipos textuales: contratos, testamentos, escrituras,
sentencias, citaciones, escrituras de constitucin de sociedades, libros de doctrina,
demandas, y ms.

Las caractersticas sintcticas y lxicas de los textos jurdicos y comerciales son muy
parecidas: el registro siempre es formal, el estilo impersonal, siempre se busca la claridad y
precisin para evitar la ambigedad que proporcionan las frmulas vagas e imprecisas y
abordar el objeto del texto de manera directa y completa. A continuacin se detallan algunas
de las principales caractersticas que comparten los textos jurdicos y comerciales,
acompaadas de ejemplos extrados de una carta de poder (anexo B) y de un contrato de
licencia y comercializacin (anexo C).

Caracterstica Ejemplos del anexo B

Uso de dobletes y tripletes Giving and granting unto my said attorney full power
(repeticin lxica cuyo and authority to do and perform all and every act and
objetivo es evitar la thing whatsoever requisite and necessary [] to all
ambigedad pero termina intents and purposes
siendo redundante)
Uso frecuente de verbos I [] by these presents do hereby make, constitute
performativos and appoint my true and lawful attorney
 I certify that the within instrument was received
for record

Uso de expresiones Witness my hand and seal of County affixed

formulaicas y arcaicas Know all men by these presents
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand
and seal
Estructuras largas y Giving and granting unto my said attorney full power
complejas con uso extenso and authority to do and perform all and every act and
de coordinacin y thing whatsoever requisite and necessary to be done in
subordinacin. En este and about the premises, as fully to all intents and
ejemplo tambin se purposes as I might or could do it personally present,
observan discontinuidades with full power of substitution and revocation, hereby
sintcticas (interrupciones ratifying and confirming all that my said attorney or
en el discurso para hacer my said attorneys substitute or substitutes shall
aclaraciones, definir lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue of these
conceptos, establecer presents.
condiciones, etc)

Caractersticas Ejemplos del anexo C

Uso extenso de
nominalizaciones
4. ROYALTIES, PAYMENTS AND RELATED
OBLIGATIONS
4.1. Payments by Otonomy to DURECT. As a partial
reimbursement to DURECT for research and
development and other expenses incurred by DURECT
in connection with its efforts researching and
developing Active Agents, Otonomy shall pay to
DURECT the amounts set forth in Sections 4.1.1 and
4.1.2 below:
 Recursos para referenciar
y evitar ambigedades:
Uso extenso de repeticin
( , , ), palabras y
expresiones arcaicas
(en particular adverbios y
frases preposicionales
como hereby, herein,
thereof, whereas, etc) y de
decticos
LICENSE AND COMMERCIALIZATION
AGREEMENT
THIS LICENSE AND COMMERCIALIZATION
AGREEMENT including the exhibits referred to
herein and attached hereto which are hereby
incorporated by reference (the "Agreement"),
WHEREAS, DURECT and NeuroSystec
Corporation ("NeuroSystec") previously entered
into a license and commercialization dated May 13,
2004 (the "Prior Agreement"), pursuant to which
DURECT granted to NeuroSystec an exclusive
license to certain technology for site-specific and
time-released delivery of Gacyclidine and certain
other drugs to the middle or inner ear, including
certain rights obtained by DURECT under the
INSERM Agreement.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the
mutual covenants and obligations set forth herein,
and for other good and valuable consideration, the
receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby
acknowledged, Otonomy and DURECT hereby
agree as follows:

Nuevamente el traductor deber valerse de estas herramientas para interpretar la funcin

de los distintos elementos del discurso. Reconocer que los verbos performativos contenidos
en un contrato o en otro documento jurdico tendrn efectos legales sobre las partes que
firman el contrato o a quienes se dirige el documento, por lo que prestar especial cuidado
a la seleccin lxica en la reexpresin en otro idioma. Aplicar sus conocimientos de
progresin temtica, coordinacin y subordinacin para decifrar las oraciones largas y
complejas y transmitir su mensaje de la manera ms clara y concisa posible. Corregir el uso
excesivo de nominaliaciones en favor de un estilo ms directo y menos cargado, a fin de
maximizar la claridad y precisin. En resumidas cuentas, sacar provecho de su competencia
lingstica para proporcionar una traduccin de mayor calidad.
Conclusin

La traduccin es ms que slo el reemplazo de elementos lingsticos de una lengua fuente

por los de una lengua meta. Desde una perspectiva de AD, todo discurso se produce en un
contexto sociocultural con caractersticas determinadas, y la traduccin, como toda
situacin comunicativa, cumple con este mismo principio. El trabajo del traductor consiste
en identificar las caractersticas del contexto fuente y transferir el mensaje a la lengua meta
reproduciendo correctamente estas caractersticas, de manera que el producto resulte
fluido, natural y se adapte al nuevo contexto. Para poder obtener una comprensin plena de
estas caractersticas y del mensaje del texto, el traductor deber valerse de todas las
herramientas posibles que haya adquirido a lo largo de su formacin. Cada vez ms las
investigaciones traductolgicas y aportes de tericos sealan al AD como una herramienta
poderosa para cumplir este objetivo.

Referencias
Hatim, B., & Mason, I. (1990). Discourse and the translator. London: Longman.
Mayoral Asensio, Roberto. La traduccin comercial [en lnea]: Universidad de
Granada. [fecha de consulta: 16 de noviembre 2016]. Disponible en:
http://www.ugr.es/~rasensio/docs/Traduccion_comercial.pdf
ANEXO A
Hydraulic Fracturing and Your Health:
Air Contamination
PHYSICIANS FOR
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
The process of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking,a is
a newer and more dangerous
version of natural gas and oil extraction.
Designed to enables the extraction of previously
untapped gas and oil reserves, fracking pumps a
high-pressure mixture of toxic chemicals and
water underground to fracture deep shale rock
formations. The shale-gas boom of the past 15
years is unprecedented, bringing heavy industry
into proximity with over 15 million Americans.1
Fracking wastewater, laden with toxic chemicals, is
often
held in open-air pits. In this one, misters are used to
encourage evaporation, sending toxics airborne.4
A growing body of scientific evidence links the
fracking boom to serious risks to air quality and
health. Unfortunately, public health studies of
fracking-related health effects have been
complicated by factors such as the short length of
time that the process has been documented, so-
called medical gag rules,2 nondisclosure
a
Fracking is a term commonly used to describe both
the intensive process of hydraulic fracturing and the
associated operations related to unconventional oil
and gas extraction. Drilling, wastewater extraction
and storage in open-air pits, flaring and venting of gas,
agreements in private settlements between
farmers and industry,3 and the refusal of some oil
and gas companies to disclose the identity of
chemicals they use in hydraulic fracturing.
Many chemicals known to be used in hydraulic
fracturing fluid, as well as the volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) released during the gas
drilling process, are extremely toxic.4 The high
toxicity of these chemicals, and the frequency
with which they pollute the air around fracking
operations, are cause for concern. Additionally,
recent studies show that natural gas operations
leak high rates of methanean extremely potent
greenhouse gasmeaning that natural gas is
emerging as a leading driver of climate change.
Fracking Emissions Increase Smog
Hydraulic fracturing operations release gases that
combine to form smog, a costly, serious public
health risk. Smog exposure can cause irreversible
damage to the lungs5 and significantly increase
the chance of premature death.6 Specifically,
fracking operations release VOCs at each stage
of production and delivery.7 The VOCs mix with
nitrogen oxides from the exhaust of diesel-fueled
trucks and equipment to form ozone. VOCs and
ozone pollution have been detected at dangerous
levels at fracking sites in Colorado, Wyoming,
and Utah.
One study in Northeastern Colorado found
exceptionally high levels of VOCs in the air
and traced the chemical signature of around
55% of them directly back to gas and oil
operations.8
gas or oil processing, disposal of wastes,
light and noise pollution, social stressors
and continuous diesel truck traffic are
among the sources of potential harm to
health from this industrial process.
 For parts of 2011, the level of ozone pollution
in rural Wyomings gas drilling areas
exceeded that of Los Angeles and other major
cities.9 The peak, at 116 parts per billion,
significantly exceeded the EPAs healthy
limit of 75 parts per billion.

Uintah County, Utah, home to one of the

highest-producing oil and gas fields in the
country, has experienced dangerously high
levels of VOCs and resultant ozone for over
five years. The amount of VOCs released in Uintah County, Utah ranks in the American Lung Association's
2013 in Uintah County alone was calculated list of the top 10 Most Ozone-Polluted Counties.18
as the equivalent of emissions from 100
million automobiles.10 Other Toxic Chemicals

A landmark study out of the University of

Air Contaminants Associated with
Hydraulic Fracturing
Benzene
Known carcinogen. May cause
anemia; can lessen white blood
cell count, weakening the immune
system.11 Prolonged exposure may
result in blood disorders like
leukemia, reproductive and
developmental disorders, and other
cancers.12
Toluene Long-term exposure may affect the
nervous system, cause irritation of
the skin, eyes, and respiratory
tract, and birth defects. 13
Ethyl- Long-term exposure may result in
benzene blood disorders.14
Xylenes Short-term exposure to high levels
may cause irritation of the nose
and throat, nausea, vomiting,
gastric irritation, and neurological
effects. Long-term exposure at
high levels may affect the nervous
system.15
Nitrogen Short-term exposure causes airway
Oxides inflammation and aggravates
asthma.16 Combines with VOCs to
form ozone.
Methane, May cause rapid breathing, rapid
heart rate, clumsiness, emotional
Ethane,
upset and fatigue. At greater
exposure, may cause vomiting,
Propane
collapse, convulsions, coma and
death.17
Colorado Denver School of Public Health
documented dangerous airborne levels of benzene
near hydraulic fracturing operations.19 Benzene is
known to cause multiple forms of leukemia and
other blood disorders. The study found elevated
risks of cancer for residents within half a mile of
a drilling site.
Ambient air testing near gas drilling operations in
northern Texas found excessive amounts of many
toxic chemicals, including benzene and carbon
disulfide, an extremely high-risk pollutant with
disaster potential as categorized by the Texas
Commission on Environmental Quality. These
chemicals were traced back to the drilling
operations, as the testing location had virtually
no heavy industry other than the [natural gas]
compression stations.20
Another study identified significant amounts of
over 40 health-harming chemicals in the air near
drilling sites in Colorado.21 While none were
detected at levels above EPA limits, that study
and others have noted that the EPAs ambient air
quality standards may not be strict enough.22
Health standards often do not fully account for
long-term health effects of chemicals23 and
enhanced risks to especially sensitive
populations24 such as pregnant women, young
children and the elderly.
Methane Leaks at Multiple Stages
Methane, the main component of natural gas, is an
extremely potent grenhouse gas: 28 to 34 times as
heat-absorbing as carbon dioxide over a
100-year timeframe, and up to 86 times as
warming for the first 20 years it is in the
atmosphere.25 Using the more relevant 20-year
timeframe, natural gas production and use
provoke far greater change in our climate than
coal,26 precluding a role for natural gas as a
transition fuel.
Methane is an extra strong greenhouse gas over shorter time
periods. Over a 20 year timespan, methane (red) accounts for
nearly half of the US's contribution to global warming.
(Howarth et al. 2011)
Methane leaks occur at multiple points during
fracking operations: both intentionally during the
initial drilling of a well and as gas extraction
begins, and accidentally during extraction,
processing, transportation, and from faulty
wells.27 Recent studies of the entire natural gas
life cycle, from hydraulic fracturing operations
through delivery to end users, have found
surprisinglyand dangerously, for climate
changehigh methane leak rates.28, 29, 30, 31
In fact, natural gas production and systems
account for the largest single part of the U.S.s
methane emissions. This extent of leakage,
combined with the high volume of natural gas
extraction, makes it urgent to control leakage
immediately and to stop extracting and burning
natural gas.32
Natural gas systems
Coal mining
Petroleum systems
Wastewater treatment
Forest management I
Rice agriculture
I
Stationary combustion
All other sources
I
0I 10 20 30 40 SO
%of total U.S. methane emissions
Natural gas systems: Largest source of U.S. methane emissions.
PSRs Conclusion: Ban Fracking
Based on the intense heat-trapping properties of
methane, the dangerous toxicity of chemicals
used in hydraulic fracturing, and frackings
multiple other environmental health impacts,
Physicians for Social Responsibility calls for a
ban on fracking and a rapid transition to
cleaner, healthier, carbon-free sources of
energy. As we make that transition, the oil and
gas industry must make significant changes in
their operations, including: These changes would
include (although would not be limited to) the
following:
Full and timely public disclosure of the
chemicals and chemical mixtures they use,
amounts of waste generated, and procedures
used for waste disposal;
Appropriate strategies to manage safely the
threats to health and the environment; and
Independent testing of water supplies and
bodies of water during and after fracking, and
full and timely public disclosure of findings.
Physicians for Social Responsibility
1111 14th St, NW, Suite 700 (202) 667-4260
1
Gold, R., & McGinty, T., Energy Boom Puts Wells in
America's Backyards, The Wall Street Journal. 25 Oct.
2013.
2
Tsou, W., The Big Secret? Fracking Fluids,
Environmental Health Policy Institute (2012).
3
Efstathiou, J., & Drajem, M., "Drillers Silence Fracking
Claims With Sealed Settlements, Bloomberg. 6 June 2013.
4
Colborn, T. et al., "Natural Gas Operations from a Public
Health Perspective," International Journal of Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment. 17:1039-1056 (2011). For an
analysis of chemicals found in wastewater pits, see:
http://endocrinedisruption.org/
assets/media/documents/summary_of_pit_chemicals_revise
d_2-1-08.pdf
5
Colborn, T. et al., "Natural Gas Operations from a Public
Health Perspective," International Journal of Human and
Ecological Risk Assessment. 17:1039-1056 (2011). For an
analysis of chemicals found in wastewater pits, see:
http://endocrinedisruption.org/
assets/media/documents/summary_of_pit_chemicals_revise
d_2-1-08.pdf
6
Jerret, M. et al., Long-Term Ozone Exposure and
Mortality, The New England Journal of Medicine.
360:1085-95 (2009).
7
Jerret, M. et al., Long-Term Ozone Exposure and
Mortality, The New England Journal of Medicine.
360:1085-95 (2009).
8
Gilman, J.B. et al., Source Signature of Volatile Organic
Compounds from Oil and Natural Gas Operations in
Northeastern Colorado, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (3), pp
1297-1305 (2013).
9
Koch, W., Wyoming's smog exceeds Los Angeles' due to
gas drilling, USA Today. 9 March 2011.
10
Helmig, D., Highly Elevated Atmospheric Levels of
Volatile Organic Compounds in the Uintah Basin, Utah,
Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 4707-4715. (2014). 17 American
Lung Association, State of the Air 2014, (2014).
<http ://www. stateoftheair. org/
11
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), Emergency Preparedness and Response: Facts
about Benzene, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. 14 Feb 2013.
<www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp>.
12
Outdoor Air - Industry, Business, and Home: Oil and
Natural Gas Production - Additional Information. United
States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 Mar 2014.
<http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/community/details/oil-
gas_addl_info. html>.
13
Outdoor Air - Industry, Business, and Home: Oil and
Natural Gas Production - Additional Information. United
States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 Mar 2014.
<http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/community/details/oil-
gas_addl_info. html>.
14
Outdoor Air - Industry, Business, and Home: Oil and
Natural Gas Production - Additional Information. United
States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 Mar 2014.
<http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/community/details/oil-
gas_addl_info. html>.
15
Outdoor Air - Industry, Business, and Home: Oil and
Natural Gas Production - Additional Information. United
States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 Mar 2014.
<http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/community/details/oil-
gas_addl_info.html>.
16
EPA, Nitrogen Dioxide: Health, Feb. 2013.
17
<http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profil
es/propane.html>.
2014/assets/ALA-SOTA-2014-Full.pdf>.
19
McKenzie L.M., et al., Human health risk assessment of
air emissions from development of unconventional natural
gas resources, Sci Total Environ. (2012).
doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.018
20
Wolf Eagle Environmental, Town of DISH, Texas,
Ambient Air Monitoring Analysis, (2009).
<http://townofdish.com/objects/DISH_-
_final_report_revised.pdf>.
21
Colborn, T., et al., An Exploratory Study of Air Quality
Near Natural Gas Operations, Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment. 20 (1), pp. 86-105. (2014).
22
Brown, D., et al., Understanding exposure from natural
gas drilling puts current air standards to the test, Reviews
on Environmental Health. Volume 0, Issue 0, March 2014.
23
Vandenberg, L.N., et al., Hormones and Endocrine-
Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and
Nonmonotonic Dose Responses, Endocrine Reviews.
(2012). 33(3):0000 - 0000.
24
Brown, D., et al., Understanding exposure from natural
gas drilling puts current air standards to the test, Rev
Environ Health. (2014).
25
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Assessment Report (AR5), Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis. Table 8.7; IPCC: Brussels, 2013.
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Hughes, J. D., Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions
From Shale Gas Compared to Coal: An Analysis of Two
Conflicting Studies, Post Carbon Institute. Santa Rosa,
CA, 2011.
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footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climatic
Change. 106:679-690, (2011).
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footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climatic
Change. 106:679-690, (2011).
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American Natural Gas Systems, Science. Vol 343 pp. 733-
735. (2014).
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quantification of methane emissions from shale gas
development, Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. vol. 111 no. 17, (2014).
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gas field, Nature. 482, 139-140, (2012).
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footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climatic
Change. 106:679-690, (2011)
ANEXO B

ANDFSDLFKASD
ANEXO C
LICENSE AND COMMERCIALIZATION AGREEMENT

THIS LICENSE AND COMMERCIALIZATION AGREEMENT including the exhibits referred to

herein and attached hereto which are hereby incorporated by reference (the
"Agreement"), entered into as of April 30, 2013 ("Signature Date"), by and between Otonomy,
Inc., a Delaware corporation having a principal place of business located at 6275 Nancy Ridge
Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121 ("Otonomy") and DURECT Corporation, a Delaware
corporation having a principal place of business located at 10260 Bubb Road, Cupertino, California
95104 ("DURECT").

RECITALS

A. WHEREAS, DURECT owns or has rights to certain information and data relating to the
development of Gacyclidine and has conducted certain pre-clinical investigations regarding the
use of Gacyclidine in the treatment of tinnitus.

B. WHEREAS, DURECT has licensed certain rights to Active Agents as locally delivered
therapeutics with rights to sublicense to Otonomy pursuant to an Amended and Restated
Agreement No. 98238 between Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale
("INSERM") and DURECT dated May 1, 2001 as amended and restated in January 2002 (the
"INSERM Agreement"), a copy of which is attached as Exhibit C.

C. WHEREAS, DURECT and NeuroSystec Corporation ("NeuroSystec") previously entered

into a license and commercialization dated May 13, 2004 (the "Prior Agreement"), pursuant to
which DURECT granted to NeuroSystec an exclusive license to certain technology for site-specific
and time-released delivery of Gacyclidine and certain other drugs to the middle or inner ear,
including certain rights obtained by DURECT under the INSERM Agreement.

D. WHEREAS, Otonomy and IncuMed, LLC ("IncuMed"), an affiliate of NeuroSystec, have

entered into that certain Asset Transfer Agreement of even date herewith pursuant to which
Otonomy purchased from IncuMed substantially all of the assets of NeuroSystec relating to
Gacyclidine, including without limitation NeuroSystec's interest in the Prior Agreement.

E. WHEREAS, Otonomy and DURECT desire to amend and restate the Prior Agreement to
modify and/or clarify certain of the provisions of the Prior Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and obligations set forth
herein, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is
hereby acknowledged, Otonomy and DURECT hereby agree as follows:

()
2. LICENSES

2.1. License Grant. DURECT hereby grants to Otonomy an exclusive, royalty-bearing

license, including the right to grant sublicenses, under the DURECT Intellectual Property, to
research and develop, make, use, sell, offer for sale, import, export, and otherwise commercialize
any Licensed Product and to have any of the foregoing performed on its behalf by a Third Party, in
each case within the Territory.

2.2. Exclusivity. The license granted to Otonomy in section 2.1 is exclusive even with
respect to DURECT. For clarity, DURECT shall not retain any rights under the DURECT Intellectual
Property to research and develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale or otherwise
commercialize, import, and export any Licensed Product.

2.3. Sublicensing. Otonomy may, under the rights granted to it hereunder, freely grant
sublicenses to any Third Party, including the right to grant further sublicenses, provided that all
such sublicenses shall be in writing and shall be subordinate to the terms and conditions of this
Agreement.

2.4. Termination of Exclusivity by DURECT. In the event that Otonomy has failed to use
Commercially Reasonable Efforts to develop and commercialize a Licensed Product, DURECT shall
notify Otonomy in writing. Otonomy shall have [***] to remedy such failure (the "Cure
Period"). By way of example without limitation, it is hereby agreed that [***] If Otonomy has
failed to remedy such failure within the Cure Period, then DURECT may elect, in its sole discretion,
by written notice to Otonomy to (i) terminate this Agreement, such termination to take effect in
due course so as to permit an orderly wind down of operations pertaining to this agreement,
provided that any sublicenses granted by Otonomy prior to the date of such termination shall
survive in accordance with Section 10.5.2 below; or (ii) convert the license granted in Section 2.1
to DURECT

Intellectual Property into a non-exclusive license, provided that any such conversion of the
license granted in Section 2.1 to a non-exclusive status shall not affect the exclusivity of any
exclusive sublicenses granted by Otonomy prior to the date of such conversion. However, if
Otonomy disputes such lack of diligence in writing within the Cure Period, [***] DURECT
acknowledges and agrees that as a part of its development activities and diligence obligations
hereunder Otonomy may conduct feasibility studies for the application of Licensed Product(s) to
specific indications before undertaking further development.

3. DISCLOSURE OF DURECT KNOW-HOW.

3.1. Disclosure of DURECT Know-How. DURECT certifies that it has previously transferred
to NeuroSystec all DURECT Know-How necessary or useful for the research, development and
commercialization of the Active Agents.
4. ROYALTIES, PAYMENTS AND RELATED OBLIGATIONS

4.1. Payments by Otonomy to DURECT. As a partial reimbursement to DURECT for

research and development and other expenses incurred by DURECT in connection with its efforts
researching and developing Active Agents, Otonomy shall pay to DURECT the amounts set forth in
Sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 below: F

SDFASDFASDFASD