HAND-OUT IN LOGIC

By Catherine C. de la Cruz
September 17, 2013

MEDIATE AND IMMEDIATE INFERENCE

1. What are the two general types of inference?

1. Immediate
2. mediate

2. What does the immediate inference includes?

1. logical opposition
2. conversion
3. obversion
4. possibility
5. actuality

3. What does the mediate inference includes?

1. deduction (categorical and hypothetical syllogisms and other forms of inference)
2. Induction with applicable fallacies

.4. Simple Apprehension/Abstraction is the mental process of forming ideas

5. Judgment is the mental process of enunciating the relationship between a subject idea and predicate
idea

6. reasoning is the mental process of comparing one judgment with another judgment.

7. Argument is the mental product of reasoning

8. The external expression of the argument is syllogism.

9. The three univocal terms under the remote material elements of a syllogism are:
1. subject term (minor term)
2. predicate term (major term)
3. the middle term

10. The three propositions under the proximate material elements of a syllogism are
1. the major premise
2. the minor premise
3. the conclusion

11. logical necessity or consequence is the formal element of syllogism

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE:

True 1. Reasoning is otherwise construed as inferential thinking

False 2. Consequence is the same as consequent
Conclusion is the same as consequent
Consequence is the same as logical necessity
False 3. Judgment is the mental product of reasoning
Argument is the mental product of reasoning or inferential thinking
True 4. The process of drawing a consequent from an antecedent is inference.
This reasoning process is, otherwise called inference which is simply the process of drawing a
consequent (conclusion) from an antecedent or a combination of antecedents (premises)
False 5. Logical opposition is one of the types of mediate inference.
Logical opposition is one of the types of immediate inference

MATCHING TYPE

1. antecedent - premises
2. consequent - conclusion
3. syllogism
4. subject term - minor term
5. predicate term - major term
6. inferential thinking - reasoning
7. formal elements of syllogism - logical necessity or consequence

MODULE 2

1. Mediate Inference and Immediate inference are the general types of inferential thinking.

1. Immediate inference is a process of reasoning which consists in passing directly from one
proposition, without the aid of a second proposition or a third term called medium, to a new
proposition but not to a new truth.

2. In the process of Immediate inference there are only the subject term and the predicate term. There
is no middle term.

3. what are the several types of immediate inference?

1. oppositional (logical opposition)
2. conversion
3. obversion
4. possibility
5. actuality
4. Oppositional inference refers to the logical opposition which is represented/illustrated by the
traditional square of opposition.

5. Logical opposition means repugnance which exists between two propositions having the same subject
and predicate but differing in quantity or in quality, or in both quantity and quality.

6. What are the four kinds of logical opposition?

1. Contrary
2. Contradictory
3. Sub-altern
4. Sub-contrary

7. Conversion is a form of immediate inference in which the subject and predicate of a given
proposition are transported without changing the quality and truth of the proposition.

7. Conversion is the re-expression of a proposition by interchanging places of the subject and

predicate while preserving its quality.

9. In conversion, the original proposition is called convertend, while the new proposition, the
converse.

10. What are the two kinds of conversion?

1. simple
2. accidental

11. Simple conversion is one in which the subject and the predicate terms are interchanged preserving,
though, the quantity of either, while the latter, the quantity of either predicate and subject terms is
lessened.

12. What are the other terms for obversion?

1. equipollence
2. permutation
3. infinitum

13. Obversion is a process of immediate inference whereby an affirmative proposition is stated

negatively and a negative proposition may be stated affirmatively.

14. Its (Obversion) purpose is to take an original proposition and by the addition or subtraction of one
or two negations to make a second propsotion which is equivalent in meaning to that of the first. It
is the re-expression of a proposition by retaining the subject and its quantity, while changing the
quality of the proposition and changing the predicate to its contradictory.

15. In Obversion, the first statement cannot deny the second or subsequent statement because both
mean the same thing.

16. In obversion, the first statement is called obvertend, while the second, the obverse
17. Possibility signifies a perfection not as yet possessed or realized.

18. Possibility refers to a condition, situation, or state of being that does not yet exist but can exist.

19. Actuality signifies a perfection now possessed

20. Actuality signifies a condition, situation or state of being that exists here and now.

MATCHING TYPE:

1. Original proposition - convertend

2. new proposition - converse
3. obversion - equipollence
4. first statement - obvertend
5. second statement - obverse
6. perfection now possessed - actuality
7. perfection not yet possessed - possibility
8. logical opposition - opositional inference
9. third mental operation reasoning

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

False 1. In immediate inference, there may be middle term.
In the immediate inference, there are only the subject term and the predicate term. There is no
middle term.
False 2. Contrary proposition (AE) may be both true.
Contraries cannot be both true.
False 3. Contradictories can be both true or false
Contradictories cannot be both true
Contraries cannot be both false
True 4. Reasoning is the same as inferential thinking
False 5. Sub-contraries can be both false.
Subcontraries cannot be both false

MODULE 3

1. Mediate inference is the process of reasoning whereby the mind passes from two propositions
which are premises to a new proposition called the conclusion through the mediation of a third
term called the middle term.

1. When the mind passes from two propositions into a new proposition, the process is called Mediate
inference.

2. Mediate inference is also viewed as one in which we derive a conclusion from two or more
premises taken jointly.
1. In mediate inference, the new proposition is called the conclusion while the two propositions are
called premises

3. Mediate inference is classified into:

1. deduction
2. deduction

4. Deductive inference is one which we pass from the universal to the particular,

5. When the mind infers from universal to the particular, the process is called Deductive inference.

5. In induction inference, we pass from two or more particular premises to a general conclusion.

5. When the inference is from particular to universal, it is called Induction inference.

6. In mediate inference, the verbal conclusion is called argumentation.

6. The verbal expression in mediate inference is called argumentation

7. Argumentation is understood as a discourse, which logically deduces one proposition from others.
It takes the form of syllogism.

Syllogism is the expression of an argument

8. Syllogism is an argumentation in which, two known propositions that contain a common idea, and
one at least of which is universal, a third proposition, different from the two propositions, follows
with necessity.

9. The structure of the syllogism consists of three (3) declarative sentences, namely
a. the major premise
b. the minor premise
c. a conclusion

10. The premises have three (3) terms:

1. major premise
2. minor premise
3. middle term

11. What are the two types of syllogism

1. categorical syllogism
2. hypothetical syllogism

12. Middle term Is the third term which mediates between premises and conclusion

Source: Teaching and Learning Logic by Jose R. Joven